In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 15‐1933
FREDRICK MICHAEL BAER,
Petitioner‐Appellant,
v.
RON NEAL, Superintendent, Indiana State Prison,
Respondent‐Appellee.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
No. 1:11‐cv‐1168 — Sarah Evans Barker, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED FEBRUARY 22, 2017 — DECIDED JANUARY 11, 2018
____________________
Before, BAUER, FLAUM and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. Fredrick Michael Baer murdered
a young woman and her four‐year‐old daughter in their
home. In connection with this crime, he was convicted in Mar‐
ion Superior Court of the two murders, robbery, theft and at‐
tempted rape. He was sentenced to death. He filed a direct
appeal to the Indiana Supreme Court raising several issues
including prosecutorial misconduct, but his convictions and
death sentence were affirmed. Baer filed state post‐conviction
2 No. 15‐1933
proceedings alleging that his trial and appellate counsel were
ineffective. The court denied his petition and this denial was
affirmed by the Indiana Supreme Court. Baer then filed a pe‐
tition for a writ of habeas corpus with the United States Dis‐
trict Court for the Southern District of Indiana, which was also
denied. After we issued a certificate of appealability, Baer ap‐
pealed the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of
habeas corpus.
Baer asserts that the Indiana Supreme Court’s ruling was
unreasonable under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984), for failing to find that Baer’s trial counsel was consti‐
tutionally ineffective for failing to (1) object to improper and
confusing jury instructions given at the penalty phase of his
trial, (2) object to prejudicial prosecutorial statements made
throughout trial, and (3) investigate and present mitigating
evidence on Baer’s behalf. While we affirm his convictions,
we agree with Baer that, at the penalty phase, Baer’s counsel
failed to challenge crucial misleading jury instructions and a
pattern of prosecutorial misconduct, and that the state court
unreasonably applied Strickland in denying Baer relief. Coun‐
sel’s deficiency resulted in a denial of due process, and we
find the errors were sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome of Baer’s penalty trial and so we find prejudice.
While Baer’s offenses were despicable and his guilt is clear,
he is entitled to a penalty trial untainted by constitutional er‐
ror.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
On February 25, 2004, Fredrick Michael Baer saw twenty‐
four‐year‐old Cory Clark on her front porch. He turned his
No. 15‐1933 3
car around and pulled into her driveway. He approached
Cory’s apartment, knocked, and asked to use her phone to call
his boss. When she turned to go back inside, he followed her
into her apartment with the intent to rape her. After attacking
her, Baer decided against raping her because he feared con‐
tracting a disease so instead he cut Cory’s throat with a fold‐
able hunting knife. Witnessing this atrocity, Cory’s four‐year‐
old daughter, Jenna Clark, ran from the room. Baer caught her
and cut her throat. Taking Cory’s purse, three to four hundred
dollars, and some decorative stones, Baer then left the apart‐
ment. He cleaned himself up, changed his shirt, and returned
to work. When he was arrested as a suspect and police asked
if he committed the murders, Baer shook his head affirma‐
tively and told the officers the location of the knife and purse.
B. Procedural History
Early on, Baer conceded that he murdered the Clarks, and
sought to plead guilty but mentally ill (GBMI).1 The trial court
rejected the plea, finding that there was insufficient evidence
to show mental illness. The case proceeded to trial with the
only issue being whether Baer was GBMI or simply guilty.
Voir dire began. In front of jurors and prospective jurors,
the prosecutor persistently began stating the incorrect stand‐
ard for a GBMI conviction. The prosecutor routinely sug‐
gested (incorrectly) that the GBMI standard and legal insanity
1 In Indiana cases where the defense of insanity is raised, the jury may
find that the defendant is: (1) guilty; (2) not guilty; (3) not responsible by
reason of insanity at the time of the crime; or (4) guilty but mentally ill at
the time of the crime. Ind. Code § 35‐36‐2‐3. A defendant who is found or
pleads guilty but mentally ill should be sentenced in the same manner as
a defendant found guilty of the offense. Ind. Code § 35‐36‐2‐5(a).
4 No. 15‐1933
standard were the same. He encouraged jurors to recite this
incorrect standard in response to his questioning. The prose‐
cutor also made statements suggesting that life without pa‐
role may be abolished and incorrectly stated that a GBMI con‐
viction might not permit a death sentence. Baer’s counsel did
not object to any of these statements. The prosecutor also told
jurors that the victims’ family wanted Baer to be put to death.
Toward the end of jury selection, during a bench conference,
defense counsel asked for a mistrial for the prosecutor’s com‐
ments mentioning the victims’ family (referring to them as
“victim impact” comments). The judge remarked that he was
not paying attention, denied defense counsel’s motion, and
suggested the prosecutor tell jurors that he had misspoken.
No objection or clarification was made in front of the jury.
After jury selection, Baer’s trial began, and the defense fo‐
cused on convincing the jury that Baer suffered from a mental
illness. Defense counsel offered an expert witness, Dr. George
Parker, who testified that Baer had a history of drug issues,
including methamphetamine use. He also diagnosed Baer as
suffering from a psychotic disorder. The court also provided
appointed experts, Dr. Larry Davis and Dr. Richard Lawler,
who agreed that Baer suffered from mental illness, and also
cited Baer’s abuse of methamphetamine as something that
would disturb his mental wellness and exacerbate his mental
health problems. Dr. Davis testified that Baer was likely expe‐
riencing psychosis induced by heavy methamphetamine use
at the time of the crime. Dr. Lawler described Baer’s account
that he used methamphetamine on the morning of the crimes.
The experts’ account of Baer’s use of methamphetamine on
the day of the crime was contradicted by Danny Trovig, the
friend Baer reportedly used methamphetamine with that
morning, who testified that Trovig was on parole at the time
No. 15‐1933 5
and did not consume or see Baer consume methampheta‐
mine.
The prosecutor also offered a toxicology expert, Dr. Mi‐
chael A. Evans, who testified that a blood sample collected
from Baer 38 hours after the offense and tested 13 months af‐
ter collection showed some marijuana usage, but tested “ab‐
solutely zero” for methamphetamine or any other drug. How‐
ever, because of the delay in the blood draw and the testing
of the blood, Dr. Evans could not conclude that Baer had not
used any methamphetamine on the morning of the crime. At
post‐conviction proceedings, Dr. Evans clarified that he could
not say whether methamphetamine existed in Baer’s blood at
the time it was collected, but he could only confirm that there
was no such substance in his blood when it was tested.
The prosecution also presented evidence to counter
whether Baer had a mental illness, and sought to prove that
Baer instead was lying about his mental health. This evidence
included playing a portion of a telephone conversation rec‐
orded while Baer was incarcerated in which Baer told his sis‐
ter, “[o]h, yeah, and while we’re at it to boot, here let’s go
ahead and say you’re stupid and insane so it will make it a
little easier. I don’t think so. Matter of fact, I ain’t got to worry
about that ‘cause I’m ready to go out here to the f*cking doc‐
tor, tell this stupid son of a bitch a bunch of stupid lies.”
At the close of evidence, the jury convicted Baer of mur‐
dering Cory and Jenna Clark, robbery, theft, and attempted
6 No. 15‐1933
rape without a finding of GBMI. The case then proceeded
with the same jury to a penalty trial.
At the penalty phase, Baer’s counsel offered one witness,
Dr. Mark Cunningham. In approximately seven hours of tes‐
timony, Dr. Cunningham discussed Baer’s prenatal and peri‐
natal difficulties, including his mother having cancer while
pregnant, drinking while pregnant, and Baer’s malnourish‐
ment for the first several months of his life. Dr. Cunningham
also testified about Baer’s family troubles such as Baer’s child‐
hood in and out of foster care and the murder of his sister. Dr.
Cunningham also stated that Baer had poor school perfor‐
mance and struggled with ADHD, head injuries, and exten‐
sive abuse of inhalants, alcohol, methamphetamine, and other
substances. Dr. Cunningham reported that Baer was “extraor‐
dinarily damaged.” However, while questioning Dr. Cun‐
ningham to show mitigating circumstances, Baer’s counsel
failed to ask Dr. Cunningham whether Baer met the definition
of having a mental illness.
The jury found that the state had proved all five of the al‐
leged aggravating circumstances in Baer’s crime (all which
were uncontested), (1) murder while committing the crime of
attempted rape, (2) murder while committing the crime of
robbery, (3) murder of two human beings, (4) committing two
murders while on parole, and (5) murder of a child under the
age of twelve years. Finding that mitigating factors did not
outweigh these aggravating factors, the jury recommended
No. 15‐1933 7
the death penalty. On June 9, 2005, the court sentenced Baer
to death.
C. Appellate History
Baer filed a direct appeal of his death sentence to the Indi‐
ana Supreme Court, raising four issues: (1) prosecutorial mis‐
conduct, (2) failure to comply with proper procedures in han‐
dling prospective jurors, (3) erroneous admission of recorded
telephone calls from jail, and (4) inappropriateness of the
death sentence. On May 22, 2005, the Indiana Supreme Court
affirmed Baer’s convictions and death sentence. Baer v. State,
866 N.E.2d 752 (Ind. 2007) (“Baer I”). The state court discussed
at length its holding that the prosecution did not commit mis‐
conduct by suggesting that a GBMI conviction may not sup‐
port a death sentence. Id. at 755–61. The court also held that
the death penalty was supported by the evidence of the brutal
nature of the killings and the lack of evidence of Baer’s posi‐
tive character. Id. at 764–66. Baer filed a petition for writ of
certiorari, which was denied. Baer v. Indiana, 552 U.S. 1313
(2008).
Baer filed a petition for post‐conviction relief on May 1,
2008, raising numerous allegations that trial counsel and ap‐
pellate counsel were ineffective, including challenging trial
counsel’s failure to object to jury instructions and prejudicial
prosecutorial statements. Baer’s post‐conviction counsel also
raised prosecutorial misconduct, structural errors in the trial
judge’s rejection of Baer’s GBMI plea and failure to correct the
prosecutorial errors, cruel and unusual punishment based on
Indiana’s method of execution, and a challenge to Baer’s
death sentence based on his mental illness. At an evidentiary
hearing, Baer presented the testimony of several witnesses to
8 No. 15‐1933
bolster his claim for mitigation, including a neuropsycholo‐
gist, Baer’s mother, Baer’s juvenile probation officer, a former
teacher, and former wife Zola Brown. After hearing this addi‐
tional testimony, the court denied Baer’s petition for relief.
The court found Baer’s prosecutorial misconduct, structural
error, and method of execution claims were foreclosed be‐
cause he had not raised them at trial or on direct appeal. The
court rejected Baer’s ineffective assistance of trial and appel‐
late counsel claims on the merits, and found that the evidence
about mental illness failed to undermine confidence in the
verdict or sentence.
The Indiana Supreme Court affirmed the denial of post‐
conviction relief, holding, in part, that Baer’s trial counsel and
appellate counsel were not ineffective. See Baer v. State, 942
N.E.2d 80, 90–108 (Ind. 2011) (“Baer II”). The Indiana Supreme
Court specifically addressed the merits of, and rejected, Baer’s
claims that counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge jury
instructions relating to intoxication, failing to present a claim
for prosecutorial misconduct, and failing to investigate or pre‐
sent adequate mitigating evidence. Id. at 97, 98, 102–03, 107.
On November 29, 2011, Baer filed his petition for a writ of
habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Indiana. He again challenged trial and
appellate counsel’s effectiveness regarding the penalty phase
jury instructions, for failing to challenge the prosecutor’s
comments, and for failing to investigate and present mitigat‐
ing circumstances. The court denied Baer’s petition and his
motion to alter or amend the judgment, and declined to grant
his request for a certificate of appealability. Baer v. Wilson, No.
1:11‐cv‐1168, 2014 WL 7272772, at *27 (S.D. Ind., Dec. 18,
No. 15‐1933 9
2014). In its order, the district court ruled that the Indiana Su‐
preme Court did not unreasonably apply Strickland when
finding that Baer’s counsel’s performance was not deficient
during voir dire or for failing to object to penalty phase jury
instructions.
We granted a certificate of appealability and agreed to
hear Baer’s arguments that he had ineffective assistance of
counsel. Baer presents three arguments under this theory: (1)
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to penalty phase
jury instructions that were likely interpreted to preclude the
jury from considering central mitigating evidence; (2) counsel
was ineffective for failing to object to numerous instances of
prosecutorial misconduct; and (3) counsel was ineffective for
failing to investigate and present evidence to prove mitigat‐
ing factors that were described by medical experts. Our anal‐
ysis of the first two arguments are determinative of the issue
before us, so we decline to reach the third argument.
II. ANALYSIS
Baer appeals from the denial of habeas relief under 28
U.S.C. § 2254. Because his Sixth Amendment claims were ad‐
judicated on the merits by the Indiana Supreme Court, they
are subject to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), commonly referred to as the
Anti‐Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA).
AEDPA permits a federal court to issue a writ of habeas cor‐
pus only if the state court reached a decision that was “con‐
trary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly
established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evi‐
dence presented in the State court proceeding,” 28 U.S.C.
10 No. 15‐1933
§ 2254(d)(2). Needless to say, the AEDPA standard of review
is a difficult standard, and it was meant to be.
Baer seeks relief for the alleged denial of his Sixth
Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel. This
claim is analyzed under Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, which
requires a petitioner to show two things. “First, the defendant
must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This
requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the
defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant
must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so
serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose
result is reliable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; see also Ward v.
Neal, 835 F.3d 698, 702 (7th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct.
2161 (2017). “It is not enough for the defendant to show that
the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the
proceeding”; there must be a possibility of prejudice that is
“sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693, 694.
Because we are under AEDPA review of a Strickland claim,
the “pivotal question is whether the state court’s application
of the Strickland standard was unreasonable.” Harrington v.
Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011). This is a difficult standard, and
even a strong case for relief under Strickland does not neces‐
sarily mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was unrea‐
sonable. Id at 102. But this is not an insurmountable standard.
The writ of habeas corpus, as limited by AEDPA, is more than
a dead letter. “The writ of habeas corpus stands as a safeguard
… of those held in violation of the law.” Id. at 91. The writ’s
purpose is to provide a “guard against extreme malfunctions
No. 15‐1933 11
in the state criminal justice systems.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 332 n.5 (1979) (Stevens, J., concurring in judgment).
AEDPA “directs federal courts to attend every state‐court
judgment with utmost care, but it does not require them to
defer to the opinion of every reasonable state‐court judge on
the content of federal law.” Williams, 529 U.S. at 389. “If, after
carefully weighing all the reasons for accepting a state court’s
judgment, a federal court is convinced that a prisoner’s cus‐
tody—or, as in this case, his sentence of death—violates the
Constitution, that independent judgment should prevail.” Id.
A. Failure to Object to Penalty Phase Instructions
1. Challenged Instructions
At the penalty phase of the capital trial, after Baer had
been convicted of his crimes, defense counsel’s strategy for
avoiding a death sentence was ensuring that the jury consid‐
ered and gave effect to Baer’s mental health and intoxication
(use of methamphetamine) evidence. During this penalty
phase, the jury was instructed that the following was to be
considered a mitigating factor:
Defendant’s capacity to appreciate the criminality of
the defendant’s conduct or to conform that conduct to
the requirements of the law was substantially impaired
as a result of mental disease or defect.
The language of this instruction came from a statutory
mitigating factor provision, Indiana Code 35‐50‐2‐9(c)(6),
with one major difference. As given in Baer’s penalty phase
trial, this statutory jury instruction was modified to exclude
the final words “or of intoxication.” The complete Indiana
Code 35‐50‐2‐9(c)(6) reads:
12 No. 15‐1933
Defendant’s capacity to appreciate the criminality of
the defendant’s conduct or to conform that conduct to
the requirements of the law was substantially impaired
as a result of mental disease or defect or of intoxication.
(emphasis added). Baer’s counsel did not object to the
modification of this statutory jury instruction.
After the court instructed on aggravating and mitigating
factors, near the end of the penalty phase jury instructions, the
following instruction was given:
Intoxication is not a defense in a prosecution for an of‐
fense and may not be taken into consideration in deter‐
mining the existence of a mental state that is an ele‐
ment of the offense unless the defendant meets the re‐
quirements of [Indiana Code] 35‐41‐3‐5.
[Indiana Code] 35‐41‐3‐5: It is a defense that the person
who engaged in the prohibited conduct did so while
intoxicated, only if the intoxication resulted from the
introduction of a substance into his body: (1) without
consent; or (2) when he did not know the substance
might cause intoxication.
Baer’s counsel did not object to this “voluntary intoxication”
instruction as it was given at the penalty phase trial.
2. Failure to Object to Instructions Ineffective
“[T]he Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments require that
the sentencer … not be precluded from considering, as a miti‐
gating factor, any aspect of a defendant’s character or record
and any of the circumstances of the offense that the defendant
proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death.” Lockett v.
No. 15‐1933 13
Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604 (1978) (emphasis in original). There‐
fore, defense counsel in a death penalty case will fall deficient
where he fails to object to removal of a mitigating factor from
jurors’ consideration. See id. Baer argues that is precisely what
happened here.
The Indiana Supreme Court separately evaluated defense
counsel’s failure to object to the modification of Indiana’s stat‐
utory mitigating factor (removal of the words “or of intoxica‐
tion” from Indiana Code 30‐50‐2‐9(c)(6)) and inclusion of a
“voluntary intoxication” instruction. Analyzing the modified
mitigating factor instruction, the state court found that the
trial judge could have believed that Baer failed to prove that
he was intoxicated during the offense, and therefore the in‐
toxication language in the mitigating factors was unneces‐
sary. Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 97. It also found that “[g]iven the
link between ongoing methamphetamine usage and mental
illness that repeatedly arose in expert testimony, the jury had
an adequate opportunity to hear and act on this evidence even
with the omission of ‘or of intoxication’ from the jury instruc‐
tion.” Id. at 107.
Separately, the state court concluded that defense counsel
was not ineffective in failing to object to the voluntary intoxi‐
cation instruction because it was a “correct statement of law
and was relevant to determining whether Baer committed his
crimes intentionally.” Id. at 97 (internal emphasis omitted).
Furthermore, the state court also determined that because the
trial court told jurors they could consider “[a]ny … circum‐
stances” in mitigation and that “there are no limits on what
factors an individual juror may find as mitigating,” jurors
were instructed they could consider intoxication for purposes
of mitigation.
14 No. 15‐1933
In our view, it was unreasonable for the state court to an‐
alyze Baer’s challenges to the jury instructions in isolation. See
Boyde v. California, 494 U.S. 370, 378 (1990) (jury instructions
“may not be judged in artificial isolation, but must be viewed
in the context of the overall charge”). Further, “[t]he question
… is not what the State Supreme Court declares the meaning
of the charge to be, but rather what a reasonable juror could
have understood the charge as meaning.” Francis v. Franklin,
471 U.S. 307, 315–316 (1985). Here, a reasonable juror could
have understood the complete penalty phase jury instructions
as foreclosing evidence of voluntary intoxication from consid‐
eration for all purposes in sentencing, including barring vol‐
untary intoxication as mitigating evidence.
Examining defense counsel’s failure to object to jury in‐
structions in the context of the entire charge illuminates the
unreasonableness of the state court’s rejection of Baer’s first
Strickland claim. First, the state court found that the trial court
could have rejected Baer’s counsel’s request for adding the
language “or of intoxication” to the statutory mitigation fac‐
tor “because the evidence showed that Baer was not intoxi‐
cated at the time of the offense.” Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 97. Even
on its own, this finding was clearly incorrect. The evidence of
Baer’s intoxication at the time of the crime was disputed, but
there was evidence that he had used methamphetamine on
the day of the crime and there was certainly ample evidence
that the long‐term effects of intoxication exacerbated Baer’s
psychosis and affected his capacity to conform his behavior.
Two experts, Drs. Davis and Lawler, both testified that Baer’s
drug use at the time of the crime likely impacted his behavior.
This evidence was rebutted by Danny Trovig’s testimony that
he did not use methamphetamine with Baer on the morning
No. 15‐1933 15
of the crime and expert Dr. Evans’s testimony that it was un‐
clear whether Baer’s blood contained any methamphetamine
at the time of the crime. It was the jury’s task to resolve the
factual dispute. It would have been plainly erroneous for the
trial judge to weigh the evidence in favor of the prosecution
and determine that Baer was not intoxicated at the time of the
crime. Therefore, this reason cited by the Indiana Supreme
Court for finding that defense counsel’s failure to object was
not ineffective was unreasonable.
The state court also found that Baer’s counsel was not in‐
effective because “the link between ongoing methampheta‐
mine usage and mental illness … repeatedly arose in expert
testimony,” and the close tie between Baer’s mental health ev‐
idence and intoxication gave the jury an “adequate oppor‐
tunity to hear and act on this evidence even with the omission
of ‘or of intoxication’ from the jury instruction.” Id. at 107.
However, this fails to consider the jury instructions as a
whole. At the end of the instructional charge, the trial court
expressly told jurors they could not consider intoxication un‐
less it was involuntary. In light of the voluntary intoxication
instruction, reasonable jurors would not have believed they
could consider intoxication evidence as it related to Baer’s
mental health. Instead, it is likely jurors heeded the trial
court’s charge and refused to consider voluntary intoxication
at all, including mental health evidence stemming from Baer’s
voluntary drug use. It is unreasonable to assume jurors could
catch the nuance that voluntary intoxication can be consid‐
ered for mitigation, but not as evidence of criminal intent,
without any clear instruction. Here, the instructions relating
to mitigation did not mention the word “intoxication,” as they
should have under the statute. In fact, the only instruction ad‐
16 No. 15‐1933
dressing intoxication rendered Baer’s use of methampheta‐
mine and other drugs out of bounds for consideration for any
purpose. The modification of the statutory mitigating factor
worked in conjunction with the voluntary intoxication in‐
struction to effectively exclude consideration of key mitigat‐
ing evidence. Therefore, defense counsel’s failure to object
was constitutionally deficient.
Looking at the voluntary intoxication instruction, the state
court reasoned that counsel was not ineffective for failing to
object because it “was a correct statement of the law and was
relevant in determining whether Baer committed his crimes in‐
tentionally.” Id. at 97 (emphasis in original). Alone, this state‐
ment might seem reasonable, but in context, it is not. First of
all, the challenged voluntary intoxication instruction was
given at the penalty phase trial—after Baer had been convicted
of intentionally committing his crimes. Intent was not chal‐
lenged before the jury at the penalty phase; it was decided at
the guilt phase. So, it is unlikely the jury understood that this
instruction, given again at the penalty phase, was applicable
only to the decided issue of intent. A reasonable juror would
have understood this instruction as excluding evidence of
voluntary intoxication for purposes of punishment, specifi‐
cally excluding voluntary intoxication as a mitigating factor.
Further, while this instruction was a correct statement of
law, it was likely that the jurors’ interpretation of this
instruction was not legally correct. Jurors were unlikely to
decipher that the voluntary intoxication instruction related
only to proof of aggravating factors (which were not disputed
by the defense) and did not plainly exclude voluntary
intoxication evidence for all purposes, including in mitigation
of sentencing. In fact, the jury had been primed to believe that
No. 15‐1933 17
voluntary intoxication could not impact sentencing. The
prosecutor even told jurors in his closing argument that “self‐
induced drugs is[sic] no protection from law … we don’t give
anybody a pass who takes drugs on their own and then uses
it as … some effort to make their sentence a little easier.”
Furthermore, the voluntary intoxication instruction was
not read with the aggravating factor instructions. This in‐
struction was given at the end of the charge, well after aggra‐
vating and mitigating factor instructions, and soon before the
jurors recessed to make a decision. There was no instruction
or clarity provided that this instruction related only to proof
of the aggravating factors, and the jury likely (and incorrectly)
interpreted the instructions as a specific preclusion from con‐
sidering Baer’s voluntary drug use in deciding a just punish‐
ment. There was no reason for this instruction to be given at
the penalty phase where the aggravating factors were not in
dispute, and less so at the end of a lengthy instructional
charge. So, Baer’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
object, and the state court unreasonably found otherwise.
Finally, the state court concluded that any instructional er‐
ror which may have inhibited consideration of Baer’s intoxi‐
cation by the voluntary intoxication instruction was cured by
the court’s instructions that there were “no limits on what fac‐
tors an individual juror may find as mitigating,” and Indi‐
ana’s general instruction that “[a]ny … other circumstances”
18 No. 15‐1933
may be considered as mitigating.2 Id. Looking at the state
court’s finding in light of the entire charge, we again find the
state court’s analysis unreasonable. While the “any other cir‐
cumstance” and “no limits” instructions contradicted the in‐
struction excluding voluntary intoxication evidence, the con‐
tradiction did not provide clarity. “Language that merely con‐
tradicts and does not explain a constitutionally infirm instruc‐
tion will not suffice to absolve the infirmity.” Francis, 471 U.S.
at 322. Further, the general mitigation instructions were given
earlier and separately from the voluntary intoxication instruc‐
tion, making it unclear from the charge whether “any other
circumstances” excluded voluntary intoxication. We are left
with “no way of knowing which of the two irreconcilable in‐
structions the jurors applied in reaching their verdict.” Id.
Therefore, we find that the state court’s conclusion that the
trial court’s broad and generic mitigating instructions cured
the faulty instructions was not reasonable. Trial counsel’s fail‐
ure to object was deficient.
Prejudice is found where “[t]he result of a proceeding can
be rendered unreliable, and hence the proceeding itself un‐
fair, even if the errors of counsel cannot be shown by a pre‐
ponderance of the evidence to have determined the out‐
come.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Here, evidence of Baer’s in‐
toxication by methamphetamine use at the time of the offense,
as well as his voluntary drug use for a large period of his life,
was central mitigating evidence that the jurors should have
2 The full “any other circumstances” instruction read: “any other cir‐
cumstances, which includes the defendant’s age, character, education, en‐
vironment, mental state, life and background or any aspect of the offense
itself and his involvement in it which any individual juror believes makes
him less deserving of the punishment of death.” (Tr. 2570–71.)
No. 15‐1933 19
considered. See, e.g., Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 474–475 (2009)
(finding that suppressed evidence of prior drug use may have
been material to the jury’s assessment of the proper punish‐
ment in a death penalty case, and finding a review of such
evidence was warranted). Evidence of Baer’s mental health
and drug use were intertwined as the cornerstone of Baer’s
defense, and defense counsel’s sole strategy for avoiding a
death sentence was ensuring that the jury considered and
gave effect to Baer’s mental health and intoxication evidence.
Yet, Baer’s trial counsel failed to object to instructions that ef‐
fectively blocked consideration of this crucial mitigating evi‐
dence. We find “there [was] a reasonable likelihood that the
jury has applied the challenged instruction[s] in a way that
prevent[ed] the consideration of constitutionally relevant ev‐
idence,” Boyde, 494 U.S. at 380, and the mitigation evidence
left unconsidered was central to Baer’s claim for a penalty less
than death. It was unreasonable for the state court to conclude
otherwise.
B. Failure to Object to Prejudicial Prosecutorial Com‐
ments
While we need only find one reversible error to grant
Baer’s claim for habeas relief, we continue to consider Baer’s
second claim to address the troubling story of prosecutorial
misconduct found in the transcript of this case. Baer asserts
that his trial counsel was deficient for failing to object to Mad‐
ison County Prosecutor Rodney Cummings’s repeated im‐
proper and prejudicial comments. Our review of the record
demonstrates a pattern of prosecutorial misbehavior that
Baer’s counsel deficiently failed to challenge. The refrain of
prejudicial comments that went unaddressed by defense
20 No. 15‐1933
counsel or the trial court invited doubt into the reliability of
Baer’s penalty phase trial.
In evaluating prosecutorial misconduct under governing
Supreme Court law, “[t]he relevant question is whether the
prosecutors’ comments so infected the trial with unfairness as
to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’”
Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986) (internal quota‐
tion omitted). We examine whether a prosecutor’s comments
were improper and whether in light of the entire record the
defendant was denied a fair trial. See United States v. Bow‐
man, 353 F.3d 546, 550 (7th Cir. 2003). In conducting this in‐
quiry, we consider several factors, including the nature and
seriousness of the misconduct; whether the comments were
invited by the defense; the extent to which the remarks may
have been neutralized by the court’s instructions to the jury;
the defense’s opportunity to counter any prejudice; and the
weight of the evidence supporting the conviction. Id.
Baer challenges the following categories of comments by
the prosecutor and argues that they should have generated
objections by his attorneys at trial and on direct appeal: (1)
prosecutor’s misrepresentation of the law regarding the in‐
sanity defense and a guilty but mentally ill verdict; (2) prose‐
cutor’s false claim that no Indiana case authorizes the death
penalty following a guilty but mentally ill verdict; (3) prose‐
cutor’s false claim that the legislature was about to abolish life
without parole; (4) prosecutor’s improper references to victim
impact statements; (5) prosecutor’s comments disparaging
Baer, his counsel and his experts; and (6) prosecutor’s use of
personal opinion and facts not in evidence. We discuss only
those categories in which we find the prosecutor’s comments
No. 15‐1933 21
were most offensive and where Baer’s counsel’s failure to ob‐
ject was deficient. We look at comments made throughout the
record and analyze the cumulative prejudice stemming from
trial counsel’s persistent failure to object.
1. Prosecutor’s Misrepresentation of GBMI Law
Baer first argues that his trial counsel was deficient for fail‐
ing to object to the prosecutor’s consistent conflation of the
standards of a legal insanity defense and guilty but mentally
ill (GBMI). These comments were injected at the earliest phase
of proceedings, voir dire. Baer asserts that the state court’s
finding that trial counsel’s failure to object was a strategic de‐
cision (and therefore not deficient) was an unreasonable ap‐
plication of Strickland, and we agree.
There is a clear legal difference between a jury’s finding of
“not responsible by reason of insanity at the time of the
crime,” Ind. Code § 35‐36‐2‐3(3), and “guilty but mentally ill
at the time of the crime,” Ind. Code § 35‐36‐2‐3(4). To be found
legally insane, a defendant must suffer from “a severely ab‐
normal mental condition that grossly and demonstrably im‐
pairs [his] perception,” and renders him “unable to appreciate
the wrongfulness of the conduct at the time of the offense.”
Ind. Code. 35‐41‐3‐6. On the other hand, a verdict of GBMI is
appropriate if a defendant suffers from an illness that “dis‐
turbs [his] thinking, feeling, or behavior and impairs [his]
ability to function.” Ind. Code 35‐36‐1‐1. Another important
distinction between an insanity defense and a GBMI convic‐
tion is that the latter has no effect on the defendant’s convic‐
tion or sentence. Ind. Code 35‐36‐2‐5(a). In a capital case, a
jury may consider mental illness as a mitigating circumstance
at the penalty phase trial, but it is not a defense to intent nor
is it a defense to guilt.
22 No. 15‐1933
In this case, Baer’s counsel sought a guilty but mentally ill
(GBMI) verdict.3 He made clear that he was not seeking the
insanity defense. However, from the earliest stages of voir
dire, the prosecutor, Mr. Cummings, misstated the legal
standard of a GBMI verdict and conflated it with an insanity
defense. This confusion continued from voir dire and into the
prosecutor’s closing statements.
In an early exchange at voir dire, Cummings led the fol‐
lowing line of questioning in front of jurors and prospective
jurors:
Mr. Cummings: What do you think of this psychologi‐
cal evidence? Have a mental disease or defect so you
should find me guilty but mentally ill?
Mr. Davis: I never really give it much thought on that.
Mr. Cummings: Do you think someone who can appre‐
ciate the wrongfulness of their conduct and knew what
they were doing was wrong is guilty?
Mr. Davis: I figure, you know … I look at he had the
[sic] know he was doing it.
Mr. Cummings: … then that’s not someone that should
get a pass.
Mr. Davis: Yeah.
Mr. Cummings: Or not somebody who you should
find guilty but mentally ill?
3 Under Indiana law, Baer could not legally seek a GBMI verdict with‐
out having filed a notice of intent to raise the defense of insanity. Ind. Code
§ 35‐36‐2‐3(4) (2008).
No. 15‐1933 23
Mr. Davis: Yes.
(Tr. 469.)
Similar lines of questioning persisted throughout voir
dire. Cummings also incorrectly suggested that a GBMI ver‐
dict was a defense or an excuse, and mental illness could only
be considered (even as mitigation) if Baer did not know right
from wrong. For example:
Mr. Cummings: They don’t want him put to death, and
if he’s found guilty but mentally ill, it will be more dif‐
ficult for the State of Indiana to execute [him].
Ms. Brumbaugh: Yes.
Mr. Cummings: And what are the kinds of things you
think you should look at before you decide whether he
is guilty but mentally ill?
Ms. Brumbaugh: If he knew it was right or wrong
Mr. Cummings: He could appreciate the wrongful‐
ness. You are right on top of it. I mean I’m feeling good
already. You understand the issues.
(Tr. 494.)
Mr. Cummings: [referencing the facts of Baer’s case] Is
that the kind of crime someone should be executed for?
Mr. Brown:4 Yes, I believe that could be a circumstance,
unless there are mitigating circumstances.
Mr. Cummings: Okay and what … what do you mean
by mitigating circumstances?
4 Mr. Brown served as the jury foreperson. DA App. 1503–05.
24 No. 15‐1933
Mr. Brown: Not having the ability to know right from
wrong …
Mr. Cummings: Okay.
Mr. Brown: at the time the crime occurred.
Tr. 769.
In Cummings’s closing argument, he reiterated to the jury
that “[m]ental illness. Well, that’s what you do when you
have to admit you did it, but I got some excuse.” In his rebut‐
tal argument, he again told the jury that mental illness “did
not cause [Baer] to do it, it did not keep him from understand‐
ing what he was doing was wrong; and, if that’s the evidence,
you should not find him guilty but mentally ill.” Defense
counsel did not object to these statements.
The Indiana Supreme Court found no ineffectiveness of
Baer’s counsel in failing to object to the prosecutor’s inaccu‐
rate and misleading conflations of GBMI and legal insanity.
The court noted that “during voir dire the prosecutor did often
conflate the separate concept of GBMI and insanity by refer‐
ring to whether Baer could appreciate the wrongfulness of his
actions,” but it held:
It seems likely that defense counsel consciously chose
not to object to the prosecutor’s misstatements as part
of their general strategy of letting the prosecutor dis‐
credit himself. At PCR, [Defense Counsel] Williams
testified that he had known Prosecutor Cummings for
years and knew he was capable of overstating his case
to the jury. Trial counsel planned to correctly state the
law to the jury when it was their turn, have the judge
echo their statement through the jury instructions, and
No. 15‐1933 25
hope the jury would decide from the contrast that the
prosecutor was not credible.
Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 99–100 (internal record cites omitted).
We cannot agree with the state court’s analysis, nor do we
find it reasonable. Under Strickland a strategy must be reason‐
able. See Campbell v. Reardon, 780 F.3d 752, 763–64 (7th Cir.
2015). Planning to state the law correctly and “hop[ing] the
jury would decide … that the prosecutor was not credible,”
Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 100, cannot be considered “strategic”
here, where the prosecutor was never discredited and defense
counsel’s failure to object simply conceded to the prosecutor’s
confusing and prejudicial remarks, which put his client’s life
at risk. Case law does not mandate deference to unreasonable
defense tactics. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 681.
Further, the confusion created between GBMI and the in‐
sanity defense was never clarified. At the end of his closing
argument, defense counsel stated “for the hundredth time:
We are not saying that Fredrick Michael Baer is insane. I said
it to you in jury selection. [Defense Counsel] Lockwood said
it to you. I’ve said it to you repeatedly … Mental disease or
defect.” But, the difference between the GBMI standard and
the insanity standard remained murky. To the extent defense
counsel tried to clarify, it was the prosecutor’s word versus
defense counsel’s word. Furthermore, the court did not in‐
struct on the difference between GBMI standard and the in‐
sanity defense standard, and defense counsel requested no
such instruction. Under these circumstances, the state court’s
finding that trial counsel was not deficient was unreasonable.
26 No. 15‐1933
2. Comments Regarding Victim Impact
Also during voir dire, the prosecutor told potential jurors
that the victim’s family wanted Baer to be given the death
penalty. Prosecutor Cummings told the jury:
[Y]our [sic] the ones sitting here in this seat who have
this man’s life in their hand and they have to be the one
who makes a decision. I know he should be executed
but I don’t want to be the one that has to do that. If
everyone felt that way, then this family is not gonna
receive justice that the law entitles them to.
(Tr. 379.) He also stated:
It’s not just the life. It’s the family that was left be‐
hind … who no longer have a wife and a four‐year‐old
child and you’re gonna see those people in the court‐
room throughout this entire trial and they’re here seek‐
ing justice and the[y] believe that’s the death penalty.
(Tr. 405.) Again, he told prospective jurors
It’s serious for everyone and it’s serious for the com‐
munity to receive justice for a person who commits a
crime like this in our community. For this man and for
his family and for the man and the child who survives
these horrible crimes. They’re going to want justice
don’t you think?
(Tr. 766.) After yet another mention of the victim’s family,
Baer’s trial counsel asked for a bench conference, in the fol‐
lowing sequence:
Mr. Cummings: But you are going to be standing in for
the people of our community, and they’re going to ask
you to take this very seriously. Not just because of him,
No. 15‐1933 27
and it’s very important for our system to take this very
seriously, but what about you know the husband and
the other child, or the woman and her child that were
murdered and their family and everyone in the com‐
munity. Justice …
Mr. Williams: Your Honor may we approach?
[At bench conference:]
Mr. Williams: Judge, he’s come close a few times …
He’s come close a few times, Judge, to Mr. Cummings
arguing victim impact. Now we’re there. Because of
that, we’re asking for a mistrial. Indiana law is clear
that you cannot argue victim impact. During the situa‐
tion like this, he’s come close a few times.
Judge: I got to tell you the truth, I wasn’t listening to
what Rodney said. I don’t know about it in terms of
jury selection. You can argue victim impact in the trial,
but I don’t know about jury selection, but you’re risk‐
ing …
Mr. Williams: The record is clear … well, I want the
record to be clear that we’re asking for a mistrial at this
point based upon he’s come close a few times, but now
say you need to consider the impact on the husband,
the other child, that is victim … that is nothing but a
victim impact argument. Because of that, we’re asking
for a mistrial.
Judge: I don’t think it’s a mistrial, but you need to clean
it up and say I misspoke. I the Judge instructs you, you
will follow the instructions.
(Tr. 801–02.) No “clean up” was made, though the prosecutor
28 No. 15‐1933
generally adhered to the judge’s warning and stopped refer‐
ring to the victims’ family’s desired punishment. However, at
closing of the penalty phase, the prosecutor again argued,
“We would not be here if that’s not what the Clarks wanted.”
Again, Baer’s trial counsel did not object. Baer now argues
that his trial counsel’s persistent failure to object constituted
deficient performance. We agree.
In Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 830 n.2 (1991), the Su‐
preme Court held that the Eighth Amendment does not re‐
quire a complete ban on victim evidence, but upheld that “ad‐
mission of a victim’s family members’ characterizations and
opinions about the crime, the defendant, and the appropriate
sentence violates the Eighth Amendment.”5 See also Bosse v.
Oklahoma, 137 S. Ct. 1, 2 (2016) (per curiam). Cummings’s
comments here, informing the jury what the victims’ family
thought the appropriate penalty was for “justice” were there‐
fore made in violation of the law. The law permits some forms
of “victim impact evidence” in both Indiana and federal law,
but the statements made by the prosecutor here, made with‐
out support and well before the jury was to consider an ap‐
propriate penalty, were not permissible. See Payne, 501 U.S. at
809 (holding that a state may conclude that a jury should have
access to properly admitted victim impact evidence at the sen‐
tencing phase); see also Bivins, 642 N.E.2d at 955–57 (holding
5 Baer incorrectly argues that victim impact evidence is per se inadmis‐
sible, citing Booth v. Maryland, 482 U.S. 496 (1987) and Bivins v. State, 642
N.E.2d 928 (Ind. 1994). He relies heavily on the Supreme Court’s analysis
in Booth, and quotes that victim impact statements “can serve no other
purpose than to inflame the jury and divert it from deciding the case on
any relevant evidence concerning the crime and the defendant.” 482 U.S
at 508. However, Booth was modified, and greatly limited, by Payne, 501
U.S. 808.
No. 15‐1933 29
victim impact evidence is inadmissible in Indiana unless it is
relevant to an issue properly before the court). Cummings’s
comments were made without any admissible evidence and
were made well before the penalty phase. His assertions that
the Clark family wanted the death penalty were highly objec‐
tionable and could not be considered properly admitted evi‐
dence. Yet, trial counsel failed to object.
The Indiana Supreme Court acknowledged that the pros‐
ecutor’s comments were problematic. In addressing Baer’s ar‐
guments for ineffective assistance of counsel and the prosecu‐
tor’s victim impact statements the state court found “[i]nap‐
propriate though these comments may have been, we do not
think they rendered Baerʹs trial fundamentally unfair.” Baer
II, 942 N.E.2d at 102. We agree that Cummings’s remarks were
inappropriate. It follows that defense counsel’s failure to ob‐
ject to these improper statements on the record was deficient.
The state court also concluded, “[t]he prosecutor then told the
jury he misspoke. This is the sort of rebuke to the prosecutor
that the defense counsel likely found helpful.” Id. This finding
is not supported by the record. In fact, Cummings never told
the jury he misspoke and no “rebuke” was given. Accord‐
ingly, no follow up statement by the prosecutor or the judge
remedied the prosecutor’s victim impact comments or allevi‐
ated defense counsel’s deficiency for failing to make an objec‐
tion before the jury.
As to the state court’s conclusory statement that prosecu‐
torial comments regarding the victims’ family’s desired pun‐
ishment did not render Baer’s trial fundamentally unfair, we
cannot consider these statements in isolation. While these
comments alone might not have rendered Baer’s trial funda‐
mentally unfair, they constituted a piece of a broader pattern
30 No. 15‐1933
of problematic prosecutorial comments. We also note that the
trial judge’s comment (“I got to tell you the truth, I wasn’t lis‐
tening to what Rodney said.”) exposes another issue that
seems to have infected Baer’s trial. The record reflects that the
trial judge missed numerous opportunities to stop or clarify
the prosecutor’s statements and his absence was noticeable
throughout trial.
3. Personal Opinions & Facts Not in Evidence
Baer argues that from early in the trial Prosecutor Cum‐
mings also began a pattern of introducing facts not in evi‐
dence, which directed jurors toward a recommendation of the
death penalty. This included introducing insecurity in life
without parole sentences. For example, in voir dire, Cum‐
mings addressed questions about whether or not life without
parole may result in probation or release:
Mr. Cummings: The state of the Law in Indiana right
now is life without parole means life without pa‐
role … That does not mean it’s not going to chance
[sic]. Hardly a year doesn’t go by where there isn’t a
bill in the legislature that is … that wants to change the
law and allow parole at some point after so many
years. No one in this room is not going to be able to tell
you that’s not going to change. What they’re going to
do is ask you to do is at least consider something other
than life without parole, other than the death penalty,
and you should consider it.
Tr. 920. There is nothing in the record that supported Cum‐
mings’s statement that: “Hardly a year doesn’t go by where
there isn’t a bill in the legislature that is … that wants to
change the law and allow parole at some point after so many
No. 15‐1933 31
years.” The law in Indiana was clear that life without parole
does not permit parole, ever. There was no reason for specu‐
lation about the future of the law.
Later, at the penalty phase of Baer’s trial, Cummings made
multiple comments in closing argument that Baer now main‐
tains were prejudicial, and to which he contends his counsel
should have objected. Specifically, Cummings stated:
[i]n my career in law enforcement in this community,
we have had at least one hundred and twenty‐five
murders … of those … no murder even comes close to
the murders committed by Fredrick Michael Baer. Not
even among the three men who have been sentenced
to death.
He continued, commenting that:
The depravity, the horror, I would challenge you to
think, have you ever heard of a murder you’ve heard
in the news or seen in the news that was more heinous
and more deserving of the death penalty than this case.
You might say 9/11 because of the 3,000 or so people
that died there. Maybe the Oklahoma City bombing
because of the numbers. But think about the violence,
the horrific nature of this crime …
(Tr. 2513–14.)
Cummings then recounted the murders in graphic detail
and told the jury that Baer was using “the abuse excuse,” and
that Cummings’s childhood was worse than Baer’s child‐
hood:
My mother is not here. She was a prostitute who died
of a drug overdose. I got convicted of a felony when I
32 No. 15‐1933
was eighteen and spent time in jail, and I had a worse
childhood than he did. Maybe that’s why I say, “Suck
it up.” If you lived in this community, you would
know that because people back there already know it.
I had a tougher childhood than he did, and I somehow
managed to become a lawyer and got elected prosecu‐
tor in this community three times now. And me and
some other people who overcome tough circumstances
like that get sick to our stomach when people like that
sit around and cry about how tough they had it …
(Tr. 2548–49.)
Finally, Cummings urged the jury to vote for the death
penalty to justify the money that was being spent on the trial:
We are not anxious to file the death penalty … the cost
is unbelievable. Who knows what it’s going to cost our
community. Probably a half a million dollars. We’ve
got people laid off. It’s not something you do haphaz‐
ardly. It’s something you do to seek justice in a com‐
munity.
(Tr. 2551.)
Baer argues now, and argued before the state court, that
these arguments went unchallenged by his trial counsel and
were not cogently argued on appeal, which demonstrates his
counsel’s professional deficiency. The state court rejected
Baer’s claim, and determined that the prosecutor’s arguments
were unobjectionable because defense counsel introduced the
topics. Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 102.
Defense counsel did mention that Baer’s crime wasn’t the
“worst of the worst,” that they had positive childhood up‐
bringings that put them in a better position to make good
No. 15‐1933 33
choices than Baer, and that the death penalty was an unnec‐
essary financial burden on the state. However, just because
defense counsel cracked open the door to these subjects, it did
not permit the prosecutor to drive a truck through it. The se‐
ditious and specific comments about the prosecutor’s own
mother, the community’s layoffs, and 9/11 were all not hard
blows, but beyond the pale foul ones. See United States v.
Young, 470 U.S. 1, 7 (1985). “The kind of advocacy shown by
this record has no place in the administration of justice and
should neither be permitted nor rewarded.” Id. at 9. The un‐
supported details about Prosecutor Cummings’s personal
history were unnecessarily provocative and highly improper.
We find it was unreasonable for Baer’s trial counsel not to ob‐
ject.
4. Cumulative Prejudice
The Indiana Supreme Court held that, after analyzing each
of Baer’s raised challenges to his counsel’s performance, that
the prosecutor’s comments “did not affect the outcome of
Baer’s trial.” Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 103. We find that the Indi‐
ana Supreme Court’s conclusion was unreasonable under
Strickland because the state court failed to analyze the aggre‐
gate prejudice of Prosecutor Cummings’s improper com‐
ments, and looking at the cumulative effect of these com‐
ments it was unreasonable to conclude that Baer’s case did
not suffer prejudice. The prosecutor’s misleading and prob‐
lematic statements were consistent and extensive, so finding
prejudice is not “one of several equally plausible outcomes,”
but it is nearly impossible that the comments did not impact
the juror’s decision to recommend the death penalty. See Hall
v. Washington, 106 F.3d 742, 749 (7th Cir. 1997) (“Congress
would not have used the word ‘unreasonable’ if it really
34 No. 15‐1933
meant that federal courts were to defer in all cases to the state
courtʹs decision.”); see also Martin v. Grosshans, 424 F.3d 588,
591 (7th Cir. 2005).
Under Indiana law, an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim can be dismissed easily upon the prejudice prong and
the court may do so without addressing whether counsel’s
performance was deficient. See Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 91 (citing
Wentz v. State, 766 N.E.2d 351 (Ind. 2002)). The Indiana Su‐
preme Court based its rejection of Baer’s ineffective assistance
of counsel claims largely on Baer’s alleged failure to show
prejudice. Id. So, the reasonableness of the state court’s hold‐
ing on prejudice is the heart of its denial of Baer’s claims.
“The well‐settled standard of review [is] that we are to
consider the prosecutor’s conduct not in isolation, but in the
context of the trial as a whole, to determine if such conduct
was ‘so inflammatory and prejudicial to the defendant … as
to deprive him of a fair trial.’” United States v. Chaimson, 760
F.2d 798, 809 (7th Cir. 1985) (quoting United States v. Zylstra,
713 F.2d 1332, 1339 (7th Cir. 1983)). The state court stated
simply that it reviewed prejudice “taken in the aggregate.”
Baer II, 942 N.E.2d at 102. But, analysis of the opinion does not
support its conclusion. While the state court underwent a
lengthy analysis on several of the categories of prosecutorial
misstatements for Baer’s counsel’s deficiency, there was no
analysis on the cumulative impact of all of these comments.
Instead, the state court’s pithy analysis on prejudice states
only that “these comments did not affect the outcome of
Baer’s trial.” Id. at 103. There was no further reasoning or ex‐
planation.
Cummings’s misstatements were prolific and harmful to
Baer’s case, yet Baer’s trial counsel failed to object at every
No. 15‐1933 35
opportunity. Cummings’s comments began in voir dire,
where his comments conditioned jurors to believe that Baer
was a liar, that mental illness was a “copout” and “defense,”
that Baer should not receive a GBMI conviction because he
appreciated the wrongfulness of his actions (improperly us‐
ing the insanity defense standard), life without parole was at
a high risk of providing release, and the Clark family wanted
a death sentence. All these comments were made before the
jury heard any evidence in Baer’s case. Then, at the close of
the penalty phase, Cummings again injected inflammatory
comments and facts not in evidence, including remarks about
Cummings’s mother’s prostitution, people being laid off to af‐
ford the state’s pursuit of the death penalty, and Baer’s crime
being worse than any of the prior 125 murders Cummings
had heard of in his career in law enforcement. Each of these
comments made by Cummings carried the weight and au‐
thority of the state.
Like the state court, we cannot say with surety that had
Cummings refrained from injecting inflammatory, incorrect,
and unsupported statements into this trial, Baer would not be
on death row. We acknowledge that this is not a case where
the defendant is sympathetic or a case where the defendant’s
guilt is uncertain. This makes finding prejudice less intuitive.
But, “a defendant need not show that counsel’s deficient con‐
duct more likely than not altered the outcome in the case.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693. The standard for prejudice is “that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counselʹs unpro‐
fessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. at 694. The taint
of the prosecutor’s comments here infected the entire trial,
and erodes confidence in the outcome of this case.
36 No. 15‐1933
The state court was unreasonable to determine otherwise.
The cumulative effect of the prosecutor’s remarks likely
hampered the jurors’ ability to decide dispassionately
whether Baer should receive a term of years or life without
parole rather than a death sentence, or to even trust that life
without parole would remain a barrier to Baer’s reentry into
society. Further, suggesting that Baer might serve less than
the entirety of his life in prison if sentenced to life without
parole, as Cummings did by saying legislation was proposed
almost yearly to permit release, provided the jury with the
belief that Baer could be released on parole if he were not
executed. “To the extent this misunderstanding pervaded the
jury’s deliberations, it had the effect of creating a false choice
between sentencing [him] to death and sentencing him to a
limited period of incarceration.” Simmons v. South Carolina,
512 U.S. 154, 161–62, 164 (1994) (plurality opinion) (reversing
death sentence and remanding for further proceedings
because this “grievous misperception” “cannot be reconciled
with our well‐established precedents interpreting the Due
Process Clause”).
Can we be certain that Baer would not have been sen‐
tenced to death if given a fair trial and effective counsel? No.
But, it is “reasonably likely” that without the prosecutor’s in‐
jection of impermissible statements and incorrect law the ju‐
rors would not have recommended death. See Strickland, 466
U.S. at 696 (“[A] court making the prejudice inquiry must ask
if the defendant has met the burden of showing that the deci‐
sion reached would reasonably likely have been different ab‐
sent the errors.” (emphasis added)). Our confidence in the
outcome of Baer’s sentencing proceedings was undermined
by the prejudicial prosecutorial comments throughout Baer’s
No. 15‐1933 37
trial. Because Baer’s counsel failed to object to these com‐
ments, and to the misleading jury instructions, Baer was de‐
nied a fair trial and was prejudiced by his counsel’s unprofes‐
sional errors.
III. CONCLUSION
We REVERSE the district court’s denial of Baer’s petition for
a writ of habeas corpus with regard to the penalty phase of
the trial. Baer’s convictions stand.