Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
December 28, 2017
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 48454-4-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
LEONEL ROMERO-OCHOA,
Appellant.
BJORGEN, C.J. — Leonel Romero-Ochoa appeals from his convictions of two counts of
first degree rape and one count each of first degree burglary, unlawful imprisonment, and second
degree assault. He asserts that the trial court’s ruling excluding evidence of the victim’s pending
U-visa application1 violated his right to present a defense and his right to confront witnesses.
Ochoa also appeals from his sentence, asserting that the trial court erred by failing to treat his
first degree rape and second degree assault convictions as the same criminal conduct when
calculating his offender score.
We hold that the trial court’s ruling excluding evidence of the victim’s pending U-visa
application violated Ochoa’s Sixth Amendment rights to present a defense and confront
witnesses. We also hold that these violations were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt only as
they related to his unlawful imprisonment conviction. Therefore, we affirm Ochoa’s unlawful
1
A U-visa permits victims of certain crimes to lawfully reside in the United States for four years,
which may be extended upon certification that the victim’s continued presence is required to
assist in the investigation or prosecution of criminal activity. See 8 U.S.C. §§
1101(a)(15)(U)(iii), 1184(p)(6).
No. 48454-4-II
imprisonment conviction and reverse and remand for a new trial on his remaining convictions.
With this, we need not examine his claim of sentencing error.
FACTS
In July 2014, Victoria Isidor Cordero lived with her five-year-old daughter in a mobile
home park in Lakewood. Ochoa’s brother also lived at the same Lakewood mobile home park;
Ochoa previously lived there. On July 3, Isidor came home from work and went to sleep at
around 11:40 p.m. The window in Isidor’s bedroom did not have a functioning latch.
According to Isidor, she awoke to a noise at around 3 a.m. and saw a man she did not
recognize standing next to her bed. Isidor later identified the man as Ochoa. Ochoa told Isidor,
“Just be quiet. Don’t say anything.” Report of Proceedings (RP) (Oct. 20, 2015) at 9. Isidor ran
out of her bedroom and attempted to open her front door, but Ochoa grabbed and choked her
before she could escape. Ochoa forced Isidor onto a couch, removed her clothing, and vaginally
raped her. During this time, Isidor screamed for help while Ochoa told her to be quiet,
repeatedly slapped her in the face, and covered her mouth.
Isidor stated that she could smell alcohol on the Ochoa’s breath and thought that she
might be able to escape by offering him a beer. Ochoa accepted Isidor’s offer and led her to the
refrigerator while grabbing on to her hair. When Ochoa released Isidor to take the beer from her,
Isidor ran out of her home and screamed for help. Ochoa grabbed Isidor by her hair, hit her
twice in the face, dragged her back into her home, and raped her a second time.
Police eventually arrived and arrested Ochoa. While speaking with police, Isidor realized
that she had previously seen Ochoa around the mobile home park and at a birthday party for her
daughter. Isidor denied having any previous relationship with Ochoa.
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No. 48454-4-II
According to Ochoa, he and Isidor began a secret sexual relationship in 2010, while both
were still married to other people. Ochoa stated that he had ended the relationship in 2013
because he knew it was wrong and because he did not want others to discover their affair. On
July 3, Ochoa visited his brother at the Lakewood mobile home park. Ochoa stated that he left
his brother’s home at around 2:15 a.m. and started walking to a nearby gas station. As he was
walking, he heard Isidor calling to him from her bedroom window. Isidor asked him to come in
through the window and not to open the front door. They then went to Isidor’s living room and
began talking about their previous relationship. Ochoa and Isidor began to have consensual
sexual intercourse on the couch and, at some point, the two fell to the floor. Ochoa said that he
did not want to continue to have sex after they fell on the floor.
Ochoa stated that Isidor’s emotional state suddenly changed after he declined to continue
having sex with her. Isidor became angry and said, “Don’t you love or like me anymore?
Because you’re different, you don’t want to be with me. I feel you’re different.” RP (Oct. 26,
2015) at 20. Ochoa asked Isidor to be “more understanding” and told her that “not everything is
[about] sex.” RP (Oct. 26, 2015) at 20-21. Isidor then became “hysterical,” mussed up her hair,
and started grabbing at her own face. RP (Oct. 26, 2015) at 21. Ochoa asked Isidor for a beer.
Isidor grabbed a beer, threw it at Ochoa, and ran out the door. Isidor began screaming that
Ochoa did not love her anymore, after which Ochoa grabbed her and convinced her to come back
inside. The two again began kissing and Ochoa was taking his pants off when the police arrived
and knocked on the door. Isidor told Ochoa, “Let me go get the door because it’s the police, and
if I don’t open, they’ll knock open the door.” RP (Oct. 26, 2015) at 23. Isidor then “started
again acting up” and ran out the door. RP (Oct. 26, 2015) at 23.
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The State charged Ochoa with four counts of first degree rape, first degree burglary, first
degree kidnapping, and second degree assault. The matter proceeded to a jury trial.
Before trial, the State moved to exclude evidence of Isidor’s immigration status. In
regard to the State’s motion, Ochoa’s counsel stated at a pretrial hearing:
The alleged victim in this case is not a legal immigrant in the United States, and as
a result of, I believe, this case, has filed a petition to be granted, let’s say, a hardship
permission to remain in the country and to get a protected status so she will not be
deported.
And so, Your Honor, our position is that that is one of the bases for her to
make up this allegation. My client’s position is that this was a consensual thing,
that he had had a consensual relationship with her in the past, so she is doing this
to protect her from being thrown out of the country and is raising this as a way to
remain in the country.
RP (Oct. 12, 2015) at 20. The trial court indicated that it would take the matter under
advisement.
The parties again discussed the State’s motion to exclude at subsequent pretrial hearings.
Defense counsel stated that Ochoa sought to elicit evidence that Isidor (1) had previously applied
for a U-visa as an alleged crime victim in a separate matter and (2) was in the process of
applying for a U-visa with respect to this matter. Defense counsel stated that Isidor had
submitted U-visa application paperwork to the prosecutor’s office, but “the prosecutor’s office
says they won’t sign off on the paperwork until the proceedings are completed.” RP (Oct. 14,
2015) at 91. The trial court ruled that evidence of Isidor’s prior attempt to receive a U-visa was
not admissible at trial.2 The trial court reserved ruling on the admissibility of Isidor’s pending
U-visa application.
2
Ochoa does not appear to challenge the trial court’s ruling excluding evidence of Isidor’s prior
U-visa application.
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After the jury was selected, the trial court ruled that evidence of Isidor’s pending U-visa
application was not admissible, stating:
I think once you start bringing in the issue of immigration status, it becomes
a very slippery slope. And given the emotional reactions one way or another, which
we saw during voir dire—I can’t remember the juror’s number, No. 9 perhaps—the
guy sitting in the front clear to my left was extremely emotional when we started
talking about the immigration policy in this country.
I just am concerned about the inflammatory effect of that kind of evidence,
and I’m going to exclude any evidence of the U visa or anything else about
immigration of either parties, any of the witnesses. And that’s my ruling.
....
There is certainly—there are two sides to this debate, but I am convinced,
not just sort of on a macro view of how people react to the immigration debate in
this country, whether there should be amnesty or whether everybody that is not
documented in some form or another needs to be packed up and shipped back where
they came from, those are the sort of opposite poles of the debate. People fall in
between.
But even in this venire on questioning—and I let you question the venire
quite extensively, [defense counsel], relate to this—there were emotional reactions
of sufficient severity and intensity that I believe that bringing up immigration and
going into the status of any of the people that are going to be testifying in this case
is going to inflame one way or another the jury so that their view of the case is
going to be driven not by the evidence, but by their personal views about
immigration and immigration policy and what should or shouldn’t happen to those
who are in this country without proper documentation. So that’s it.
RP (Oct. 19, 2015) at 28-30.
At trial, Isidor and Ochoa testified consistently with the facts as stated above. Several
witnesses who lived at the Lakewood mobile home park also testified at trial. Elizabeth Guillen
testified that she had awakened to the sounds of a female voice screaming at around 3 or 4 a.m.
Guillen stated that she called 911 after hearing the female screaming for help in both English and
Spanish. After police arrived, Guillen heard Ochoa call out to Isidor, “[M]y love, why are you
doing this?” RP (Oct. 19, 2015) at 105. Guillen’s husband, Rafael Guillen-Gonzalez, testified
that he had looked out the window after hearing screaming and saw Ochoa dragging Isidor by the
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No. 48454-4-II
hair for about 15 feet and then into her house. The mobile home park manager testified that he
had called the police after hearing a female voice screaming for help.
Lakewood Police Officer Ryan Moody testified that he responded to the scene and
knocked on Isidor’s door but did not receive a response. Moody stated that a short time later
Isidor ran out the door naked from the waist down and that she appeared upset and frightened.
Moody said that he saw Ochoa standing inside the residence and “noticed that he didn’t have any
pants on. He just kind of appeared shaky, wasn’t very sturdy on his feet, [and] kind of had a
glazed-over look in his eyes.” RP (Oct. 19, 2015) at 59.
Dr. Jaime Delcampo testified that he had treated Isidor in the emergency room.
Delcampo stated that Isidor had visible bruising on her face, along her jaw, and on her neck,
swelling on her left wrist, and tenderness and bleeding within her vagina. Mandy Graham, an
emergency room nurse, testified that Isidor had bruising behind her left ear, multiple scratches to
her face and neck, scratch marks on her knees and knuckles, and bruises on her upper left arm,
right hand, left inner thigh, and lower legs.
After Ochoa testified for the defense, Isidor’s sister, Deici Isidor, testified in rebuttal.
Deici testified that she had never seen Isidor with Ochoa and that Isidor never mentioned being
in any relationship with Ochoa.
The jury returned verdicts finding Ochoa guilty of two counts of first degree rape, two
counts of second degree rape as inferior degree crimes to two of the first degree rape charges,
first degree burglary, unlawful imprisonment as a lesser-included crime to the second degree
kidnapping charge, and second degree assault.3
3
The jury also returned several special verdicts that are not at issue in this appeal.
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No. 48454-4-II
At sentencing, the trial court accepted the State’s concession that Ochoa’s second degree
rape convictions merged with his first degree rape convictions. The trial court also found that
Ochoa’s unlawful imprisonment conviction constituted the same criminal conduct for sentencing
purposes as his first degree rape convictions. The trial court, however, rejected Ochoa’s
argument that his second degree assault conviction constituted the same criminal conduct as his
rape convictions, reasoning:
[T]he Assault in the Second Degree conviction wasn’t necessary to prove the
element of Rape in the First Degree. That was proven by the unlawful entry, not
based on causing serious bodily harm to the victim. In fact, there was evidence that
after the forensic examination following the assault that there were marks on the
victim’s neck and it seemed that a strangulation did take place as a separate crime,
and it was not necessary to prove strangulation in support of the Rape First Degree
conviction.
....
I distinguish this from the unlawful imprisonment, which basically is the
restraint of liberty or a holding of the victim down for the purpose of accomplishing
a rape, which is sort of part and parcel of the whole thing.
Strangulation is not necessary to accomplish unlawful imprisonment or
forcible rape and is a separate and distinct act that was found by the jury to have
occurred, and that’s what supported the Assault in the Second Degree conviction.
So I don’t think it is the same criminal conduct, and the offenses don’t merge. So
that one will be sentenced separately.
RP (Dec. 18, 2015) at 18, 20-21. Ochoa appeals from his convictions and resulting sentence.
ANALYSIS
SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE AND CONFRONT WITNESSES
Ochoa contends that the trial court’s ruling excluding evidence of Isidor’s pending U-visa
application violated his Sixth Amendment rights to present a defense and to confront witnesses.
We agree, reverse Ochoa’s convictions other than that of unlawful imprisonment, and remand for
a new trial.
A. Legal Principles and Standard of Review
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No. 48454-4-II
A defendant in a criminal trial has a constitutional right to present a defense. State v.
Rehak, 67 Wn. App. 157, 162, 834 P.2d 651 (1992). “The right of an accused in a criminal trial
to due process is, in essence, the right to a fair opportunity to defend against the State’s
accusations.” Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 294, 93 S. Ct. 1038, 35 L. Ed. 2d 297
(1973).
The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if
necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the
defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may
decide where the truth lies. Just as an accused has the right to confront the
prosecution’s witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he has the
right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense. This right is a fundamental
element of due process of law.
Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 19, 87 S. Ct. 1920, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1019 (1967). “The right to
confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses is guaranteed by both the federal and state
constitutions.” State v. Darden, 145 Wn.2d 612, 620, 41 P.3d 1189 (2002).
We review a claim under the Sixth Amendment involving the right to present a defense
or to confront witnesses through a three-step test. First, the evidence that a defendant desires to
introduce “must be of at least minimal relevance.” State v. Jones, 168 Wn.2d 713, 720, 230
P.3d 576 (2010) (quoting Darden, 145 Wn.2d at 622). A defendant only has a right to present
evidence that is relevant. Id.; ER 401. Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the
existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or
less probable than it would be without the evidence.” ER 401.
Second, if the defendant establishes the minimal relevance of the evidence sought to be
presented, the burden shifts to the State “‘to show the evidence is so prejudicial as to disrupt the
fairness of the fact-finding process at trial.’” Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720 (quoting Darden, 145
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No. 48454-4-II
Wn.2d at 622). Third, the State’s interest in excluding prejudicial evidence must be balanced
against the defendant’s need for the information sought, and relevant information can be
withheld only if the State’s interest outweighs the defendant’s need. Id. Where a defendant
seeks to present evidence “of high probative value ‘it appears no state interest can be compelling
enough to preclude its introduction consistent with the Sixth Amendment and Const[itution]
Art[icle] 1 § 22.’” Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 720 (quoting State v. Hudlow, 99 Wn.2d 1, 16, 659 P.2d
514 (1983)). With regard to the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, “the more
essential the witness is to the prosecution’s case, the more latitude the defense should be given to
explore fundamental elements such as motive, bias, credibility, or foundational matters.”
Darden, 145 Wn.2d at 619.
We review constitutional issues de novo. State v. Armstrong, 188 Wn.2d 333, 339, 394
P.3d 373 (2017). Consistently with that principle, our Supreme Court has held that we review de
novo a defendant’s claim that his Sixth Amendment right to present a defense was violated.
Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 719.
On the other hand, we generally review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Strizheus, 163 Wn. App. 820, 829, 262 P.3d 100 (2011); see also State v.
Lee, 188 Wn.2d 473, 488-489, 396 P.3d 316, 323-24 (2017); Darden, 145 Wn.2d at 619. A
court abuses its discretion when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or exercised on untenable
grounds or for untenable reasons. State v. Lord, 161 Wn.2d 276, 283-84, 165 P.3d 1251 (2007).
Such is the case when the superior court relies on unsupported facts, takes a view that no
reasonable person would take, applies an incorrect legal standard, or bases its ruling on an
erroneous legal view. Id. at 284.
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No. 48454-4-II
We need not attempt to sort out how these two standards of review are applied where the
defendant alleges a violation of the rights to present a defense and to confront witnesses based on
the exclusion of evidence. For the following reasons, the exclusion of the U-visa was erroneous
under either standard of review.
B. Evidence of Isidor’s Pending U-visa Application Was Relevant
The trial court assumed that evidence of Isidor’s pending U-visa application met the
threshold of relevance under ER 401 but excluded the evidence on the basis of its prejudicial
effect. The State does not appear to contest the relevance of this evidence on appeal.4
Nonetheless, we briefly discuss the nature of the U-visa program and how Isidor’s pending U-
visa application was relevant under the facts of the case.
A U-visa permits victims of certain crimes, including sexual assault, to lawfully reside in
the United States for a period of four years, which period may be extended upon certification that
the victim’s continued “presence in the United States is required to assist in the investigation or
prosecution of such criminal activity.” See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(15)(U)(iii), 1184(p)(6). If the
crime victim is physically present in the United States for three years following the receipt of a
U-visa, her status may be adjusted to that of a lawful permanent resident. See 8 U.S.C. §
1255(m). To meet the qualifications for a U-visa,
an applicant must demonstrate that she (i) has suffered substantial physical or
mental abuse as the result of having been the victim of qualifying criminal activity;
(ii) possesses information concerning the qualifying criminal activity; and (iii) has
been helpful, is being helpful or is likely to be helpful in investigating or
prosecuting the qualifying criminal activity.
4
Although the State does not expressly concede on appeal that evidence of Isidor’s pending U-
Visa application was relevant, it presents no argument on the matter.
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No. 48454-4-II
Romero-Hernandez v. District of Columbia, 141 F.Supp.3d 29 (D.C. Cir 2015) (citing 8 U.S.C. §
1101(a)(15)(U)(i)(I)-(III)); see also 8 C.F.R. § 214.14(b).
The trial court was presented with documentation that Isidor was in the process of
applying for a U-visa in relation to this matter and had requested the prosecutor’s office to certify
that she had been cooperative in its investigation for purposes of obtaining a U-visa. The
prosecutor’s office refused to make this certification until these proceedings were concluded.
See RP (Oct. 15, 2015) at 75. In State v. Lubers, 81 Wn. App. 614, 623, 915 P.2d 1157 (1996),
we held that “[e]vidence of bias and interest is relevant to a witness’s credibility.” Thus, this
evidence was clearly relevant to challenge Isidor’s credibility, as it tended to show her potential
bias and supplied a motive to fabricate the allegations against Ochoa.5 Thus, evidence of Isidor’s
pending U-visa application was at least minimally relevant.
C. The State Failed to Show That the U-visa Evidence Was Unduly Prejudicial
We turn next to the second and third prongs of the three-step test described above:
whether the State met its burden to show that the excluded evidence was “so prejudicial as to
disrupt the fairness of the fact-finding process at trial,” and whether the State’s interest in
excluding the evidence outweighed the defendant’s need for it.
5
In State v. Streepy, 199 Wn. App. 487, 400 P.3d 339, review denied, ____ P.3d ___ (2017),
Division One of this court held that the trial court did not err in excluding evidence of the
victim’s immigration status, concluding that the evidence was not relevant. Streepy, 199 Wn.
App. at 500. There, the alleged crime victim was unaware of the U-visa program until after the
defendant’s arrest, and she had decided against pursing the U-visa program. Streepy, 199 Wn.
App. at 499. The facts here are clearly distinguishable, since the defense had made an offer of
proof tending to show that Isidor was aware of the U-visa program prior to making her
allegations against Ochoa and was in the process of applying for a U-visa during the prosecution.
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No. 48454-4-II
Contrary to the State’s argument on appeal, evidence of Isidor’s pending U-visa
application was highly probative impeachment evidence. Ochoa did not deny that he had entered
Isidor’s home and that he engaged in sexual intercourse with her. Instead, he asserted a defense
of consent, which required the jury to weigh his credibility against that of Isidor. Therefore,
evidence tending to show Isidor’s bias, attacking her credibility, and supplying a motive to
fabricate the allegations against Ochoa was crucial to his defense. Isidor’s pending U-visa
application constituted such evidence. A jury could infer that the requirements of receiving a U-
visa, particularly the requirement of providing helpful assistance in a criminal investigation, and
the value of receiving permanent legal resident status through the U-visa program supplied a
motive for Isidor to fabricate or embellish the allegations against Ochoa.
We further hold that the prejudicial nature of Isidor’s pending U-visa application did not
outweigh its high probative value. In reaching this determination, we find persuasive the
reasoning in Romero-Perez v. Commonwealth of Kentucky, 492 S.W.3d 902 (2016). There, the
Kentucky Court of Appeals stated:
While some prejudice might result from allowing examination into the U-Visa
application, we believe a criminal defendant’s constitutional right to confront his
accuser must prevail in this instance.
....
It is true that a witness’ immigration status could trigger negative sentiments in the
minds of some jurors. In this case, any prejudice that might result from the jury
knowing the victim’s immigration status must be weighed against [the defendant’s]
right to effective cross-examination.
....
The value of [qualifying U-visa] status for those living in immigration limbo cannot
be overstated. The ability to transform oneself from illegal immigrant, to legal visa
holder, to permanent legal resident in a relatively short amount of time without ever
having to leave the United States, could provide a strong motive for fabrication or
embellishment.
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No. 48454-4-II
Given the nature of the U-Visa program, we must conclude that a criminal
defendant’s right to effectively probe into a matter directly bearing on witness
credibility and bias must trump any prejudice that would result from the jury’s
knowledge of the victim’s immigration status. The probative value of disclosing
the immigration status and knowledge of the U-Visa program outweighs any
prejudice to the witness stemming from such disclosure.
Romero-Perez, 492 S.W.3d at 906-07.
In reaching this conclusion, we do not accept the State’s suggestion that discussions
about immigration during jury selection justified the trial court’s exclusion of this evidence.
While some potential jurors expressed differing and sometimes strong opinions regarding
immigration in this country, none of the comments were inflammatory or suggested that potential
jurors could not fairly apply the law to the facts in light of the defendant’s or a witness’s
immigration status. In addition, one purpose of the jury selection process is to identify potential
jurors who “cannot try the issue impartially and without prejudice” and thus would be subject to
for-cause dismissal. RCW 4.44.170(2); CrR 6.4(b), (c). The failure to challenge sworn jury
members for cause based on an inability to set aside any prejudices with regard to immigration
matters suggests that any prejudice to Isidore due to her immigration status was not significant.
Accordingly, we conclude (1) that the State failed to show that disclosure of Isidor’s
pending U-visa application was “so prejudicial as to disrupt the fairness of the fact-finding
process at trial,” and (2) that the defendant’s need for this evidence outweighed the State’s
interest in its exclusion. Thus, under either standard of review the trial court’s ruling excluding
evidence of Isidor’s pending U-visa application violated Ochoa’s Sixth Amendment rights to
present a defense and to confront witnesses.6
6
We note the pending new rule, ER 413, on immigration status, and the Supreme Court’s
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No. 48454-4-II
D. Constitutional Harmless Error Analysis
Errors of constitutional magnitude, including violations of a criminal defendant’s Sixth
Amendment rights to present a defense and to confront witnesses, may be deemed harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt. Jones, 168 Wn.2d at 724 (citing Chapman v. California, 386 U.S.
18, 24, 87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967)). “[E]ven a constitutional error does not require
reversal if, beyond a reasonable doubt, the untainted evidence is so overwhelming that a
reasonable jury would have reached the same result in the absence of the error.” State v.
Saunders, 120 Wn. App. 800, 813, 86 P.3d 232 (2004). We presume constitutional errors to be
prejudicial, and the State bears the burden of proving such errors to be harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Coristine, 177 Wn.2d 370, 380, 300 P.3d 400 (2013).
In determining whether a constitutional error limiting the cross-examination of a witness
for potential bias was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, we consider several factors, which
include
the importance of the witness’ testimony in the prosecution’s case, whether the
testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or
contradicting the testimony of the witness on material points, the extent of cross-
examination otherwise permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the
prosecution’s case.
Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 684, 106 S. Ct. 1431, 89 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1986).
recognition in Salas v. Hi-Tech Erectors, 168 Wn.2d 664, 672, 230 P.3d 583 (2010), that
“immigration is a politically sensitive issue [and that i]ssues involving immigration can inspire
passionate responses that carry a significant danger of interfering with the fact finder’s duty to
engage in reasoned deliberation.” Taking each into consideration, we remain of the view that the
trial court erred in excluding evidence of the U-visa for the reasons given.
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No. 48454-4-II
With respect to all but Ochoa’s unlawful imprisonment conviction, we hold that these
factors weigh against a determination that the trial court’s error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. As the alleged crime victim and the only witness to Ochoa’s conduct
occurring inside her trailer, Isidor’s testimony was critical to the State securing its convictions
against Ochoa. Isidor’s testimony with regard to Ochoa’s conduct inside her trailer was not
cumulative to any other witness testimony and was not corroborated by any other witness.
Although the State’s evidence against Ochoa was strong, its strength depended entirely on the
jury finding Isidor’s testimony credible.
The State argues that the error in excluding evidence of the victim’s pending U-visa
application was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the viability of Ochoa’s consent
defense would have been weakened by evidence supporting a theory that the victim made up or
embellished allegations to receive favorable immigration treatment. We fail to discern how
Ochoa’s consent defense would have been undermined by evidence supporting a theory that
Isidor fabricated or embellished the criminal allegations. Absent evidence attacking Isidor’s
credibility, the jury was still left with competing versions of events from which it had to weigh
Isidor’s and Ochoa’s credibility.
We agree with the State, however, that the trial court’s error in excluding evidence of
Isidor’s pending U-visa application was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to
Ochoa’s unlawful imprisonment conviction. Isidor’s testimony that, once outside her trailer,
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No. 48454-4-II
Ochoa grabbed her by the hair and dragged her back inside was corroborated by Guillen-
Gonzalez. Accordingly, the evidence supporting Ochoa’s unlawful imprisonment conviction
was overwhelming and would not have been significantly undermined by evidence attacking
Isidor’s credibility.
In summary, with respect to Ochoa’s unlawful imprisonment conviction, the State has
demonstrated that the trial court’s error in excluding the U-visa evidence was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. With respect to Ochoa’s other convictions, the State has not demonstrated that
this error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
CONCLUSION
We reverse Ochoa’s convictions of two counts of first degree rape, one count of first degree
burglary, and one count of second degree assault and remand for a new trial on those charges.7
We affirm Ochoa’s conviction of unlawful imprisonment because the State showed the error in
excluding the evidence to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Because we reverse Ochoa’s
7
Our holding does not suggest that the trial court on remand may not limit the scope or extent of
evidence concerning Isidor’s pending U-visa application or the cross-examination of such
matters to reduce possible prejudice. However, consistent with Ochoa’s Sixth Amendment
rights, the trial court may not exclude from the jury’s consideration evidence that Isidor had
sought U-visa status in connection with the State’s charges, the requirement that she provide
helpful assistance in a criminal investigation, and the benefits of applying for a U-visa, including
the possibility of receiving permanent legal resident status.
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No. 48454-4-II
first degree rape and second degree assault convictions, we need not address his claimed
sentencing error with regard to those convictions.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Bjorgen, C.J.
We concur:
Melnick, J.
Sutton, J.
17