NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 14 2017
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
SALVADOR LEMUS RAMOS, No. 14-71990
Petitioner, Agency No. A077-181-058
v.
MEMORANDUM*
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 14, 2017
Pasadena, California
Before: REINHARDT, GILMAN,** and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges.
Salvador Lemus Ramos applied for deferral of removal to Mexico under the
Convention against Torture (CAT) after the Department of Homeland Security
initiated removal proceedings based on a felony drug conviction in a California
state court. An Immigration Judge (IJ) found Lemus Ramos removable under
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Ronald Lee Gilman, United States Circuit Judge for
the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) and denied him CAT relief after determining that he
had failed to show that he is more likely than not to be tortured if returned to
Mexico. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) affirmed.
To qualify for deferral of removal under the CAT, an applicant has the
burden of showing that he “is more likely than not to be tortured in the country of
removal.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(4). Evidence of past torture, although relevant,
does not create a presumption of future torture. Mohammed v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d
785, 802 (9th Cir. 2005).
Although reports of conditions in Mexico suggest that gay individuals
continue to suffer discrimination in the country, Lemus Ramos has not established
a greater than 50 percent chance of being tortured if returned. “Torture is an
extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(2). It
signifies more than mere discrimination or persecution. Alphonsus v. Holder, 705
F.3d 1031, 1049 (9th Cir. 2013); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1) (defining torture, in part,
as “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is
intentionally inflicted on a person”).
Although Lemus Ramos’s history of abuse suffered as a child in rural
Mexico is undeniably serious, he has not established that he is more likely than not
to suffer future torture if returned to Mexico. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(3) (noting
that an IJ should consider “all evidence relevant to the possibility of future
2 14-71990
torture,” including “[e]vidence of past torture inflicted upon the applicant,”
“[e]vidence that the applicant could [safely] relocate to a part of the country of
removal,” and “[e]vidence of gross, flagrant or mass violations of human rights
within the country of removal”).
We conclude that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that
Lemus Ramos failed to show that he is more likely than not to be tortured if
returned to Mexico. His petition for deferral of removal is therefore DENIED.
3 14-71990