COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Decker and O’Brien
Argued by teleconference
UNPUBLISHED
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 1376-17-1 JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER
JANUARY 30, 2018
LINWOOD LESTER RIVERA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
Bruce H. Kushner, Judge Designate
Elizabeth Kiernan Fitzgerald, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellant.
Floyd J. Oliver, Assistant Public Defender, for appellee.
Linwood Lester Rivera (the defendant) was indicted for possession of a firearm by a
convicted felon in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2. The defendant filed a pre-trial motion to
suppress evidence, which he alleged was obtained during an unlawful search. The circuit court
granted the motion and suppressed the evidence. Pursuant to Code §§ 19.2-398 and -400, the
Commonwealth appeals that pre-trial ruling. We hold that the record, viewed under the appropriate
legal standard, supports the conclusion that the traffic stop was extended in contravention of the
Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Consequently, we affirm the circuit court’s
suppression of the evidence obtained as a result of that seizure, and we remand the case for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
I. BACKGROUND1
On March 4, 2017, Officer R.J. Sawatzke, Jr., with the City of Chesapeake Police
Department, was on patrol when he saw a van that did not have “any functioning tag lights,” the
lights that illuminate the license plates. The officer attempted to initiate a traffic stop, but the van
continued to travel on about a quarter of a mile, crossing from Chesapeake into the City of
Portsmouth, where it pulled into a gas station and stopped. Officer Sawatzke approached the van
and explained to the defendant, who was the driver, the reason for the stop. The officer asked him
for his driver’s license. The defendant said that he “didn’t have it on him” and admitted that he
owed “several fines.”
Officer Sawatzke returned to his police car and entered the information into his computer in
order to check the defendant’s driving status. The officer learned that the defendant’s license was
suspended and he had two previous convictions for driving on a suspended license. There were no
outstanding warrants for the defendant’s arrest. Based on this information, Sawatzke remained in
his police car and began writing a summons for driving on a suspended license. As he wrote the
summons, Portsmouth police officers, including a “K-9 unit,” arrived on the scene. At this time,
Sawatzke also learned that the Portsmouth officers had additional information about the defendant’s
criminal history.
While continuing to process the summons, Officer Sawatzke decided to ask the K-9 officer
to circle the van with his dog. Once the summons was completed, Sawatzke “walked back to the
K-9 officer and requested the open-air sniff.” He then proceeded to the other Portsmouth officers,
1
On review of a ruling on a motion to suppress, this Court views the evidence in the light
most favorable to the party who prevailed below, in this case the defendant. See Commonwealth
v. Smith, 281 Va. 582, 588, 709 S.E.2d 139, 141 (2011); Commonwealth v. Peterson, 15
Va. App. 486, 487, 424 S.E.2d 722, 723 (1992). This Court is “bound by the trial court’s
findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them.” McGee
v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc).
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asked about the defendant’s criminal history, and learned that he had a history of violent crime.2
According to Sawatzke, once he learned of the defendant’s criminal history, it highlighted his
concern that the defendant had not immediately stopped his vehicle when directed to do so.
However, the officer was not able to articulate any more specific concern or suspicion of criminal
activity. He also admitted that the location where he initially activated his emergency lights was
dark and the gas station where the defendant stopped was well lit.
Officer Sawatzke and the Portsmouth K-9 officer went over to the defendant’s van. The
defendant got out of the vehicle without being told to do so. Consistent with police department
policy, the K-9 officer explained what he was going to do with the dog. The defendant “became
agitated” and asked why they “were doing all this.” Sawatzke patted him down for weapons.
Another police officer asked the defendant about “his intoxication level.” Officer Sawatzke then
attempted to explain the summons to the defendant. During this conversation, the dog conducted
the open-air sniff around the van. The dog “alerted to” the van, and at that point the defendant was
independently “detained” for a different suspected crime.3 The police searched the van and found a
.38 caliber revolver.
In the defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence found in the van, he argued that the
detention to conduct the dog sniff violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment by extending
the duration of the traffic stop in contravention of the decision of the Supreme Court of the
United States in Rodriguez v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1609 (2015). The prosecutor noted that
Rodriguez provides that “the authority for [the] seizure ends when tasks tied to the traffic
2
The Portsmouth police had information in their database that was not available to
Chesapeake. Officer Sawatzke testified that it is important for officer safety to know as much as
possible about the subject of a traffic stop, including any history of violence.
3
The video from the officer’s body camera was admitted into evidence and provided
precise times associated with different aspects of the encounter. The officer narrated and
answered questions in association with the footage.
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infraction are or reasonably should have been completed” and argued that Officer Sawatzke
addressed the traffic stop the entire time. The circuit court granted the motion to suppress.
II. ANALYSIS
The Commonwealth challenges the circuit court’s ruling granting the defendant’s motion to
suppress the evidence. It argues that the court erred by granting the motion based on a lack of
evidence concerning the training and reliability of the police dog because that was not an issue
litigated by the parties. Alternatively, the Commonwealth argues that the police use of the K-9 did
not extend the detention beyond the permissible purposes of the traffic stop.
A. Basis for Circuit Court Order
The Commonwealth argues that the court based its ruling on an issue that was not
properly before it. The Attorney General suggests that the circuit court did not rule on the
Rodriguez issue that was raised in the defendant’s motion and argued by the parties. We
disagree.
In the motion to suppress, the defendant argued that the dog sniff was part of a separate
investigation from the traffic stop and was conducted in a manner that extended the stop without
a reasonable, articulable suspicion of an independent crime. He relied on the video to support his
argument that the extended stop and K-9 open-air sniff violated the mandates of Rodriguez. The
defendant suggested that once Officer Sawatzke finished writing the summons, he was required
to proceed directly to the defendant and issue it. Instead, Sawatzke approached the Portsmouth
officers and asked for the K-9. Defense counsel also suggested that any safety concerns based
on the defendant’s criminal history were not related to the traffic stop.
The prosecutor countered that the circuit court was required to conduct a “reasonableness
analysis of the traffic stop” to determine whether the request for the K-9 and the execution of the
open-air sniff fell outside the tasks associated with the traffic stop. The prosecutor suggested
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that during the entire time, Officer Sawatzke was engaged in activities associated with the traffic
stop and processing the summons for the offense. He pointed out that a police dog was already
present as the summons was being processed and Sawatzke took less than a minute to speak with
the other officers about the additional criminal information and the request for the dog sniff.
Relying in part on the video from the officer’s body camera, the prosecutor recounted the events
that followed, including the various brief discussions with the defendant as the K-9 circled the
van. The prosecutor suggested based on the video that there was no point in time during which
Officer Sawatzke was not “addressing the traffic stop.” He argued that the stop was not
extended by the officer’s questions or actions and thus did not violate Rodriguez. The prosecutor
asserted that Matthews v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 334, 778 S.E.2d 122 (2015), was not
controlling because in that case, the police officer asked questions unrelated to the purpose of the
stop.
It is safe to say that based on this record, the Rodriguez challenge was squarely before the
circuit court. At that point, after hearing argument, the court took a recess to review the
Rodriguez opinion. Upon reconvening, it noted that the Supreme Court held in Rodriguez that
the driver’s Fourth Amendment rights were violated when the traffic stop was extended in order
for law enforcement to conduct a “dog search.” The court also discussed K-9 alerts in general,
stating in part, “[T]he fact that the dog[] alerted could be used as a way to justify a search when
there was, in fact, no alert, and I don’t want to suggest that that occurred [here], but the issue
certainly arises that it could be used as a ploy by overzealous law enforcement officers.” The
court further observed that “the Supreme Court has ruled on this exact issue,” but the court
opined that it “[did not] think that’s the case at all [here].” Ultimately, the court ruled, “I find
[the defendant’s] motion is well-founded, and I am going to sustain his motion . . . to suppress.”
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The Commonwealth filed a motion to reconsider the ruling. In its motion, the
Commonwealth noted that the motion to suppress the evidence was based entirely on application
of Rodriguez and the contention that the traffic stop was unreasonably extended to allow for a
K-9 open-air sniff of the van. The prosecutor referenced the related testimony of Officer
Sawatzke and the Portsmouth K-9 officer. He specifically suggested that “the Commonwealth
understood the [c]ourt to [have found] that the officers [did] not act[] improperly in this
investigation” and did “not unreasonably extend[] the encounter to perform a K9 sniff” in
contravention of Rodriguez. According to the prosecutor, the circuit court’s comments on the
record made clear that it “rul[ed] that the search was illegal because, based on the K9 alert,
officers would presumably be looking for narcotics[] but no narcotics were located.” Ultimately,
the prosecutor asked for the opportunity to provide evidence regarding the training, experience,
and reliability of the narcotics detection dog because “the [c]ourt ha[d] raised the issue.” In a
proposed order, the Commonwealth also requested, among other things, that if the court denied
the motion for an additional hearing, it enter a written order reflecting its ruling from the
suppression hearing.
The court did not conduct an additional hearing but entered the Commonwealth’s
proposed order on August 10, 2017. Shortly thereafter, it entered an additional order, stating
only, “After hearing evidence and argument of counsel, the [c]ourt granted the defendant’s
motion to suppress on all grounds, for the reasons stated on the record.”
We do not interpret the circuit court’s ruling in the manner suggested by the
Commonwealth. Rather, the circuit court’s ruling was based on the only issue presented in the
motion to suppress and litigated by the parties—whether the police officer impermissibly
extended the traffic stop in violation of the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights pursuant to
Rodriguez. See generally Grinton v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 846, 850, 419 S.E.2d 860,
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862 (1992) (rejecting the parties’ shared interpretation of the trial court’s bench ruling). The
Rodriguez issue was squarely before the court. The circuit court took a recess in order to review
the opinion. The judge explained that the defendant’s motion to suppress, which was based on
Rodriguez, was “well-founded” and granted the motion. If the judge’s initial explanation left
any question regarding the basis for the ruling, that basis was further clarified by what followed.
The prosecutor filed a motion to reconsider asking for the opportunity to present evidence on the
factual question of the dog’s training and reliability. The circuit court declined to hear additional
evidence on that point, and instead it reiterated that the motion was granted for the reasons stated
on the record. It is entirely possible that in addition to granting the motion to suppress, which
focused on the Rodriguez analysis, the court was also concerned about the training and
qualifications of the police dog. However, any such concern does not undercut the fact that it
ruled on the motion, evidence, and argument before it. The record reflects that the circuit court
granted the motion on the basis presented by the defendant in that motion, concluding that the
investigating police officer unconstitutionally extended the traffic stop in order to conduct the
dog sniff.
B. Extension of Traffic Stop
The Commonwealth alternatively challenges the circuit court’s ruling granting the
defendant’s motion to suppress based on violation of the tenets established in Rodriguez.
Specifically, the Commonwealth suggests that the traffic stop was not impermissibly extended
under the Fourth Amendment and that Officer Sawatzke continuously pursued the purpose of the
traffic stop simultaneously with the dog sniff.4
4
The Commonwealth’s assignments of error also encompass the trial court’s application
of the exclusionary rule. However, the Commonwealth does not address the issue in the
argument portion of its brief, thus abandoning the point. See Rule 5A:20(e).
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On appeal of an order granting a defendant’s motion to suppress, the Commonwealth has
the burden to show that the ruling constituted reversible error. See Murphy v. Commonwealth, 264
Va. 568, 573, 570 S.E.2d 836, 838 (2002). Whether a warrantless seizure violated the Fourth
Amendment presents a mixed question of law and fact. Jones v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 521, 527,
690 S.E.2d 95, 99 (2010). The appellate court is bound by the circuit court’s findings of fact unless
“plainly wrong or without evidence to support them.” Gregory v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 87,
93, 764 S.E.2d 732, 735 (2014) (citing Code § 8.01-680). Further, we “give due weight to the
inferences drawn from those facts” by the trial judge and law enforcement. McGee v.
Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc). However, we
review the circuit court’s application of the law de novo. Commonwealth v. Quarles, 283 Va. 214,
220, 720 S.E.2d 84, 87 (2012); Brooks v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 90, 94-95, 712 S.E.2d 464, 466
(2011).
“[T]he tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop context is determined by the
seizure’s ‘mission’—to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop, and attend to related
safety concerns,” which certainly may include officer safety issues. Rodriguez, 135 S. Ct. at 1614,
1616 (citations omitted). “An officer . . . may conduct certain unrelated checks during an otherwise
lawful traffic stop,” but “he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the [independent]
reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” Id. at 1615; see also
United States v. Hill, 852 F.3d 377, 381-82 (4th Cir. 2017) (“[A]n officer need not employ ‘the
least intrusive means conceivable’ in executing a stop, but he still must be reasonably diligent
and must use ‘the least intrusive means reasonably available.’” (quoting United States v. Palmer,
820 F.3d 640, 649 (4th Cir. 2016))). This Court, interpreting Rodriguez, has concluded that, “the
Supreme Court specifically rejected” the concept that “a de minimis” delay or extension of a stop
did not violate a citizen’s constitutional rights. Matthews, 65 Va. App. at 345, 778 S.E.2d at
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128. “The critical question, then, is not whether the dog sniff occurs before or after the officer
issues a ticket, . . . but whether conducting the sniff ‘prolongs’—i.e., adds time to—‘the stop.’”
Rodriguez, 135 S. Ct. at 1615; see also Hill, 852 F.3d at 382 (holding that a dog sniff is permitted
during a traffic stop unless it “prolong[s] the duration of the traffic stop” without “consent of those
detained or [independent] reasonable suspicion of criminal activity”).
Contrary to the appellee’s suggestion at oral argument, a police officer’s “safety interest
stems from the mission of the stop itself.” Rodriguez, 135 S. Ct. at 1616. Consequently, “an officer
may need to take certain negligibly burdensome precautions in order to complete his mission
safely.” Id.; see also Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 331 (2009) (“[T]he risk of a violent
encounter in a traffic-stop setting ‘stems not from the ordinary reaction of a motorist stopped . . . ,
but from the fact that evidence of a more serious crime might be uncovered during the stop.”
(quoting Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 414 (1996))); Kidd v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App.
433, 444, 565 S.E.2d 337, 342 (2002) (noting that during a lawful detention, a law enforcement
officer “is ‘authorized to take such steps as [are] reasonably necessary to protect [his and others’]
personal safety’” (alterations in original) (quoting Welshman v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 20,
34, 502 S.E.2d 122, 128-29 (1998) (en banc))). Rodriguez does not alter this important point.
135 S. Ct. at 1614.
Here, the key question under Rodriguez is whether the evidence, viewed in the light most
favorable to the defendant, as the prevailing party below, establishes that the traffic stop was
prolonged in any way in order to conduct the dog sniff, which is not something that is
part-and-parcel to the traffic stop itself. See Matthews, 65 Va. App. at 345, 778 S.E.2d at 128.
The defendant does not dispute that the stop and seizure for defective license plate lights was
lawful. He challenges only what took place after the officer completed the summons.
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The facts relating to the summons and the processing of it are critical to the analysis.
Officer Sawatzke went back to his police car and entered the information provided by the defendant
into his computer in order to check the defendant’s driving status. He learned that the defendant’s
license was suspended and he had two previous convictions for driving on a suspended license.
There were no outstanding warrants for the defendant’s arrest. Based on this information, Sawatzke
remained in his police car and began completing a summons. Another police officer informed
Sawatzke that officers from Portsmouth had arrived, including a K-9 unit, and that these officers
had more information about the defendant’s criminal history, including a carjacking.
While continuing to process the summons, Officer Sawatzke decided to have the K-9 officer
run his dog around the van. Nevertheless, he did not request that the officer do so while he was
completing the summons.5 It was only after the summons was completed that Sawatzke “walked
back to the K-9 officer and requested the open-air sniff,” instead of proceeding to the van to issue
the ticket. While he was with other officers, they provided Sawatzke with additional information
they had about the defendant, which included that he had a history of violent crime.
Manifestly, Sawatzke’s decision to confer briefly with the other police officers to learn more
about the defendant’s criminal history before reapproaching him was in accordance with
maintaining officer safety during the stop. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 281 Va. 582, 591, 709
S.E.2d 139, 143 (2011) (holding that a police officer’s knowledge during a traffic stop of the
driver’s prior criminal history was relevant to “determining whether the officer had reasonable
suspicion to conduct a pat down for his or her safety”). The Rodriguez concern does not arise in
this case as a result of the additional inquiry regarding the defendant’s criminal history but,
instead, from the timing of the request for the police dog and its use in the context of the facts of
this case.
5
It took about nine minutes to compile the necessary information for the summons.
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When Officer Sawatzke and the K-9 officer went over to the defendant’s van, the defendant
got out of the vehicle. But Sawatzke did not proceed to issue the summons. Instead, the K-9 officer
explained what he was going to do with the dog, which lasted seven seconds. Officer Sawatzke
then patted the defendant down for weapons. The defendant stated that he “didn’t do nothing.” In
response, Sawatzke explained:
[The officer is] just going to walk around with the dog. This is your
third offense driving on a suspended license . . . . I tried to stop you a
mile down the road and you came down all the way down here
before you stopped. There was like four or five roads right there you
could have stopped at.
The defendant then initiated a discussion about why he was stopped. During this conversation, the
dog alerted on the van and at that point the defendant was “detained” for a separate suspected
offense. All of these events occurred before Officer Sawatzke finished processing the summons and
obtained the defendant’s signature on it as required by statute. See Code § 46.2-945.6
The facts in the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, support the
circuit court’s finding that the police K-9 investigation extended the stop, however briefly.7 See
6
At the time of the offense, the Code required the motorist’s “written promise” to comply
with the citation. See 1989 Va. Acts ch. 727. A subsequent statutory amendment is not
applicable to this case. See 2017 Va. Acts ch. 164 (amending the statute without specifying an
effective date); Code § 1-214 (providing that the default effective date of an amendment is “the
first day of July” following the legislative session).
7
In granting the motion to suppress, the circuit court implicitly found that Officer Sawatzke
impermissibly extended the traffic stop in order to run the dog around the van, presumably to
investigate an unrelated matter. See, e.g., Groves v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 57, 61-65, 646
S.E.2d 28, 30 (2007) (noting that a “judge is presumed to know the law and to apply it correctly
in each case” (quoting Crest v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 165, 172 n.3, 578 S.E.2d 88, 91 n.3
(2003))). See generally Henderson v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 318, 326, 736 S.E.2d 901, 905
(2013) (inferring a circuit court finding based on its ruling); Vinson v. Commonwealth, 258 Va.
459, 467, 522 S.E.2d 170, 175 (1999) (recognizing a circuit court’s holding that was implied by
its ruling). There is no suggestion in the record of bad faith on the part of the officers. However,
a well-intentioned officer may still unlawfully extend a traffic stop in violation of Rodriguez.
See generally Matthews, 65 Va. App. at 353, 778 S.E.2d at 132 (holding that the “officers acted
in good faith” in unconstitutionally delaying the completion of a pre-Rodriguez traffic stop).
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United States v. Cornejo, 196 F. Supp. 3d 1137, 1152 (E. D. Cal. 2016) (holding that the traffic stop
became unlawful after one police officer “retained” the completed “citation . . . for another
minute-and-a-half while he waited for” a second officer “to finish walking his dog around the car”);
People v. Pulling, 34 N.E.3d 1198, 1201 (Ill. App. Ct. 2015) (holding that the police officer
“unlawfully prolonged the duration of the stop when he interrupted his traffic citation preparation to
conduct a free-air sniff based on an unparticularized suspicion of criminal activity”). Sawatzke
waited until after he wrote the summons to ask the K-9 officer to conduct the open-air dog sniff.
When Sawatzke and the other officer approached the defendant with the summons and the dog,
rather than handing him the completed summons and obtaining his signature, they informed him
that the dog would do an open-air sniff around his car and explained the procedure. This interaction
was not in furtherance of the purposes of the traffic stop or the accompanying concern of officer
safety. Consequently, “conducting the sniff . . . add[ed] time” to the stop.8 See Rodriguez, 135
S. Ct. at 1616; see also Matthews, 65 Va. App. at 345, 778 S.E.2d at 128 (rejecting the theory
that a de minimus delay in order to pursue an investigation unrelated to the traffic stop is
constitutional).
Thus, the circuit court did not err by granting the motion to suppress.
III. CONCLUSION
We hold that the record, viewed under the appropriate legal standard, supports the circuit
court’s conclusion that the police officer briefly extended the traffic stop in a manner that violated
the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights. Consequently, we affirm the circuit court’s ruling
8
Notably and correctly, the Commonwealth does not suggest in its brief that an
independent reasonable suspicion of criminal activity supported any extension of the traffic stop.
See generally Sidney v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 517, 524, 702 S.E.2d 124, 128-29 (2010) (“[I]f
there are articulable facts supporting a reasonable suspicion” of criminal activity,” that person
may be detained “briefly while attempting to obtain additional information.” (quoting Hayes v.
Florida, 470 U.S. 811, 816 (1985))).
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suppressing the challenged evidence, and we remand the case for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
Affirmed and remanded.
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Commonwealth of Virginia v. Linwood Lester Rivera
Combined Opinion