Case: 16-15818 Date Filed: 11/27/2017 Page: 1 of 7
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 16-15818
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 0:16-cv-60344-JIC
DOUGLAS JUIFFRE,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
BROWARD SHERIFF'S OFFICE,
Sheriff Scott Israel,
BROWARD COUNTY COMMISSION,
JANE DOE,
Law Library Personnel,
JOHN DOE,
Law Library Personnel,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(November 27, 2017)
Case: 16-15818 Date Filed: 11/27/2017 Page: 2 of 7
Before HULL, MARTIN and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Douglas Juiffre, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of
his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 complaint alleging denial of access to the courts for failing to
state a claim upon which relief can be granted. He argues that the district court
erred in dismissing his claim because the law library policies of the jail where he
was previously incarcerated caused him actual injury. After careful review, we
affirm.
I.
On February 23, 2016, Juiffre filed a complaint alleging denial of his access
to the courts in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. At the time, Juiffre was an inmate at
the Paul Rein Detention Facility in Broward County, Florida. In that facility,
Juiffre says he was only able to access legal research materials by filling out an
Inmate Law Library Request Form, which limited him to requesting four cases per
week, and which he had to designate by their exact case citations. Juiffre was
never given access to a physical law library or allowed to browse through legal
materials. He says “one can’t learn the law with the defendant’s exact-cite system.
To expect an inmate to know exactly what he/she is asking for is unreasonable,
because proper legal research is not done that way . . . .” Specifically Juiffre says
that if not for the legal research restrictions, his previous civil action would not
2
Case: 16-15818 Date Filed: 11/27/2017 Page: 3 of 7
have been dismissed. In that 2015 case, Juiffre had made essentially the same
claim, saying he had been denied access to the courts based on the Paul Rein
Facility’s legal research restrictions. The district court dismissed Juiffre’s previous
action for failure to state a claim because he did “not identify any shortcomings
with the legal access provided to him which actually prohibited him from pursuing
claims before this or any court.”
A magistrate judge prepared a Report and Recommendation (“R&R”),
recommending that Juiffre’s claim be dismissed without leave to amend as
frivolous and for failure to state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(b)(ii).
Specifically, the Magistrate Judge found that Juiffre “fail[ed] to present any
evidence establishing that the challenged actions deprived him of the capability of
pursuing meritorious claim(s) in either this court, other federal courts, or the state
courts. Thus, [he did] not establish that he suffered the requisite injury.” Over
objections, the district court adopted the R&R and dismissed Juiffre’s claim. This
appeal followed.
II.
We review de novo the dismissal of an action for failure to state a claim for
which relief may be granted under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Mitchell v.
Farcass, 112 F.3d 1483, 1490 (11th Cir. 1997). District courts are required to
screen civil complaints filed by prisoners and dismiss them if they are “frivolous or
3
Case: 16-15818 Date Filed: 11/27/2017 Page: 4 of 7
malicious,” “fail[] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted,” or “seek[]
monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 1915(e)(2)(B). Because the language in § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) tracks the language
of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the standards for dismissal under Rule
12(b)(6) apply. Mitchell, 112 F.3d at 1490.
A pleading must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing
that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual
allegations are not necessarily required, but the pleading must contain more than
“labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
action.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009)
(quotations omitted). The facts alleged, accepted as true, must allow a court to
draw reasonable inferences that the defendant is liable. Id. “Pro se pleadings are
held to a less stringent standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will,
therefore, be liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262,
1263 (11th Cir. 1998) (per curiam). Nevertheless, we will not consider issues
raised for the first time on appeal. Leal v. Ga. Dep’t of Corr., 254 F.3d 1276, 1280
(11th Cir. 2001) (per curiam).
Access to the courts is a fundamental constitutional right that “requires
prison authorities to assist inmates in the preparation and filing of meaningful legal
papers by providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate assistance
4
Case: 16-15818 Date Filed: 11/27/2017 Page: 5 of 7
from persons trained in the law.” Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 828, 97 S. Ct.
1491, 1498 (1977). However, there is no right to a law library or to legal
assistance per se, but only “a reasonably adequate opportunity to present claimed
violations of fundamental constitutional rights to the courts.” Lewis v. Casey, 518
U.S. 343, 351, 116 S. Ct. 2174, 2180 (1996) (quotation omitted).
To bring an access to the courts claim, an inmate “must show actual injury in
the pursuit of specific types of nonfrivolous cases: direct or collateral attacks on
sentences and challenges to conditions of confinement.” Wilson v. Blankenship,
163 F.3d 1284, 1290 (11th Cir. 1998). The impairment of any other “litigating
capacity is simply one of the incidental (and perfectly constitutional) consequences
of conviction and incarceration.” Id. To show actual injury, the inmate must show
that shortcomings in the jail’s law library or legal assistance program “hindered his
efforts to pursue a legal claim. He might show, for example, that a complaint he
prepared was dismissed for failure to satisfy some technical requirement which,
because of deficiencies in the prison’s legal assistance facilities, he could not have
known.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 351, 116 S. Ct. at 2180.
III.
On appeal, Juiffre says he satisfied the actual injury requirement for
purposes of his access-to-the-courts claim because two of his previous cases were
dismissed: his 2015 access-to-the-courts case, which was dismissed for failure to
5
Case: 16-15818 Date Filed: 11/27/2017 Page: 6 of 7
state a claim, and a 2016 case challenging the constitutionality of a Florida
criminal statute, which was dismissed for improper venue. But Juiffre did not
discuss the dismissal of his 2016 constitutional claim in the district court. In fact,
that case was still pending when he filed his complaint in this action in district
court. Because it was not raised below, it is not properly before us. See Leal, 254
F.3d at 1280.
We agree with the district court that the dismissal of Juiffre’s 2015 case was
not an actual injury sufficient to show denial of access to the courts. Juiffre’s 2015
access-to-the-courts case was itself dismissed because he did not show actual
injury. Now, in effect, Juiffre is attempting to use the dismissal of his previous,
deficient access-to-the-courts claim to satisfy the actual injury requirement for his
current access-to-the-courts claim. But Juiffre still has not shown that the exact
cite research system hindered his 2015 claim in a way that resulted in actual injury.
See Wilson, 163 F.3d at 1290. Even if the research restrictions prevented Juiffre
from learning that he needed to show actual injury when he filed his 2015 case,
now that he knows that requirement, he still has not described an actual injury that
he could have pled in his 2015 case. Juiffre has therefore not pled facts sufficient
to allow a court to find the defendants liable for denying him access to the courts.
See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949.
6
Case: 16-15818 Date Filed: 11/27/2017 Page: 7 of 7
Because he has not presented an actual injury, the district court properly
determined that Juiffre failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. 28
U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).
AFFIRMED.
7