COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-17-00007-CV
IN THE MATTER OF T.C., A
JUVENILE
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FROM THE 355TH DISTRICT COURT OF HOOD COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. J00378
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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On October 23, 2014, the trial court adjudicated then fifteen-year-old
Appellant T.C. as having engaged in delinquent conduct by committing the
offense of indecency with a child by contact. See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 21.11(a)(1) (West Supp. 2017). A jury heard evidence concerning what
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
disposition should be made and sentenced him to twenty years in the Texas
Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD). The trial court, accordingly, committed him
to the TJJD’s care, custody, and control for a determinate sentence of twenty
years, with a possible transfer to the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ). A little more than two years later, on
November 2, 2016, the TJJD’s executive director sent a referral to the trial court
requesting it to conduct a hearing under family code section 54.11 to determine
whether T.C. should be transferred to the TDCJ. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.
§ 54.11 (West Supp. 2017) (governing juvenile court’s decision to transfer
juvenile offender); Tex. Hum. Res. Code Ann. § 244.014 (West Supp. 2017)
(authorizing the TJJD to refer juvenile offender between age 16 and 19 for
transfer to the TDCJ). After conducting a section-54.11 hearing on December
29, 2016, the trial court ordered T.C. transferred to the TDCJ to serve the
remainder of his twenty-year sentence.
In a single issue, T.C. contends he received ineffective assistance of
counsel at the transfer hearing in violation of the federal and state constitutions
because his appointed trial counsel failed to request an independent medical
examination to determine the nature of the underlying psychological and
psychiatric issues that caused his problematic behavior at the TJJD prior to the
hearing. We affirm.
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I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the standard
set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984). See
Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d 770, 770 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (applying
Strickland standard to claim of ineffective assistance at noncapital sentencing
proceedings); see also In re K.H., No. 12-01-00342-CV, 2003 WL 744067, at *4–
5 (Tex. App.—Tyler Mar. 5, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.) (applying Strickland
standard to claim of ineffective assistance during section-54.11 transfer
proceeding); In re R.D.B., 20 S.W.3d 255, 256, 258 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2000, no pet.) (same). To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, T.C. must
show by a preponderance of the evidence that his counsel’s representation was
deficient and that the deficiency prejudiced the defense. See Strickland,
466 U.S. at 687; Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 307 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). An
ineffective-assistance claim must be “firmly founded in the record,” and “the
record must affirmatively demonstrate” the meritorious nature of the claim.
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). An appellant’s
failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s need to
consider the other prong. Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009).
Direct appeal is usually an inadequate vehicle for raising an ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel claim because the record is generally undeveloped.
Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 592–93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Thompson,
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9 S.W.3d at 813–14. In evaluating the effectiveness of counsel under the
deficient-performance prong, we look to the totality of the representation and the
particular circumstances of each case. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. The issue
is whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable under all of the circumstances
and the prevailing professional norms at the time of the alleged error. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688–89; Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307. Review of counsel’s
representation is highly deferential, and the reviewing court indulges a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct was not deficient. Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307–
08.
It is not appropriate for an appellate court to simply infer ineffective
assistance based upon unclear portions of the record or when counsel’s reasons
for failing to do something do not appear in the record. Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at
593; Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 432 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Trial counsel
“should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his actions before being
denounced as ineffective.” Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 593. If trial counsel is not
given that opportunity, we should not conclude that counsel’s performance was
deficient unless the challenged conduct was “so outrageous that no competent
attorney would have engaged in it.” Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 308.
II. TRANSFER HEARING
T.C.’s transfer hearing took place on December 29, 2016, and the
evidence presented at the hearing consisted of (1) the testimony of the TJJD’s
court liaison, Leonard Cucolo; (2) Cucolo’s written report recommending that the
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court transfer T.C. to the TDCJ; (3) the testimony of T.C.; and (4) a stipulation to
a summary of the testimony that T.C.’s mother, grandmother, and grandfather—
all of whom were in the courtroom—would give if they were called to testify.
A. CUCOLO’S TESTIMONY
Cucolo testified that he had worked in various roles for the TJJD for
twenty-seven years. He stated that in his current position as the TJJD’s court
liaison, he represents the TJJD in a yearly average of sixty to seventy hearings
that involve juvenile offenders who have been sentenced and subsequently
referred back to the sentencing court for a disposition of adult parole or transfer
to adult prison, and he further said that at those hearings, he provides the TJJD’s
recommended disposition to the court. Cucolo confirmed he was familiar with
T.C., as well as with the TJJD’s efforts to rehabilitate him from the time he was
placed into its custody on October 23, 2014.
Cucolo testified that upon entering the TJJD’s custody, T.C. was placed in
an orientation and assessment unit to undergo a battery of evaluations, including
medical, psychiatric, and educational to determine what T.C.’s particular
treatment needs were. Cucolo stated that based on those evaluations, it was
determined that T.C. had a high need for the TJJD’s sexual-behavior treatment
program, and T.C. was thus placed in that program. Cucolo averred that the
TJJD provided T.C. with a variety of services, including the sexual-behavior
treatment program, psychiatric services, and an anger-management program.
Cucolo further testified that T.C. had been with the TJJD for more than twenty-
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four months and that over that time, T.C. had done poorly in most of the areas in
which he had been involved. Specifically, Cucolo stated that T.C. had more than
200 documented incidents of misconduct and that many of those constituted
major rule violations.2 Cucolo also said that T.C. had failed his anger-
management program and had refused to participate in, and accept his
medication during, his sexual-behavior treatment program.
In addition, Cucolo testified that T.C. continued to have difficulty accepting
responsibility for his offense. Cucolo indicated that the TJJD had performed a
psychological examination of T.C. for the purpose of the hearing and to help the
TJJD in forming a recommendation to the court. That examination, according to
Cucolo, showed that there had not been any significant change in T.C.’s risk of
committing another sexual offense. Cucolo also said that in addition, T.C.’s
problematic behavior while confined in the TJJD’s highly structured setting during
the prior twenty-four months demonstrated that he was not amenable to the
treatments the TJJD had offered and provided to him. Cucolo stated that when a
juvenile who has been committed to the TJJD repeatedly violates the rules and
does not participate in the treatment programs offered to him, that behavior has a
negative impact on other juveniles who are in the TJJD’s treatment programs and
2
Cucolo stated that major rule violations “are basically new offenses that a
youth can engage in while confined within our facility” and that minor rule
violations were “violations such as refusing to follow staff instructions, not
participating in the program, things like that.”
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reduces their chance at a positive outcome. Ultimately, Cucolo testified that the
TJJD’s recommendation was that the trial court transfer T.C. to the TDCJ
B. CUCOLO’S WRITTEN REPORT
Cucolo’s written report indicated that a juvenile’s rehabilitative treatment
progress while in the TJJD is assessed monthly in what are called “stage
assessments.” Those assessments, according to Cucolo’s report, “evaluate[] a
youth’s progress in reducing risk factors for recidivism and increasing protective
factors related to positive community reintegration.” The stages rank from the
lowest, entry-level stage called “Stage 1,” to what is called the “Youth
Empowerment Status,” where a juvenile is actively preparing to be released back
into the community. The report stated that T.C. had entered the TJJD at a Stage
1 level and had never promoted to a higher stage during his two years at the
TJJD. The report further stated that the primary reason why T.C. had not been
able to achieve a higher stage was due to his behavior, which had resulted in his
being removed from his treatment programs. With respect to T.C.’s behavior, the
report indicated that T.C. had 248 incidents on his record, ranging from loud and
disruptive behaviors and horse playing to refusing to follow staff instructions and
using profanity or being disrespectful. The report further stated that T.C. had
numerous major violations ranging from property destruction and tattooing to
sexual misconduct and physical aggression.
Cucolo’s report also stated that Amanda Richter, a Doctor of Psychology,
had completed a psychological evaluation of T.C. on July 15, 2016. Cucolo
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quoted Dr. Richter’s assessment as stating that T.C. had not been able to attain
any assessment stage beyond Stage 1. He further quoted Dr. Richter’s
assessment as stating that T.C. “ha[d] received psychiatric services, sexual
behavior treatment, and aggression replacement training in addition to
counseling with his case manager.” According to Dr. Richter, despite these
interventions, T.C. had “continued to show resistance in treatment and significant
behavioral concerns.” Additionally, Dr. Richter stated that T.C. had “made no
improvement in reducing his risk for sexual re-offending while in [the] TJJD.”
Cucolo’s report further stated that T.C.’s medications, Strattera and Sertraline,
had been discontinued due to his “refusing his medication again.”
C. T.C.’S TESTIMONY
T.C. testified that he had attended educational classes while in the TJJD.
Specifically, he had attended science, algebra, reading, and world geography
classes; he had completed a welding class; and he had taken photo-shop and
“GD-prep” classes. T.C. agreed with Cucolo’s assessment in his written report
that T.C. was at a sixth-grade reading level. T.C. also stated that he was
improving in his math classes.
T.C. also stated that he “get[s] to meet with a psychiatrist or psychologist”
while in the TJJD and that they teach him ways to control his emotions and
prescribe him medications, including Trazadone, Geodon, melatonin, and Zoloft.
T.C. said, however, that those medications made him sick, so he stopped taking
them. T.C. averred that he had had problems with depression while in the TJJD
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and that he had to be placed on suicide watch. With regard to his being placed
on suicide watch, T.C. testified that he got “tired of dealing with the same thing
every day,” so he would say something to somebody about suicide. T.C. stated
that when that happened, somebody had to watch him and that every ten
minutes, that person had to write down what T.C. was feeling. T.C. said that he
had been on that kind of watch on and off about ten times during the prior twenty-
four months.
With regard to his anger-management program, T.C. stated that he had to
take that program several times. The first time he took it, he was kicked out
because he got in a fight. He failed to complete the anger-management program
the second time he took it because he got kicked out of his sex-offender
treatment program and was consequently removed out of the dorm where the
anger-management classes were given. T.C. said he passed his anger-
management program the third time he took it. T.C. stated that he was the
smallest person in his unit and that he did not want to be transferred to an adult
facility. He said he believed that if he were given more time in the TJJD, he
could do better than he had previously and that he could successfully complete
more of the treatment programs.
On cross-examination, T.C. stated that he would act differently if returned
to the TJJD by listening to staff, doing his best in completing his treatment
programs, and not trying to handle his problems on his own. However, he
acknowledged that as recently as December 12, 2016—only a little more than
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two weeks prior to the hearing—he had assaulted a female guard at the TJJD.
He stated that he had been sent to security and a guard attempted to handcuff
him, but he did not allow her to do so. T.C. acknowledged that it was the guard’s
job to decide whether to handcuff him and that it was his place to comply with her
decision. He also acknowledged that he had had two years to figure out that he
was supposed to comply with the guards’ instructions and that the December 12,
2016 incident showed that he still had not learned to do so. T.C. stated that his
two-week stay in the county jail pending his transfer hearing had changed his
attitude about who is in charge and what he is supposed to do at the TJJD.
T.C. also acknowledged that he had 248 disciplinary infractions during his
twenty-four months at the TJJD. He stated that due to his behavior, he was
unable to complete his sex-offender treatment program. T.C. said that he had
known the consequences of not completing his treatment program at the TJJD,
but he did not realize how serious it was until his transfer hearing. Yet he also
stated that there were other juveniles in the TJJD who, like him, were serving
determinate sentences; that he had talked with them and they with him; and that
everyone knew that if they did not comply with the TJJD’s requirements, then
they would be transferred to the TDCJ.
In addition, T.C. testified that his mother, grandmother, and grandfather
were in the courtroom to support him. He stated that he was able to talk to his
family on the phone and that they were able to visit him in the TJJD. T.C. also
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testified that if he was transferred to the TDCJ, it would be more difficult for his
family to visit him. T.C. stated that he wanted to be returned to the TJJD.
D. STIPULATED SUMMARY OF T.C.’S FAMILY’S TESTIMONY
Following T.C.’s testimony, his attorney told the trial court that he would
call T.C.’s family to testify but that “they would just say that they think he’s too
immature to be sent to the adult facility. That’s a summary of their testimony.”
T.C.’s counsel further stated that his family’s preference is that T.C. “stay in the
Waco area.”3 The trial court accepted counsel’s statements as a summary of
what T.C.’s family would otherwise testify to.
III. APPLICATION
In arguing that his trial counsel’s failure to request an independent medical
examination amounted to ineffective assistance, T.C. principally relies upon the
Texarkana court of appeals’ decision in R.D.B., in which it held, under the facts of
that case, that the failure of the appellant’s trial counsel to seek the court-
appointed assistance of a mental-health professional in connection with the
appellant’s section-54.11 transfer hearing constituted ineffective assistance of
counsel. See 20 S.W.3d at 261. T.C. argues that the facts of this case are so
similar to the facts in R.D.B. as to compel the same result here. We conclude,
however, that T.C.’s reliance on R.D.B. is misplaced.
3
The record reflects that the TJJD facility in which T.C. had been placed
was in McLennan County.
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A. IN RE R.D.B.
R.D.B. involved a section-54.11 transfer hearing of R.D.B., a juvenile who
had previously been adjudicated delinquent and sentenced to a determinate
sentence of fifteen years in the Texas Youth Commission (TYC). Id. at 256. As
in T.C.’s case here, the State’s only witness in R.D.B. was Cucolo. Id. Cucolo
testified that R.D.B. had participated in some treatment programs while in the
TYC but nevertheless continued to be disruptive and assaultive, which resulted in
his referral to the trial court to be transferred to the TDCJ. Id. Importantly,
Cucolo also testified that R.D.B. “ha[d] a brain injury as a result of a self-inflicted
gunshot wound”; that R.D.B. had been given medication to control his seizure
activity; that a psychological evaluation of R.D.B. had been conducted by Larry
Reue (a person whose qualifications, title, experience, and occupation did not
appear in the record); and that Reue indicated that R.D.B.’s brain injury “may be
contributing to [his] delinquent behavior.” Id. at 256–57. Cucolo stated, however,
that Reue’s ultimate conclusion was that “most of R.D.B.’s behavior was the
result of anti-social values and characteristics rather than the result of an organic
disorder.” Id. at 257.
R.D.B.’s mother also testified, and she stated that following his brain injury
and operation, he had to learn to speak again and was placed in multiple
rehabilitation programs. Id. She also testified that R.D.B. had a grand mal
seizure and several petit mal seizures and had short-term memory loss, thought-
process dysfunction, and a loss of balance. Id. She further testified that R.D.B.
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suffered from a seizure disorder from his brain injury. Id. Additionally, a written
report from Reue acknowledged that “R.D.B.’s difficulty in implementing cognitive
skills into daily behavior may be affected by his traumatic head injury.” Id. at 258.
R.D.B. argued that his counsel’s failure to seek an independent psychiatric
examination constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 256. Our sister
court began its analysis by concluding that the Supreme Court’s holding in Ake v.
Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 83 (1985), applies to a section-54.11 transfer hearing.
R.D.B., 20 S.W.3d at 258–59. Under Ake,
when a defendant demonstrates to the trial judge that his sanity at
the time of the offense is to be a significant factor at trial, the State
must, at a minimum, assure the defendant access to a competent
psychiatrist who will conduct an appropriate examination and assist
in the evaluation, preparation, and presentation of the defense.
Ake, 470 U.S. at 83. The court of appeals then examined the record and
concluded that R.D.B.’s counsel had
a duty to investigate such plainly evident background of mental
health problems of [R.D.B.]. In the face of such an unfavorable
report, counsel was clearly under a duty to seek, in conjunction with
his obligation to provide the best defense possible for his client, the
court-appointed assistance of a mental health professional, to which
he was entitled. His failure to do so clearly prejudiced R.D.B. and
undermines this Court’s confidence in the outcome of the
proceedings.
R.D.B., 20 S.W.3d at 261.
B. T.C. FAILED TO ESTABLISH HE WAS ENTITLED TO AN APPOINTED
MENTAL-HEALTH EXPERT
The State observes that T.C.’s argument that his trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance by failing to request an independent medical examination
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assumes that Ake is applicable to a section-54.11 transfer proceeding. And the
State further asserts that unlike our sister court in R.D.B., this court has never
held that Ake applies to a section-54.11 transfer proceeding. For purposes of our
analysis here, we assume, without deciding, that Ake applies to a section-54.11
transfer proceeding. See In re A.A.L., No. 14-06-00027-CV, 2007 WL 704958, at
*1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 8, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“For the
purposes of our analysis, we presume, without deciding, that the Ake analysis
applies to a transfer hearing under section 54.11 of the Texas Family Code.”).
Under Ake, to be entitled to the appointment of an expert, a defendant
must make a threshold showing that he has a particularized need for such an
expert to address a significant issue at trial. See Griffith v. State, 983 S.W.2d
282, 286–87 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); A.A.L., 2007 WL 704958, at *2; see also
Maldonado v. State, No. 14-03-00074-CR, 2004 WL 234377, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 10, 2004, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (holding appellant was not entitled to appointment of mental-health
expert under Ake because he failed to demonstrate his sanity “was likely to be a
significant factor at trial”). That showing was made in R.D.B., where there was
evidence indicating that R.D.B.’s mental health was likely to be a significant
factor at trial: (1) R.D.B. had suffered an organic brain injury resulting from a self-
inflicted gunshot wound; (2) R.D.B. had been placed on medication to control a
seizure disorder that resulted from the brain injury; and (3) a psychological
evaluation of R.D.B. had indicated that R.D.B.’s underlying brain injury may have
14
contributed to his delinquent behavior. R.D.B., 20 S.W.3d at 256–58; see
Maldonado, 2004 WL 234377, at *2. Based on the record before us, none of
these things is true of T.C.’s case.
Having reviewed the record, we conclude that, assuming Ake applies to a
section-54.11 transfer hearing, T.C. did not meet his threshold burden under Ake
to show that his mental health was likely to be a significant issue at his transfer
hearing such that he was entitled to the appointment of a mental-health expert to
perform an independent psychological or psychiatric examination on him. See
Maldonado, 2004 WL 234377, at *2 (concluding appellant was not entitled to
appointment of mental health expert where he failed to demonstrate “his sanity
was likely to be a significant factor at trial”). There was no evidence and no
contention at trial that any mental-health condition caused T.C.’s behavioral
problems or repeated failures in the TJJD. Consequently, on the record before
us, T.C. has failed to overcome the strong presumption that his trial counsel’s
conduct was not deficient. See Nava, 415 S.W.3d at 307–08; Maldonado,
2004 WL 234377, at *2 (holding counsel’s performance was not deficient for
failing to request the appointment of a mental health expert where appellant was
not entitled such an expert under Ake). Additionally, we note that our record
does not show T.C.’s trial counsel was ever afforded an opportunity to explain his
trial strategy or his reasons for not requesting an expert to perform an
independent psychological or psychiatric examination. See Menefield,
363 S.W.3d at 593; Mata, 226 S.W.3d at 432.
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Because T.C. has not shown that his trial counsel’s representation was
deficient, we overrule his sole issue. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Nava,
415 S.W.3d at 307; Williams, 301 S.W.3d at 687.
IV. CONCLUSION
Having overruled T.C.’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s transfer order.
See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a).
/s/ Lee Gabriel
LEE GABRIEL
JUSTICE
PANEL: WALKER, MEIER, and GABRIEL, JJ.
DELIVERED: January 4, 2018
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