FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 8, 2017
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
No. 16-6231
v. (D.C. No. 5:15-CR-00246-R-2)
(W.D. Okla.)
PATRICK SAMIR ASFOUR,
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before HARTZ, PHILLIPS, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Defendant Patrick Samir Asfour claims that he was denied his rights under the
federal Speedy Trial Act. His problems began when he and a companion were driving
their two vehicles on an interstate highway. A traffic stop by the Oklahoma Highway
Patrol (OHP) led to the discovery of firearms and drugs in the companion’s vehicle. The
two drivers were arrested and placed in county jail. A few days later an information was
filed in state court charging them with eight violations of Oklahoma law. The state
preliminary hearing was postponed or continued multiple times until finally, nine months
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive
value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
after the traffic stop, the two men were indicted in the United States District Court for the
Western District of Oklahoma.
Under the Speedy Trial Act a federal arrestee must be charged by federal
indictment or information within 30 days of arrest. See 18 U.S.C. § 3161(b). Defendant
moved in federal court to dismiss the indictment against him for failure to comply with
that requirement, arguing that his true federal arrest occurred at the time of the traffic
stop. He contended that the state arrest and confinement were merely a ruse to avoid the
30-day requirement and give federal authorities extra time to pressure the drivers to
cooperate with the prosecution. After an evidentiary hearing the district court denied the
motion, ruling that Defendant had not shown a ruse. Defendant then entered into a plea
bargain, agreeing to plead guilty to three counts of the indictment but reserving the right
to appeal his motion to dismiss. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we hold
that his appeal is without merit. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Defendant’s motion.
I. BACKGROUND
On January 30, 2015, Defendant and Ben Issa Saoud were driving on Interstate 40 in
separate vehicles. Katelyn Worstell, a pregnant 18-year old woman, was riding with
Defendant. When OHP Trooper Clint Painter attempted to pull Saoud over, Defendant’s
vehicle struck Painter’s patrol car. The government contends that Defendant
intentionally hit Painter’s vehicle to draw attention away from Saoud, as he was carrying
more than 100 pounds of marijuana and two firearms. After all three vehicles came to a
2
stop, another OHP trooper arrived to assist Painter, and they discovered the drugs and
guns in Saoud’s vehicle. Defendant, Saoud, and Worstell were arrested.
Sam Ward, a special agent with the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms
and Explosives (ATF), and OHP Trooper Mark Dlugokinski, who had been assigned to a
federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) task force, came to the scene to assist
with the investigation. Although Defendant characterizes Dlugokinski as a federal
officer, he testified otherwise and submitted an affidavit stating that his “parent agency”
is OHP and that his primary investigative priority remains with OHP, though he
coordinates with other agencies. R. Vol. 1 at 148. Ward testified that he became
involved in the investigation because one of the firearms was a short-barreled rifle,
possession of which violates federal law.
On the day of the arrest, Ward and Dlugokinski interviewed the three suspects
separately. Ward and Dlugokinski presented Defendant with an ATF Miranda-waiver
form, which he signed. Three days later Dlugokinski and another OHP trooper
interviewed Defendant, this time offering an OHP waiver form. During these interviews
Defendant and Worstell were advised of the federal charges and sentences they could be
facing; and on two occasions the other interviewer said that Dlugokinski was with the
DEA.
On February 4 the State of Oklahoma charged Defendant on eight counts,
including assault and battery with a deadly weapon, illegal possession of firearms,
trafficking in illegal drugs, and conspiracy to traffic in illegal drugs. There were
significant delays in the preliminary hearing. All counsel agreed on February 25 to
3
postpone the hearing until March 13. On March 13, Defendant agreed to reschedule the
hearing for April 10. On April 10 the prosecutor requested a continuance to assure the
appearance of a witness, and the court granted a continuance to June 5, over Defendant’s
objection. Some testimony was presented on June 5, but all parties agreed to continue the
hearing until July 31. On that date, Defendant requested a continuance because of
discovery issues and the court reset the hearing for October 9. The record before us is
silent on what happened regarding the preliminary hearing scheduled for October 9.
On November 18, Defendant was indicted in federal court. The state charges were
dismissed a week later. On January 7, 2016, Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment
for failure to comply with the Speedy Trial Act.
At the evidentiary hearing on the motion, Defendant argued that his state
prosecution was instigated by the federal government to avoid the Speedy Trial Act’s
requirements because it wanted to keep Defendant and Saoud in county jail for several
months to put pressure on them to cooperate, as evidenced by the delay in the preliminary
hearing. To support his claim, Defendant played audio recordings of Dlugokinski’s
interviews with Defendant and Worstell in which other officers identify him as a DEA
agent and the suspects are informed of potential federal charges and sentences.
In response, Dlugokinski clarified during the hearing that although he had worked
with a DEA task force since November 2011, he was an OHP trooper. He also explained
that in the interviews he used the long potential federal sentences as leverage to
encourage Defendant and Worstell to cooperate with the state investigation. And he
testified that his investigation was building a state case, not a federal case, until shortly
4
before the federal charges were brought. As for the delay of the preliminary hearing, the
government argued that Defendant agreed to most of the continuances and requested one
himself. It said that there was no actual evidence of collusion between state and federal
law enforcement to detain Defendant and Saoud in preparation for a federal prosecution.
The district court denied Defendant’s motion, finding “no evidence . . .
whatsoever” that the state prosecution was a ruse to hold Defendant for federal
prosecution to circumvent the Act. R., Vol. 1 at 193–94. In particular, it found that the
officers “were trying to use the potential of a federal prosecution as leverage to get
people to cooperate in the state prosecution . . . .” Id. at 194.
On February 23, Defendant pleaded guilty to three counts of the indictment—a
Travel Act crime of violence, see 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(2); possession of marijuana with
intent to distribute, see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); and carrying a firearm during and in
relation to a drug-trafficking crime, see 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). He was sentenced to
190 months’ imprisonment.
II. DISCUSSION
We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss
for violation of the Speedy Trial Act. See United States v. Abdush-Shakur, 465 F.3d 458,
461 (10th Cir. 2006). This standard of review encompasses de novo review of the district
court’s compliance with the legal requirements of the Act and review for clear error of its
factual findings. See id.
The Act requires that “[a]ny information or indictment charging an individual with
the commission of an offense shall be filed within thirty days from the date on which
5
such individual was arrested or served with a summons in connection with such charges.”
18 U.S.C. § 3161(b). If the government fails to comply with this time limit, the charges
in the complaint must be dismissed, with or without prejudice. See id. at § 3162(a)(1).
The general rule is that “[a]n individual is ‘arrested’ under the Speedy Trial Act
only when he is taken into custody after a federal arrest for the purpose of responding to a
federal charge.” United States v. De La Pena-Juarez, 214 F.3d 594, 597 n.6 (5th Cir.
2000). Some courts, however, have recognized a “ruse” exception to the general rule
when a person is confined on grounds other than a federal criminal charge for the purpose
of avoiding the requirements of the Act. Many of these cases involve confinement by
immigration authorities. See, e.g., United States v. Garcia-Echaverria, 374 F.3d 440,
451–52 (6th Cir. 2004) (assuming without deciding that ruse exception would apply in
immigration context if there was collusion between immigration and criminal-
prosecution authorities, but facts did not support Speedy Trial Act violation); United
States v. Dyer, 325 F.3d 464, 468 (3d Cir. 2003) (describing ruse exception in
immigration context, but declining to decide whether to adopt it as facts did not
demonstrate ruse); De La Pena-Juarez, 214 F.3d at 598; United States v. Pena-Carrillo,
46 F.3d 879, 883 (9th Cir. 1995). A few have involved incarceration under state criminal
authority. See United States v. Benitez, 34 F.3d 1489, 1494 (9th Cir. 1994) (“The Speedy
Trial Act would lose all force if federal criminal authorities could arrange with state
authorities to have the state authorities detain a defendant until federal authorities are
ready to file criminal charges. For this reason, Speedy Trial Act time periods may be
triggered by state detentions that are merely a ruse to detain the defendant solely for the
6
purpose of bypassing the requirements of the Act.”); United States v. Woolfolk, 399 F.3d
590, 596, 596 n.7 (4th Cir. 2005) (state arrest could fall under Speedy Trial Act if “the
Government has knowledge that an individual is being held by state authorities solely to
answer to federal charges”). At least one circuit, however, apparently refused to apply
the exception in that context because of the independent sovereignty of the States. See
United States v. Alvarado-Linares, 698 F. Appx. 969, 974 (11th Cir. 2017) (rejecting
application of ruse exception to arrests or detentions under state law by state officials
“[b]ecause state authorities at all times held sovereign discretion as to how they
separately might handle their own prosecution or non-prosecution for state offenses”).
This circuit has yet to rule on whether there is a ruse exception for state arrests,
but we have adopted the ruse exception when the federal government civilly detains an
individual to avoid Speedy Trial Act requirements. See United States v. Pasillas-
Castanon, 525 F.3d 994, 997–98 (10th Cir. 2008) (alien held civilly by immigration
authorities). In that circumstance we held that “[t]he ruse exception is not easily
triggered.” Id. at 998. A defendant must “demonstrate[] that the primary or exclusive
purpose of a civil detention was to hold the defendant for future criminal prosecution.”
Id. Moreover, “[w]ithout evidence of wrongful collusion for [the purpose of holding a
defendant for future prosecution], the exception does not apply. In short, if the detaining
authorities have a lawful basis for their civil detention, a defendant is not entitled to
invoke the exception.” Id. (footnote omitted). Further, the defendant must prove bad
faith. See id. n.1. Assuming without deciding that we would adopt a ruse exception for
state arrests, defendants would need to meet this heavy burden of demonstrating that “the
7
primary or exclusive purpose of [the state detention] was to hold the defendant for future
[federal] prosecution” and that the state authorities did not have a “lawful basis for their
[state] detention.” Id.
The district court ruled that Defendant had not established the prerequisites for
application of the ruse exception, and we hold that its ruling was not an abuse of
discretion. Defendant contends that improper collusion between federal and state
officials was demonstrated by evidence that (1) federal agents were involved in the
investigation1; (2) his state prosecution was delayed for a number of months; and (3)
Defendant and Worstell were threatened with federal prosecution. We are not persuaded.
Cooperation between state and federal law-enforcement officers is a commonplace
that makes investigations more effective and efficient (the precise reason why a state
trooper would be assigned to a DEA task force). Cooperative investigations may result in
state prosecution or federal prosecution, depending on many considerations. Notably,
Defendant presents no evidence of involvement by federal prosecutors before the federal
indictment, although even evidence of such involvement would likely reflect just
prosecutorial cooperation rather than federal use of the state criminal-justice system as a
mere cat’s-paw. We have held that involvement of federal criminal law-enforcement
officers in immigration proceedings did not in itself trigger the ruse exception. See
1
In his appellate brief, Defendant also relies on Ward’s testimony at the pretrial
detention hearing that he started “piecing the case together” after first interviewing
Worstell months before federal charges were brought. R., Vol. 1 at 76–78. But this
evidence was not presented to the district court as part of Defendant’s argument that the
ruse exception applied, so we need not address it.
8
Pasillas-Castanon, 525 F.3d at 999; see also Benitez, 34 F.3d at 1493–95 (even when
state arrest was result of federal investigation and federal law-enforcement officers
detained defendants until state-law enforcement officers arrived to arrest them, district
court did not err in finding no ruse). In any event, Dlugokinski testified (and the district
court could credit) that the investigation was aimed at state charges until shortly before
Defendant’s federal indictment. See Benitez, 34 F.3d at 1495 (district court did not err in
relying on state prosecutor’s testimony that State had intended to prosecute defendants if
federal charges were not brought soon).
Nor do the delays in the state prosecution suggest that the state prosecution was
engineered by federal prosecutors. Of the nearly 10 months between Defendant’s arrest
and his federal indictment, less than two months of the continuances were over
Defendant’s objection, and more than two months (indeed, the final continuance) was at
Defendant’s request. There was no evidence of intentional stalling for any improper
purpose. The district court was hardly unreasonable in being unpersuaded that the delay
smacked of federal interference.
Finally, warnings about possible stiff federal sentences do not show that a decision
had been made to pursue federal prosecution. Dlugokinski gave a perfectly plausible
reason for telling the suspects of the federal charges and sentences that could be imposed.
It is not unheard of for investigators to try to induce cooperation by making the risks of
noncooperation look as severe as possible. The district court credited that reason, stating
that the officers “were trying to use the potential of a federal prosecution as leverage to
get people to cooperate in the state prosecution.” R., Vol. 1 at 193–94. See Pasillas-
9
Castanon, 525 F.3d at 998 (“The mere fact that the detaining authorities are aware other
potential criminal charges are available does not trigger the [ruse] exception.”).2
In short, the district court properly ruled that Defendant had failed to show that
“the primary or exclusive purpose of [the state detention] was to hold [Defendant] for
future [federal] criminal prosecution.” Pasillas-Castanon, 525 F.3d at 998. Even if we
were to adopt the ruse exception for state detention, Defendant would not be entitled to
relief.
III. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the judgment below.
Entered for the Court
Harris L Hartz
Circuit Judge
2
The government also contends that Defendant failed to show that the state arrest was
unlawful or in bad faith, which it argues are requirements for applying the ruse exception.
The district court did not rely on either ground and we need not address them.
10