MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Dec 05 2017, 8:36 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT D.L. ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Linda L. Harris Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Kentland, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT D.R.E. David E. Corey
Deputy Attorney General
Russell D. Bailey
Indianapolis, Indiana
Demotte, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination December 5, 2017
of the Parent-Child Relationship Court of Appeals Case No.
of D.E. (Minor Child) 37A04-1707-JT-1592
and Appeal from the Jasper Circuit
Court
D.L. (Father) and D.R.E.
The Honorable John D. Potter,
(Mother), Judge
Appellants-Respondents, Trial Court Cause No.
37C01-1701-JT-3
v.
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.
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Bailey, Judge.
Case Summary
[1] D.R.E. (“Mother”) and D.L. (“Father”) (collectively, “Parents”) appeal the
trial court judgment terminating their parental rights to their child, D.E.,
(“Child”). They raise one issue on appeal which we restate as whether the trial
court clearly erred when it terminated their parental rights. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Child was born on April 6, 2016. On April 8, the Jasper County Department of
Child Services (“DCS”) filed a petition alleging Child was a Child in Need of
Services (“CHINS”) because both Child and Mother tested positive for
methamphetamine at the time of Child’s birth. The petition also alleged that
Father had a criminal history for methamphetamine manufacturing. The
hospital released Child on April 11 and DCS placed him in foster care.
[3] On April 12, the trial court held a detention hearing at which Father failed to
appear, and the court entered an order maintaining Child’s out-of-home
placement. Mother had supervised visitation with Child on April 13, at which
time Mother tested positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine. Mother
tested positive for THC at her April 19 visitation with Child, and she tested
positive for methamphetamine, heroin, amphetamine, and morphine at her
April 27 visitation. Due to Mother’s continued drug use, on May 9, the trial
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court suspended her supervised visitation until such time as she entered an in-
patient drug treatment facility.
[4] Following a May 16 hearing at which Father failed to appear, the trial court
adjudicated Child to be a CHINS and made the following findings:
(A) That mother tested positive for methamphetamine at the
birth of the child on April 6, 2016.
(B) That the child tested positive on a urine screen for
methamphetamine at birth.
(C) That the mother admitted to using methamphetamine
throughout her pregnancy.
(D) That the father of the child has [a] criminal history for
methamphetamine manufacturing.
(E) That the mother and father have had their rights terminated
on another child through Lake County, Indiana.
(F) The child needs care, treatment, or rehabilitation that the
child is not receiving and that is unlikely to be provided or
accepted without the coercive intervention of the court.
Ex. at 37.
[5] At a June 27 dispositional hearing, which Father again failed to attend, the
court ordered Parents to:
- participate in parent and family functioning assessments;
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- participate in psychological evaluations;
- participate in substance abuse assessments and follow through
with all recommendations;
- comply with random drug screens;
- complete “MATRIX” program and follow all
recommendations;
- participate in in-patient drug rehabilitation;
- participate in establishing paternity;
- maintain a stable single-family dwelling for a period of at least
six months;
- attend all scheduled supervised visitations “sober” and
prepared to care properly for the child;
- participate in parenting education; and
- work with home-based caseworker.
Id. at 14-15. In addition, the court ordered Father to participate in “Father
Engagement.” Id. at 15.
[6] In July of 2016, Mother called DCS and informed them that she had admitted
herself into an in-patient drug treatment center in Chicago. However, one week
later, Mother informed DCS by telephone that Mother had left the drug
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treatment program. On July 15, Father was arrested and incarcerated for
operating a vehicle as a habitual traffic offender.
[7] The trial court held a review hearing on September 26, 2016, at which it found
that Parents had not complied with Child’s case plan. Specifically, the court
found that Father had been incarcerated since mid-July 2016 and was therefore
unable to participate, and Mother had “gone missing” and had not had contact
with DCS since August 2016. Id. at 11. The court also found that neither
parent had participated in the services ordered, visited Child, or cooperated
with DCS.
[8] Father established his paternity of Child on October 14, 2016, while he was still
incarcerated. On October 31, Father pled guilty and was released to electronic
home detention. The next day, Father contacted DCS to begin participating in
services. However, before Father could do so, he was returned to jail in
November due to a positive drug test for methamphetamine. During his
incarceration, Father completed an in-patient drug treatment program. On
March 27, 2017, Father contacted DCS to inform it that he was in the drug
treatment program, and he agreed to contact DCS when he was released from
jail. Father was released on April 7, 2017, but he never contacted DCS.
[9] Mother did not have any contact with DCS from July 25, 2016 until October
31, 2016, at which time Mother informed DCS that she was “hiding out”
because of an active warrant for her arrest on a bond violation. Tr. at 19.
Mother would not tell DCS where she was, but she informed DCS that she was
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sober and “had her head on straight” and wanted to make things right. Id.
Mother said she was going to turn herself in “in a few days.” Id. However,
Mother did not have contact with DCS again until January 9, 2017.
[10] At a January 9, 2017 permanency hearing, the trial court changed the
permanency plan from reunification to adoption after finding that Parents had
still not complied with the case plan. On January 10, DCS filed its petition to
terminate Parents’ rights as to Child. Mother was arrested at the January 9
hearing for the bond violation, and she was incarcerated until approximately
March 28, 2017. At that time, Mother entered into a plea agreement, was
placed on probation, and was ordered to attend an in-patient substance abuse
program at the YMCA. Mother entered the YMCA program, but tested
positive for heroin on April 30, 2017, while she was on a home pass. Mother
went back into the YMCA program and was scheduled to complete that
program on May 24, 2017.
[11] On May 17, 2017, the court held a fact-finding hearing at which Family Case
Manager Erin Smith (“FCM Smith”) testified that Parents showed a pattern of
substance abuse and instability. She noted that both parents had been jailed
twice in just the last year, and both had waited almost a year before starting
drug abuse treatment. She noted that Child had been in foster care since birth,
did not know either of his parents, and needed a permanent, stable, drug-free
home. FCM Smith testified that she believed that termination of Parents’ rights
was in Child’s best interest, and that DCS had a prospective adoptive home
available for Child. Although the Court-Appointed Special Advocate
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(“CASA”) did not testify at the hearing, her report also recommended that
“parental rights be terminated and adoption pursued.” Father’s App. Vol. II at
58.
[12] At the May 17 hearing, the trial court made verbal findings and granted the
petition to terminate Parents’ rights. In its June 8 written findings, the court
found that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in
Child’s removal would not be remedied and that continuation of the parent-
child relationship posed a threat to the well-being of Child. It found the
following facts in support:
a. Mother’s hair follicle test on February 2, 2017[,] was positive
for methamphetamine and morphine.
b. Child was a drug[-]exposed infant for methamphetamine and
Mother had failed drug tests for one year prior to birth for
methamphetamine.
c. Neither parent participated in a substance abuse assessment.
d. [Father] refused to participate in services until paternity was
established.
e. Supervised visitation was suspended on May 9, 2016, by the
Court because Mother continued to test positive at visits for
marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin[;] [M]other was
required to enter inpatient drug treatment for visitation to be
reinstated.
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f. Mother did not go to inpatient drug treatment arranged for her
through DCS referral of 4/12/16 until 3/29/17, which was past
the filing of the Petition for Termination of Parent-Child
relationship.
g. In July of 2016, Mother enrolled in Haymarket Drug Rehab in
Chicago and left within one week.
h. Mother had no contact with DCS from July 26, 2016 to
October 31, 2016. Then on October 31, 2016, [M]other called
and said she was clean, done hiding out, and going to turn herself
in. Mother refused to give her residence and telephone number.
i. Mother then had [no] contact with DCS until January 9, 2017,
when Mother appeared at court and was arrested on a warrant.
At that time the Permanency Plan was changed to adoption.
j. Mother was missing and therefore drug screens could not be
administered to [M]other[;] the ones that she did take she failed
multiple times in April of 2016 and one on January 9, 2017.
k. Mother is currently and finally in treatment at YMCA but she
failed a test for heroin[ ] on April 30, 2017, while on a home pass
from inpatient[,] and [M]other admitted to relapsing at that time.
l. Father was incarcerated when paternity was established in
October of 2016[;] prior to paternity being established[, F]ather
[had] refused to participate in any services that were offered.
m. When [F]ather was no longer incarcerated[,] the DCS offered
[F]ather [F]ather [E]ngagement, case management, [and] drug
assessment[,] and then[,] before services could begin[, F]ather
was incarcerated for [a] failed methamphetamine drug test on
home detention.
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n. Father completed inpatient at Recovery Matters while still
incarcerated in March 2017, but failed to participate in any
follow up care.
o. Father did not contact FCM [Smith] after [his] release in April
of 2017.
p. Mother had continuing criminal problems during [the] case[,]
including possession of a narcotic drug in July 2016 and [a]
Petition to Revoke Probation on May 9, 2017 for drug violation
for heroin[ ].
q. Father had continuing criminal problems during [the] case[,]
including operating as a Habitual Traffic Violator in July of 2016,
[and] failure of a drug test on November 14, 2016, causing a
violation in [his] criminal case.
r. Both parents did no services until after Termination of Parental
Rights Petition was filed.
s. Mother did not contact DCS due to visitation being
suspended[,] stating that if she cannot see the child she was not
going to participate in services.
Father’s App. Vol. II at 62-64. The trial court also found that termination was
in Child’s “best interests in that: The child has only known foster care and
bonded with foster parents and the child is and will be in a home free of drug
abuse and criminal activity.” Id. at 64. This consolidated appeal by Parents
ensued.
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Discussion and Decision
Standard of Review
[13] Parents maintain that the trial court’s order terminating their parental rights
was clearly erroneous. We begin our review of this issue by acknowledging that
“[t]he traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children is
protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.”
Bailey v. Tippecanoe Div. of Family & Children (In re M.B.), 666 N.E.2d 73, 76 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1996), trans. denied. However, a trial court must subordinate the
interests of the parents to those of the child when evaluating the circumstances
surrounding a termination. Schultz v. Porter Cty. Office of Family & Children (In re
K.S.), 750 N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). Termination of a parent-child
relationship is proper where a child’s emotional and physical development is
threatened. Id. Although the right to raise one’s own child should not be
terminated solely because there is a better home available for the child, parental
rights may be terminated when a parent is unable or unwilling to meet his or
her parental responsibilities. Id. at 836.
[14] Before an involuntary termination of parental rights can occur in Indiana, DCS
is required to allege and prove, among other things:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the
conditions that resulted in the child’s removal or the
reasons for placement outside the home of the
parents will not be remedied.
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(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
threat to the well-being of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions,
been adjudicated a child in need of services.
***
(C) [and] that termination is in the best interests of the child . . . .
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2) (2016). DCS need establish only one of the
requirements of subsection (b)(2)(B) before the trial court may terminate
parental rights. Id. DCS’s “burden of proof in termination of parental rights
cases is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” R.Y. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs.
(In re G.Y.), 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-61 (Ind. 2009) (quoting I.C. § 31-37-14-2).
[15] When reviewing a termination of parental rights, we will not reweigh the
evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Peterson v. Marion Cty. Office of
Family & Children (In re D.D.), 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.
denied. Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that
are most favorable to the judgment. Id. Moreover, in deference to the trial
court’s unique position to assess the evidence, we will set aside the court’s
judgment terminating a parent-child relationship only if it is clearly erroneous.
Judy S. v. Noble Cty. Office of Family & Children (In re L.S.), 717 N.E.2d 204, 208
(Ind. Ct. App. 1999). trans. denied.
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[16] Here, in terminating Mother’s parental rights, the trial court entered specific
findings of fact and conclusions thereon. When a trial court’s judgment
contains special findings and conclusions, we apply a two-tiered standard of
review. Bester v. Lake Cty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind.
2005). First, we determine whether the evidence supports the findings and,
second, we determine whether the findings support the judgment. Id.
“Findings are clearly erroneous only when the record contains no facts to
support them either directly or by inference.” Quillen v. Quillen, 671 N.E.2d 98,
102 (Ind. 1996). If the evidence and inferences support the trial court’s
decision, we must affirm. In re L.S., 717 N.E.2d at 208.
[17] Parents do not specifically challenge the trial court’s findings of fact. 1 Rather,
they contend that the trial court erred in its conclusions of law. Specifically,
they allege that the trial court erred in concluding that they will not remedy the
conditions that resulted in Child’s removal and that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of Child. Mother also
challenges the trial court’s finding that termination is in the best interest of
Child. Because Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the
1
Although Father contends that two of the court’s findings—that he did not participate in substance abuse
assessment and that he completed an in-patient drug program while incarcerated—contradict each other,
they do not. Father did not get a substance abuse assessment through DCS and, although he did complete a
drug program while incarcerated, there was no evidence before the court as to what kind of assessment, if
any, that drug program involved. Moreover, even if the trial court had incorrectly based its decision on
contradictory findings, those erroneous findings would not prove fatal as there existed a plethora of valid
findings to support the trial court’s conclusions, as we discuss below. Cf. Favor v. Marion Cty. Office of Family
& Children (In re: A.F.), 762 N.E.2d 1244, 1251 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002) (finding no fatal error in contradictory
findings where there were “at least some” valid findings to support the trial court’s conclusion), trans. denied.
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disjunctive, we only address whether the trial court erred in concluding that
Parents will not remedy the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal and that
termination is in Child’s best interest.
Conditions that Resulted in Child’s Removal
[18] Parents maintain that the trial court erred in finding a reasonable probability
that the conditions that resulted in Child’s removal will not be remedied. In
support, they point to evidence of their compliance with some of the court’s
requirements, such as attending drug treatment. However, their arguments on
appeal are simply requests that we reweigh the evidence, which we will not do.
See In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d at 265. Instead, we must determine whether the
evidence most favorable to the judgment supports the trial court’s conclusion.
Id.; Quillen, 671 N.E.2d at 102.
[19] In determining whether the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that
Parents were unlikely to remedy the reasons for removal, we engage in a two-
step analysis. E.M. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re E.M.), 4 N.E.3d 636, 643
(Ind. 2014). “First, we identify the conditions that led to removal; and second,
we determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions
will not be remedied.” Id. (quotations and citations omitted). In the second
step, the trial court must judge a parent’s fitness to care for his or her children at
the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration evidence of
changed conditions. Id. However, the court must also “evaluate the parent’s
habitual patterns of conduct to determine the probability of future neglect or
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deprivation of the child.” Moore v. Jasper Cty. Dep’t of Child Servs., 894 N.E.2d
218, 226 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (quotations and citations omitted). Pursuant to
this rule, courts have properly considered evidence of a parent’s prior criminal
history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to provide support,
and lack of adequate housing and employment. Id. Moreover, DCS is not
required to rule out all possibilities of change; rather, it need establish only that
there is a reasonable probability the parent’s behavior will not change. Id.
[20] Parents do not dispute that Child was initially removed from their care due to
their drug use and/or history of drug possession. Mother tested positive for
drugs at the time of Child’s birth, at the three subsequent supervised visitations
with Child, in February of 2017, and on April 30, 2017—just three weeks before
the termination hearing. At the time of Child’s birth, Father had a criminal
history of manufacturing methamphetamine, and he failed a drug screen in
November of 2016—during one of the few, brief periods of time when he was
not incarcerated. Moreover, neither parent submitted to regular drug tests, as
ordered. Given Parents’ habitual and continuing patterns of drug use and their
failure to submit to random drug screens, we cannot say that the trial court
erred in concluding that the conditions at the time of Child’s removal were not,
and likely will not be, remedied.
[21] Father contends that, like the father in Rowlett v. Vanderburgh Cty. Office of Family
& Children, 841 N.E.2d 615 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied, he was not given
“enough time to demonstrate his desire and ability to parent D.E.” Father’s Br.
at 14. In support, he states that he was given less than two months between the
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date he established paternity and the date DCS filed its petition to terminate
parental rights. First, Father is incorrect about the timing; almost three months
passed between the date he established paternity (i.e., October 14, 2016) and the
date the termination petition was filed (January 10, 2017).
[22] Second, and more importantly, unlike the father in Rowlett, Father was given
numerous opportunities to engage in reunification services both before and after
paternity was established. Father chose to wait until approximately six months
had passed before he established paternity, and he did not attempt to engage in
services before that time even though such services were made available to him.
And, unlike the father in Rowlett, Father did not engage in extensive services to
better himself as a parent while incarcerated; rather, he participated only in the
one service required of him—in-patient drug treatment. Moreover, even after
establishing paternity and starting drug treatment, Father used
methamphetamine immediately after his release from jail on October 31, 2016,
resulting in his re-incarceration two weeks later. At no point did Father ever
attempt to visit Child, even during the three months before he was incarcerated
and the approximate three months after his release from jail. Father had
sufficient time to remedy the conditions that led to the Child’s removal but he
chose not to do so.
Best Interests
[23] In determining whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests of a
child, the trial court is required to look at the totality of the evidence. A.S. v.
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Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re A.K.), 924 N.E.2d 212, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010).
“A parent’s historical inability to provide adequate housing, stability and
supervision coupled with a current inability to provide the same will support a
finding that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the child’s best
interests.” Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 374 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. “Additionally, a child’s need for permanency is an
important consideration in determining the best interests of a child, and the
testimony of the service providers may support a finding that termination is in
the child’s best interests.” In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 224. Such evidence, “in
addition to evidence that the conditions resulting in removal will not be
remedied, is sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that
termination is in the child’s best interests.” L.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs. (In re
A.D.S.), 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158-59 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied.
[24] Again, Mother’s contentions on this issue amount to requests that we reweigh
the evidence, which we will not do. The evidence most favorable to the
judgment shows that, despite entering drug treatment, Mother continued to use
drugs right up until three weeks prior to the termination hearing. Moreover,
she had been “on the run” from law enforcement, was without stable housing,
and had been in and out of jail twice during the year since Child was born.
Both FCM Smith and the CASA report stated that termination of both parents’
parental rights is in Child’s best interest. Given that testimony, in addition to
evidence that Child needs permanency and stability that Mother cannot provide
and that the reasons for Child’s removal from Parents will not likely be
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remedied, we hold that the totality of the evidence supports the trial court’s
conclusion that termination is in Child’s best interest. The trial court did not
err when it terminated Parents’ parental rights to Child.
[25] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
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In the Matter of the Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of D.E. (Minor Child) and D.L. (Father) and D.R.E. (Mother) v. The Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion