J-S73037-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee :
:
v. :
:
ERNEST CHARLES PRATT, :
:
Appellant : No. 144 MDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 20, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County,
Criminal Division, at No(s): CP-14-CR-0001581-2015
BEFORE: OLSON, DUBOW, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED DECEMBER 22, 2017
Ernest Charles Pratt (Appellant) appeals from his December 20, 2016
judgment of sentence of 15 days to 23½ months of incarceration following his
nonjury convictions for possession with intent to deliver (PWID) a controlled
substance, possession of drug paraphernalia, and conspiracy (PWID).
Specifically, Appellant challenges the denial of his pre-trial suppression
motion. We affirm.
On September 8, 2015, Trooper Robert Warman conducted a traffic stop
on Interstate 80 in Mercer County of a rental vehicle with a Tennessee license
plate for a left lane violation. Trooper Warman encountered Andrew Holbrook,
the driver of the vehicle, and Appellant, the front-seat passenger and the
individual to whom the rental vehicle was registered. Trooper Warman
questioned Appellant and Mr. Holbrook separately about their travel plans.
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S73037-17
N.T., 3/24/2016, at 13, 16-17. They provided conflicting details of their short
turnaround trip to New York City, and Mr. Holbrook was unable to relay any
specifics about the trip. Id. at 13-17. During the stop, Mr. Holbrook was
unable to make eye contact with Trooper Warman and was “excessively
nervous[,] … his voice was quivering and his body was shaking.” Id. at 12.
Based on the short turnaround trip to a city known as a source for narcotics,
Mr. Holbrook’s extreme nervousness, the presence of a strong air freshener
masking any other scents, the inconsistent responses regarding the travel
itinerary, and the lack of details about the trip, Trooper Warman believed that
Appellant and Mr. Holbrook possessed a large amount of money and were
traveling to New York City to purchase narcotics. Id. at 18-19.
Trooper Warman requested permission to search the vehicle, but
Appellant refused permission to search. Trooper Stephen Lucia was called to
the scene for his police dog, a K-9 officer, to conduct an exterior sniff of the
vehicle for narcotics. A sniff test was conducted, and the K-9 officer did not
alert. Consequently, Trooper Warman released Mr. Holbrook and Appellant.
Id. at 18-22.
On the morning of September 29, 2015, Trooper Warman conducted a
traffic stop on Interstate 80 in Mercer County of a rental vehicle with a
Michigan license plate for following too closely. Id. at 22-23. Trooper
Warman again encountered Mr. Holbrook as the driver and Appellant as the
front-seat passenger. Like the first traffic stop mere weeks before, the vehicle
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was registered to Appellant, Mr. Holbrook exhibited extreme nervousness
throughout the stop, Appellant and Mr. Holbrook were traveling to New York
City on a short turnaround trip, Appellant and Mr. Holbrook provided
conflicting responses regarding the details of their travel plans, and Mr.
Holbrook was unable to provide specifics regarding the trip. Additionally,
Trooper Warman did not observe any luggage in the vehicle. Again, based on
the totality of the circumstances, Trooper Warman believed that Appellant and
Mr. Holbrook were involved in illegal drug activity. Id. at 24-37.
Troopers Gary Knott and Christina Marth were called to the scene, along
with their police dog, for a canine drug sniff of the vehicle. Trooper Marth
observed Appellant remove something from his pocket and conceal it inside
his pants. Id. at 37-38. Trooper Warman conducted a patdown of Appellant,
and felt a hard plastic item near Appellant’s groin area. When asked what he
was concealing, Appellant produced a plastic cigar package containing a small
amount of marijuana. Id. at 38-39.
Trooper Warman advised Appellant that a search of the vehicle was
going to be conducted, and Appellant was asked whether he wanted to claim
anything from within the vehicle. Id. at 39-40. Appellant stated that he had
approximately $8,000 in the vehicle. Id. at 40. Trooper Marth then led her
K-9 partner through the vehicle, and the K-9 officer alerted on the center
dashboard area of the vehicle. Id. at 41. Trooper Warman searched the
vehicle and discovered a bag on the passenger floorboard, containing $9,300.
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Id. at 42-43. The interior of the bank bags where the money was found
emitted a strong odor of raw marijuana. The packaging and large amount of
money indicated to Trooper Warman that criminal activity was afoot. Trooper
Warman seized the money and the small amount of marijuana and released
Appellant and Mr. Holbrook from the scene. Id.
Later that evening, around 11:05 p.m., Troopers Jeremy Hoy and Luke
Straniere conducted a traffic stop on Interstate 80 in Centre County of a rental
vehicle with a Michigan license plate for following too closely and cutting off a
tractor-trailer. Id. at 77, 110-111. When the troopers ran the vehicle through
NCIC, they discovered that Trooper Warman had stopped the same vehicle
earlier that day and made a large cash seizure. Id. at 78, 111-112. Trooper
Hoy contacted Trooper Warman, who relayed the circumstances of his two
prior stops of Mr. Holbrook and Appellant. Id. at 78-79, 81, 112, 122.
Trooper Straniere spoke with Mr. Holbrook and Appellant. Just as in the first
and second stops, Mr. Holbrook exhibited extreme nervousness and Mr.
Holbrook and Appellant provided conflicting details regarding their trip to New
York City. Additionally, Appellant stated that they had arrived in New York
two days prior, while Mr. Holbrook said they had arrived one day ago. Id. at
79-81, 115-121, 125, 127. Based on all of the circumstances of this stop and
the two prior stops, Trooper Straniere suspected that Appellant and Mr.
Holbrook obtained contraband during their visit to New York City. Id. at 125.
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Trooper Straniere was denied consent to search the vehicle. Shortly
thereafter, Trooper Aaron Tiracorda arrived with his police dog, K-9 Officer
Tom. K-9 Officer Tom conducted a drug sniff search of the exterior of the
vehicle, but did not alert. Id. at 81-82, 94, 130-132. Trooper Straniere then
conducted a search of the vehicle and found a bag containing two vacuum-
sealed packages of marijuana. Id. at 133. Both Appellant and Mr. Holbrook
were placed under arrest.
Prior to trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress. A hearing was held
where the aforementioned facts were developed. The trial court denied the
motion, holding that the totality of the circumstances during the third traffic
stop, coupled with the knowledge the troopers received regarding Trooper
Warman’s earlier stops, was sufficient to establish probable cause.
Thereafter, Appellant was convicted following a stipulated nonjury trial
and sentenced as indicated above. Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal.1
Appellant presents one question for this Court’s consideration.
Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in denying Appellant’s motion to
declare the search and seizure at issue illegal under Article 1,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution as well as the Fourth
and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution
and suppress all evidence and fruit of the poisonous tree that was
derived therefrom since the search of Appellant’s vehicle was
1 Appellant complied with the trial court’s order to file a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). The trial court
responded with a brief statement indicating that it was relying upon its
September 21, 2016 opinion, wherein it addressed its reasons for denying
Appellant’s motion to suppress.
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conducted after the canine did not alert and was not supported by
probable cause?
Appellant’s Brief at 7.
We consider Appellant’s question mindful of the following.
Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the denial of
a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the
suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record
and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are
correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and may
reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous. Where
... the appeal of the determination of the suppression court turns
on allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s legal
conclusions are not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it
is to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law
to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of the court[] below are
subject to our plenary review.
Commonwealth v. Perel, 107 A.3d 185, 188 (Pa. Super. 2014) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Jones, 988 A.2d 649, 654 (Pa. 2010)).
On appeal, Appellant does not challenge the validity of the initial traffic
stop on the evening of September 29, 2015, or that the troopers possessed
the reasonable suspicion necessary for an investigative detention. Rather, he
claims that the troopers lacked probable cause to search the vehicle because
they did not observe any specific indicators of criminal activity during the third
traffic stop, and K-9 Officer Tom did not alert his partner to the presence of
narcotics in the vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at 17.
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Because Appellant does not challenge the validity of the initial traffic
stop, we begin by addressing the search of Appellant’s vehicle. “The
Pennsylvania Supreme Court recently clarified that ‘[t]he prerequisite for a
warrantless search [or seizure] of a motor vehicle is probable cause to search;
no exigency beyond the inherent mobility of a motor vehicle is
required.’” Commonwealth v. Freeman, 128 A.3d 1231, 1243 (Pa. Super.
2015) (quoting Commonwealth v. Gary, 91 A.3d 102, 138 (Pa. 2014)
(Opinion Announcing the Judgment of the Court).2
The level of probable cause necessary for warrantless searches of
automobiles is the same as that required to obtain a search
warrant. The well-established standard for evaluating whether
probable cause exists is the “totality of the circumstances” test.
This test allows for a flexible, common-sense approach to all
circumstances presented. Probable cause typically exists where
the facts and circumstances within the officer’s knowledge are
sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief
that an offense has been or is being committed. The evidence
required to establish probable cause for a warrantless search must
be more than a mere suspicion or a good faith belief on the part
of the police officer.
Commonwealth v. Runyan, 160 A.3d 831, 837 (Pa. Super. 2017) (quoting
Commonwealth v. Lechner, 685 A.2d 1014, 1016 (Pa. Super. 1996)
(internal citations omitted)). With respect to vehicular drug sniffs conducted
by police dogs, this Court has held that
2Gary was a plurality opinion announcing the judgment of the Supreme Court.
However, this Court has adopted the holdings of Gary in subsequent opinions.
See, e.g., Freeman, 128 A.3d 1231; In re I.M.S., 124 A.3d 311 (Pa. Super.
2015).
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the failure of a trained dog to respond to the alleged presence of
narcotics is but one factor to be considered in adjudging whether
the totality of the circumstances establishes probable cause.
Given the recognized fallibility of the dogs’ sense of smell and its
vulnerability to confusion by other ambient odors, a dog’s failure
to alert will not defeat probable cause where other factors, viewed
within the totality of the circumstances, continue to support it.
Commonwealth v. Brown, 924 A.2d 1283, 1289 (Pa. Super. 2007).
Following Appellant’s suppression hearing, the trial court denied
Appellant’s motion, holding that the totality of the circumstances during the
third stop, namely:
Mr. Holbrook’s extreme nervousness, delayed answers to simple
questions, and excessive chattiness; contradicting stories about
visiting a male or female friend of [Appellant]; and an alleged
travel itinerary that did not match up with the rental paperwork
for the vehicle[,]… when combined with the knowledge Trooper
Straniere obtained about Trooper Warman’s stops, are sufficient
to warrant a man of reasonable caution, training, and experience,
to believe [Appellant] was engaged in criminal activity.
Trial Court Opinion, 9/21/2016, at 16.
Here, the circumstances included three traffic stops on the same short
turnaround trip to a high drug trafficking city in a span of three weeks (with
the two most recent traffic stops occurring on the same day: one en route to
New York City, and one on the return trip), with the same occupants in two
different out-of-state rental vehicles. Moreover, the troopers were also aware
that (1) Mr. Holbrook was extremely nervous during all three stops; (2)
Appellant and Mr. Holbrook gave conflicting accounts regarding the details of
the New York City trips during all three stops; (3) Mr. Holbrook was never able
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to provide any specifics regarding the trips; (4) Appellant stated on the third
trip that they had arrived in New York city two days prior, when the officers
knew he had been stopped en route to New York City that morning; (4) a K-9
search during the second stop resulted in an alert and the subsequent
discovery and seizure of a large amount of cash inside bank bags emitting a
strong odor of raw marijuana; (5) the first vehicle had very strong air
fresheners; (6) there was a lack of luggage in the vehicle during the last two
stops; and (7) Appellant attempted to conceal a small amount of marijuana
during the second stop. Compare Commonwealth v. Joseph, 34 A.3d 855,
863-864 (Pa. Super. 2011) (holding troopers lacked probable cause where
defendant was observed leaving a high drug trafficking area in a vehicle with
air fresheners, where the troopers did not observe defendant behaving in a
suspicious manner or observe any evidence that defendant was using drugs
when he was stopped) with Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928,
936 (Pa. 2009) (holding sufficient probable cause to stop and search
defendant where police officer observed what he believed, based on his
training and experience, was a hand-to-hand drug transaction, at nighttime,
in a high crime area).
We agree with the trial court that based on the totality of the
circumstances, the troopers had probable cause to believe that Appellant and
Mr. Holbrook were trafficking drugs at the time of the third traffic stop.
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Accordingly, the trial court properly denied Appellant’s motion to suppress,
and we affirm Appellant’s judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: December 22, 2017
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