in the Interest of G.T., a Child

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH

NO. 02-17-00279-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF G.T.,
A CHILD

----------

FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 323-103614-16

----------

MEMORANDUM OPINION1

----------

I. INTRODUCTION

This is an ultra-accelerated appeal2 in which Appellant G.A.T. (Mother)

appeals the termination of her parental rights to her child, G.A. following a bench

1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2
See Tex. R. Jud. Admin. 6.2(a) (requiring appellate courts to dispose of
appeal from a judgment terminating parental rights, so far as reasonably
possible, within 180 days after notice of appeal is filed).
trial.3 One witness testified at the trial: Angelica Matthews, Mother’s Department

of Family and Protective Services caseworker. Mother raises three issues; the

two dispositive issues that we address in this appeal are whether the evidence is

legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s constructive

abandonment and best-interest findings. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§

161.001(b)(1)(N), (b)(2) (West 2014 & Supp. 2017). Because the evidence is

legally and factually sufficient to support these findings, we will affirm the trial

court’s judgment.

II. THE TERMINATION TRIAL

A. Testimony of Angelica Matthews

The Department’s conservatorship worker, Angelica Matthews, testified

that she was Mother’s caseworker when Mother, a minor, came into the

Department’s care in March or April of 2016, and that Mother was pregnant at the

time. Mother was involved in prostitution prior to entering the Department’s care.

Mother subsequently ran away from the Department’s care. Matthews testified

that Mother has a history and pattern of running away from the Department’s

care.

Eventually, Matthews received a telephone call from the hospital, informing

her that Mother was in the hospital and had just given birth to G.A. Matthews

said that at this time the Department took G.A. into care because the Department

3
See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2) (requiring court to use aliases to refer to
minors in an appeal from a judgment terminating parental rights).

2
feared that Mother would run away with G.A. Matthews was also the caseworker

assigned to G.A.’s case. At the hospital, Matthews visited with Mother and

discussed a plan to help Mother provide a safe, stable home for G.A.

About a week and a half after G.A. was born, Matthews presented and

reviewed a service plan with Mother. The service plan called for Mother to take

parenting classes, attend counseling, return to school, remain in the

Department’s care and not run, maintain contact and a relationship with G.A.,

and maintain contact with Matthews as the caseworker. Matthews said the

Department wanted Mother to do some counseling to try to bridge some of the

broken ties between Mother and her family because Mother would need support

from her family for herself and G.A. to remain in care, go back to school, and not

run. Around this time, Mother admitted to Matthews that to pay her rent, she had

been prostituting herself.

Ms. Matthews testified that the plan went well for approximately the first

two weeks but then Mother ran away from care. The Department located Mother

at a paternal cousin’s home and placed her in a shelter, but Mother ran away a

few hours later. Ms. Matthews testified at the trial on July 17, 2017, that she has

not had face-to-face contact with Mother since that date, which was in August

2016.

Although between August 30, 2016, and April 26, 2017, Ms. Matthews

contacted Mother via text messages, e-mails, and phone calls and encouraged

Mother to return to care so that she could see G.A., Mother refused to return to

3
care and did not see G.A. during this approximately eight-month time period. Ms.

Matthews testified that she attempted to locate Mother, and was concerned that

Mother was not in a safe environment.

According to Ms. Matthews, she had witnessed no bond between Mother

and G.A., Mother had demonstrated an inability to provide a stable, safe living

environment for G.A., and Mother had a lifestyle that would ultimately expose

G.A. to dangerous situations.

Ms. Matthews further testified that G.A.’s foster parents had developed a

bond with G.A.; that they were able to meet G.A.’s emotional, physical,

educational, medical, and financial needs; and that they made sure G.A. went to

all of her medical appointments.

Ms. Matthews testified that it was in the G.A.’s best interests for the

parental rights of Mother and the unknown father to be terminated.

B. Report from Attorney Ad Litem for G.A.

The attorney ad litem for G.A. offered her report as a trial exhibit. The

report detailed the ad litem’s meetings with G.A. and the foster parents. The

report stated that G.A. thrived in the foster home, was sleeping better, trying solid

foods, pulling herself up, and attempting to take steps and say words. The report

noted that the foster parents demonstrated that G.A.’s care and well-being is

their priority, and that G.A. is attached to the foster parents and the foster parents

are attached to G.A. The report concluded that it is in G.A.’s best interest to

4
have Mother’s parental rights terminated and to allow the foster parents to be

permitted to pursue adoption.

C. No Documentary Evidence or Testimony from Mother

Mother presented no documentary evidence or testimony at the trial.

D. Trial Court’s Disposition

After hearing testimony and reviewing the evidence admitted at trial, the

trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that Mother’s and the unknown

father’s paternal rights should be terminated. The trial court found by clear and

convincing evidence that Mother constructively abandoned G.A. (and that Mother

caused G.A. to be born addicted to a controlled substance), and that termination

was in the best interest of G.A.

III. BURDEN OF PROOF AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW

In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to

erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights,

privileges, duties, and powers normally existing between them, except the child’s

right to inherit. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b) (West Supp. 2017); Holick v.

Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Consequently, “[w]hen the State seeks to

sever permanently the relationship between a parent and a child, it must first

observe fundamentally fair procedures.” In re E.R., 385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex.

2012) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1391–

92 (1982)). We strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and strictly construe

5
involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d

796, 802 (Tex. 2012); E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 554–55; Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20–21.

For a trial court to terminate a parent-child relationship, the Department

must establish by clear and convincing evidence that the parent’s actions satisfy

one ground listed in family code section 161.001(b)(1) and that termination is in

the best interest of the child. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001(b), 161.206(a);

E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802; In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). Both

elements must be established; termination may not be based solely on the best

interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep’t of Human

Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987); In re C.D.E., 391 S.W.3d 287,

295 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, no pet.).

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a termination case, we

consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine

whether a reasonable fact finder could have formed a firm belief or conviction

that its finding was true. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009); In

re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002); In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex.

2002). We assume the fact finder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if

a reasonable fact finder could do so, and we disregard all evidence a reasonable

fact finder could have disbelieved. J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344; J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

at 266.

In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we consider and weigh

all of the evidence, including disputed or conflicting evidence. J.O.A., 283

6
S.W.3d at 345. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a

reasonable fact finder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so

significant that a fact finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. We give due

deference to the fact finder’s findings and we cannot substitute our own judgment

for that of the fact finder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). The

fact finder is the sole arbiter when assessing the credibility and demeanor of

witnesses. Id. at 109.

IV. EVIDENCE IS LEGALLY AND FACTUALLY SUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT
FINDING OF CONSTRUCTIVE ABANDONMENT

A. The Law Concerning Constructive Abandonment

The Texas Family Code provides for termination of parental rights on the

ground of constructive abandonment when the child has been in the permanent

or temporary managing conservatorship of an authorized agency for not less

than six months, and (1) the department or authorized agency has made

reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent; (2) the parent has not

regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child; and (3) the

parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(N); In re K.M.B., 91 S.W.3d 18, 25 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.).

Concerning the first statutory element of constructive abandonment under

section 161.001(b)(1)(N), the implementation of a family service plan by the

7
Department is considered a reasonable effort to return a child to its parent if the

parent has been given a reasonable opportunity to comply with the terms of the

plan. See In re G.P., 503 S.W.3d 531, 533 (Tex. App.—Waco 2016, pet. denied)

(holding evidence that the Department prepared and administered service plan

indicated return of child was possible if mother complied with plan and therefore

constituted legally and factually sufficient evidence that Department made

reasonable efforts to return child); see also In re A.Q.W., 395 S.W.3d 285, 289

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.); In re K.M.B., 91 S.W.3d at 25.

B. Analysis

Mother does not challenge that G.A. has been in the permanent or

temporary managing conservatorship of an authorized agency for at least six

months. Nor does Mother challenge the trial court’s finding that she has not

regularly visited or maintained significant contact with the child, or that she

demonstrated an inability to provide G.A. with a safe environment. Instead,

Mother’s sufficiency challenge to the trial court’s finding of constructive

abandonment as a ground for terminating her parental rights to G.A. is limited to

the first element of section 161.001(b)(1)(N)––that the evidence was legally and

factually insufficient to establish that the Department made reasonable efforts to

return G.A. to Mother.

Mother first asserts that the evidence is insufficient to establish this

element of constructive abandonment because the Department provided only

one service plan for her. Matthews testified that the Department created a

8
service plan for Mother with the goal of reuniting Mother and G.A., but that after

two weeks, Mother ran away and either did not respond to Matthews’s

communications or would not disclose where she was to Matthews and that,

consequently, Mother did not see G.A. again. Mother cites no authority, and we

have located none, for the proposition that the Department is required to create

multiple service plans to show reasonable efforts to return G.A. to Mother.

Indeed, “The State's preparation and administration of a service plan for the

parent constitutes evidence that the State made reasonable efforts to return the

child to the parent.” In Interest of M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 505 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2009, no pet.) (op. on reh’g) (emphasis added).

Mother next claims that no evidence exists that she understood her service

plan, that the Department tried to provide her access to classes and services

included in her service plan, that she expressed an unwillingness to complete

services, or that she rejected working services, and that this lack of evidence

makes the trial court’s finding that the Department made reasonable efforts to

return G.A. to her supported by legally and factually insufficient evidence. But at

trial, Matthews affirmed that she explained the service plan to Mother and that

the service plan required that Mother attend parenting classes, attend

counseling, maintain visitation and a relationship with G.A., remain in contact

with Matthews, and remain in the Department’s care without running away.

Matthews provided undisputed testimony that Mother ran away from the

Department’s care only a few weeks after the service plan was provided to

9
Mother, that Mother never returned to care, and that Mother stated she would not

return to the Department’s care. From this undisputed evidence, a reasonable

fact finder could form a firm conviction or belief that Mother did not understand

her service plan and did not have access to classes and services because she

ran away––not because the Department failed to explain the service plan and

provide access to classes and services. Contrary to Mother’s contentions, this

lack of evidence pointed to by Mother does not show that the Department did not

make reasonable efforts to return G.A. to Mother, but instead shows that Mother

did not make reasonable efforts to obtain her return as outlined in her service

plan. A reasonable factfinder could form a firm conviction or belief that Mother’s

running away did constitute an unwillingness to complete the service plan as well

as a rejection of the services offered in the plan.

Mother finally contends that she tried to see G.A., but that the Department

prevented her from doing so because the Department’s service plan required her

to live in a shelter. Matthews testified that Mother was required to live at a

shelter because she had no safe environment to live in and needed to be living in

a safe environment in order to be reunified with G.A. At the time of the trial,

Mother had gone eleven consecutive months without seeing G.A. Matthews

repeatedly communicated with Mother via texts, emails, and phone calls

encouraging Mother to return to care and to visit G.A., but to no avail. Mother

told Matthews that, while she did not want G.A. to be adopted, she did not want

G.A. because she was not ready to be a parent.

10
 Viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s

finding that the Department made reasonable efforts to return G.A. to Mother,

resolving all disputed facts in favor of this finding if a reasonable factfinder could

do so, and disregarding all evidence a reasonable factfinder could have

disbelieved, we hold that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief

or conviction that the finding that the Department made reasonable efforts to

return G.A. to Mother was true. J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344; J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266. Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the

trial court’s finding that Mother constructively abandoned G.A. See, e.g., G.P.,

503 S.W.3d at 533; K.M.B., 91 S.W.3d at 25.

Further, giving due deference to the trial court’s credibility determinations

and considering and weighing all of the evidence––including any disputed or

conflicting evidence––in light of the entire record, any disputed evidence that a

reasonable fact finder could not have credited in favor of the finding that the

Department made reasonable efforts to return G.A. to Mother is not so significant

that a fact finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that

the Department made reasonable efforts to return G.A. to Mother. See J.O.A.,

283 S.W.3d at 345; H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 105. Accordingly, we hold that the

evidence is factually sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that Mother

constructively abandoned G.A. See, e.g., G.P., 503 S.W.3d at 533; K.M.B., 91

S.W.3d at 25.

11
 We overrule Mother’s first issue4

V. EVIDENCE IS LEGALLY AND FACTUALLY SUFFICIENT TO
SUPPORT BEST-INTEREST FINDING

A. The Law Concerning Best Interest

There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the

child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). We review

the entire record to determine the child’s best interest. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d

239, 250 (Tex. 2013). The same evidence may be probative of both the ground

alleged for termination and the required best-interest finding. Id. at 249; C.H., 89

S.W.3d at 28. Nonexclusive factors that the trier of fact in a termination case

may also use in determining the best interest of the child include

(A) the desires of the child;

(B) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the
future;

(C) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the
future;

(D) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

(E) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote
the best interest of the child;

4
Because, along with a best-interest finding, a finding of only one ground
alleged under section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary to support a judgment of
termination, we need not address Mother’s second issue challenging the trial
court’s finding under subsection (R) of section 161.001(b)(1). See Tex. R. App.
P.47.1; see also In re E.M.N., 221 S.W.3d 815, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2007, no pet.); In re S.B., 207 S.W.3d 877, 886 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no
pet.).

12
 (F) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency
seeking custody;

(G) the stability of the home or proposed placement;

(H) the acts or omissions of the parent which may indicate that the
existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one; and

(I) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976) (citations omitted); see

E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 249 (stating that in reviewing a best-interest finding, “we

consider, among other evidence, the Holley factors”); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 807.

These factors are not exhaustive, and some listed factors may be inapplicable to

some cases. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. Furthermore, undisputed evidence of just

one factor may be sufficient in a particular case to support a finding that

termination is in the best interest of the child. Id. On the other hand, the

presence of scant evidence relevant to each factor will not support such a

finding. Id.

B. Analysis of Sufficiency of the Evidence

Because Matthews was the only witness to testify at trial, and because her

testimony is set forth extensively above, our analysis of the Holley factors is

necessarily abbreviated. Regarding G.A.’s desires, G.A. was approximately

eleven months old at the time of trial. G.A. had been with the same foster

parents since August 2016. Matthews testified that G.A. had bonded with the

foster parents, and that the foster parents had demonstrated an ability to meet

G.A.’s physical, emotional, educational, medical, and financial needs. The foster

13
parents had paid for corrective surgery to address G.A.’s low lip and tongue tie

and had ensured that G.A. attended all appointments and treatments for a

condition called torticollis. See In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 369 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied) (“When children are too young to express

their desires, the factfinder may consider whether the children have bonded with

the foster family, are well-cared for by them, and have spent minimal time with a

parent.”); In re L.G.R., 498 S.W.3d 195, 205 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2016, pet. denied) (“The stability of the proposed home environment is an

important consideration in determining whether termination of parental rights is in

the child’s best interest . . . evidence about the present and future placement of

the Child is relevant to the factfinder’s best-interest determination.”). Therefore,

the trial court was entitled to find this factor weighed in favor of termination of

Mother’s parental rights to G.A.

Regarding the emotional and physical needs of G.A. and emotional and

physical danger to G.A. now and in the future, the record reflects that Mother’s

family refused to provide for Mother, and Matthews also testified that Mother

“hasn’t made any efforts to put [G.A.] above [Mother’s] own needs by returning to

care.” Further, Ms. Matthews testified that she was concerned that G.A. would

be subjected to dangerous situations due to Mother’s unstable living

arrangements and history of prostitution. In re D.W., 445 S.W.3d 913, 926 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) (affirming the importance of stability and

permanence in considering a child’s present and future physical and emotional

14
needs). Therefore, the trial court was entitled to find these two factors weighed

in favor of termination of Mother’s parental rights to G.A.

Regarding the parental abilities of Mother and programs available to assist

her in promoting G.A.’s best interest, Mother failed to demonstrate any parenting

abilities; G.A. was placed in foster care within approximately three weeks of birth.

And although Mother was provided with a service plan and given the opportunity

to visit G.A., and to demonstrate parenting abilities, to access services to

promote G.A.’s best interests, she did not do so. Matthews said that she was

willing to work with Mother to help Mother be reunited with G.A. and to participate

in programs designed to assist young Mothers but that Mother refused. See In re

M.R., 243 S.W.3d 807, 821 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (a parent’s

failure to comply with service plan may affect the factfinder’s consideration of the

child’s best interest). Therefore, the trial court was entitled to find these two

factors weighed in favor of termination of Mother’s parental rights to G.A.

Regarding the plan for G.A. and the stability of the home or proposed

placement, Mother indicated that she did not want G.A. because she was not

ready to be a mother nor was Mother living in a safe, stable, environment. The

Department’s plan for G.A. was to permit the foster family to adopt her. The

foster family was bonded with G.A., and G.A. was bonded with them. The foster

family had met G.A.’s physical and emotional needs, including financing

necessary medical procedures for G.A. Therefore, the trial court was entitled to

15
find that these two factors weighed in favor of termination of Mother’s parental

rights to G.A.

Regarding any acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the

existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate, the evidence established that

Mother had not seen G.A. in eleven months, that Mother was not living in a safe,

stable environment, that Mother refused to put G.A.’s needs above her own, and

that Mother had not demonstrated a bond or concern for G.A. Therefore, the trial

court was entitled to find this factor weighed in favor of termination of Mother’s

parental rights to G.A.

Regarding any excuse for her acts or omissions, Mother argues that she

was only fifteen at the time she came into the Department’s care and only sixteen

at the time of trial. The fact that Mother is still a minor herself and that the

Department was involved in her care as well as G.A.’s care, however, does not

excuse her from working the Department’s service plan designed to reunite her

and G.A. The trial court was entitled to find that this factor weighed in favor of

terminating Mother’s parental rights to G.A.

Considering the non-exclusive Holley factors, viewing all evidence in the

light most favorable to the trial court’s best-interest finding, resolving all disputed

facts in favor of this finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so, and

disregarding all evidence a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved, we hold

that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that

terminating Mother’s parental rights was in G.A.’s best interest. See Tex. Fam.

16
Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(2); J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345. Accordingly, we hold

that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest

finding.

Giving due deference to the trial court’s credibility determinations and

considering and weighing all of the evidence––including any disputed or

conflicting evidence––in light of the entire record, any disputed evidence that a

reasonable fact finder could not have credited in favor of the finding that the

termination of Mother’s parental rights was in G.A.’s best interest is not so

significant that a fact finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction that terminating Mother’s parental rights was not in G.A.’s best

interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(2); J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345.

Accordingly, we hold that the evidence is factually sufficient to support the trial

court’s finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the best interest of

G.A. We overrule Mother’s third issue.

VI. CONCLUSION

Having overruled Mother’s dispositive issues on appeal, we affirm the trial

court’s judgment terminating Mother’s parental rights to G.A.

/s/ Sue Walker
SUE WALKER
JUSTICE

PANEL: SUDDERTH, C.J.; WALKER and GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: December 28, 2017

17