In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
_________________
NO. 09-16-00139-CV
_________________
RHOJO ENTERPRISES, LLC D/B/A ORION RECOVERY, Appellant
V.
ANDREW JAMES STEVENS, Appellee
________________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2
Montgomery County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 15-07-07637-CV
________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
Appellee, Andrew James Stevens (“Stevens”), filed suit against Appellant,
Rhojo Enterprises, LLC d/b/a Orion Recovery (“Orion”).1 Stevens moved for default
judgment as to Orion based upon its failure to answer the lawsuit. Orion filed a
1
Stevens also sued T-Mobile USA, Inc. and Aurora Enterprises, Inc. d/b/a
Aurora Collection Bureau; however, neither of those entities is a party to the present
appeal.
1
Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice and Enter Judgment (“Motion to Dismiss”), pro
se, on October 21, 2015. Following a hearing on October 30, 2015, the trial court
granted Stevens’s motion and entered a Final Judgment in his favor. Orion then filed
this restricted appeal. The issues presented are (1) whether the trial court erred in
failing to recognize Orion’s pro se pleading as a sufficient answer to preclude entry
of default judgment, and (2) whether the trial court erred by not providing Orion
with notice of the default judgment hearing. We sustain the first issue and reverse
the trial court’s judgment.
Background
This case arose out of a dispute over a cell phone service contract Stevens
entered into on a military base while he was on active duty in Germany in September
of 2010. In June of 2011, while still in Germany, Stevens received orders for his
deployment to Afghanistan. Accordingly, Stevens advised the Telekom
representative on base that he was terminating the contract under the Service
Members Civil Relief Act. Stevens testified at the default hearing that they agreed
to cancel the contract.
In January of 2015, Stevens learned that Orion was reporting negative items
on his credit history for collection of the allegedly delinquent cell phone account.
According to Stevens, Orion claimed he never provided proof of his orders, and the
2
contracts were never cancelled. Stevens asserted that his credit score dropped
substantially due to these reports, causing him to incur damages in the form of higher
finance charges on the purchase of a vehicle.
On July 28, 2015, Stevens sued Orion and others for various causes of action
relating to the service contract and debt collection. Stevens attached a sworn
affidavit wherein he disputed the debt and denied he owed anything. He further
alleged the cell phone contract at issue was properly cancelled. Stevens sought actual
damages, pre- and post-judgment interest, court costs, and attorneys’ fees. The
Return of Service indicates that a private process server served Orion with a copy of
the Non-Resident Citation and Plaintiff’s Original Petition by hand-delivery to its
Registered Agent, Roderick E. Schirado, on August 11, 2015.
On October 7, 2015, Stevens filed a Motion for Default Judgment based on
Orion’s failure to answer. With the motion, Stevens attached the Return of Service
and Citation, along with a Certificate of Last Known Address for Orion. On October
7, 2015, Stevens filed a Notice of Oral Hearing concerning the motion, but there is
no Certificate of Service for the Notice in the record. The Notice indicated the
hearing was set for October 30, 2015. On October 21, 2015, Orion filed its Motion
to Dismiss, pro se, signed by Rhonda Schirado, as owner. That document contained
the style of the case, the names of the parties, and the trial court. It also included
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denials of the allegations contained in Stevens’s petition, as well as affirmative
claims regarding the validity of Stevens’s debt. The motion contained a certificate
of service asserting that such motion was served on Stevens’s attorney by facsimile
on October 21, 2015.
On October 30, 2015, the trial court held the hearing on Stevens’s Motion for
Default Judgment. Orion did not appear, by representative or through counsel.
Stevens presented evidence regarding his claims and damages. Without any mention
of the pleading filed by Orion, the court granted the Motion for Default Judgment
and awarded damages, attorneys’ fees, pre- and post-judgment interest, and costs of
court. A Final Judgment was entered on November 16, 2015. This restricted appeal
ensued.
Standard of Review
To prevail on its restricted appeal, Orion must prove that: (1) it filed its
restricted appeal within six months after the judgment was signed; (2) it was a party
to the underlying lawsuit; (3) it did not participate in the hearing that resulted in the
judgment complained of and did not timely file any post-judgment motions or
requests for findings of fact and conclusions of law; and (4) error is apparent on the
4
face of the record.2 See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(c), 30; Alexander v. Lynda’s Boutique,
134 S.W.3d 845, 848 (Tex. 2004); Gold v. Gold, 145 S.W.3d 212, 213 (Tex. 2004);
Quaestor Invs., Inc. v. State of Chiapas, 997 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1999); Gen.
Elec. Co. v. Falcon Ridge Apts., Joint Venture, 811 S.W.2d 942, 943 (Tex. 1991).
Review by restricted appeal affords the appellant the same scope of review as
an ordinary appeal, which is a review of the entire case. Norman Commc’ns v. Tex.
Eastman Co., 955 S.W.2d 269, 270 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam) (writ of error appeal).
Our review is limited to the face of the record, consisting of all documents on file
with the trial court at the time of judgment. Laas v. Williamson, 156 S.W.3d 854,
857 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2005, no pet.). Conversely, “[e]vidence not before the
trial court prior to final judgment is beyond the scope of review and may not be
considered.” Id.
In the present case, the trial court entered Final Judgment on November 16,
2015. Orion filed its Notice of Restricted Appeal on April 18, 2016, which was
within the requisite six month time period. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(c), 30. Orion
was also a party to the underlying lawsuit, as evidenced by Stevens’s Original
Petition. Orion did not participate at the hearing on Stevens’s Motion for Default
2
The predecessor to a restricted appeal was a writ of error. See Tex. R. App.
P. 30. Many of the cases discussing the procedure and requirements refer to it as a
writ of error.
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Judgment. On January 22, 2016, sixty-seven days after the Final Judgment was
entered, Orion filed its Motion for New Trial. Thus, the Motion for New Trial was
not timely filed. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a) (requiring a motion for new trial to be
filed within thirty days after the judgment). The only element left to examine is
whether error is apparent on the face of the record.
Analysis
In its first issue, Orion argues the trial court committed error when it failed to
recognize the pro se pleading it filed as an answer. “Texas appellate courts have
been reluctant to uphold default judgments where some response is found in the
record, even if the response is in the form of a letter.” Home Sav. of Am. FSB v.
Harris Cnty. Water Control and Improvement Dist., 928 S.W.2d 217, 218 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ); see also Smith v. Lippmann, 826 S.W.2d
137, 138 (Tex. 1992); Hock v. Salaices, 982 S.W.2d 591, 593 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1998, no pet.); Santex Roofing & Sheet Metal, Inc. v. Venture Steel, Inc.,
737 S.W.2d 55, 56 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1987, no writ). It is well settled that
rendition of a default judgment when there is an answer on file is error. Terehkov v.
Cruz, 648 S.W.2d 441, 442 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1983, no writ); Corsicana
Ready Mix v. Trinity Metroplex Div., Gen., Portland, Inc., 559 S.W.2d 423, 424
(Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1977, no writ); Martinec v. Maneri, 494 S.W.2d 954, 956
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(Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1973, no writ); Stanford v. Lincoln Tank Co., 421
S.W.2d 412, 413 (Tex. Civ. App.—Ft. Worth 1967, no writ). Texas courts generally
go to great lengths to recognize any appearance or response as an answer in order to
prevent inequity or injustice in the context of a default judgment. Hock, 982 S.W.2d
at 593.
Pleadings are to be liberally construed in favor of the pleader. See Stone v.
Lawyers Title Ins. Corp., 554 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. 1977). “Pleadings are sufficient
. . . if they give fair and adequate notice to their adversary.” Id.
In Smith v. Lippmann, the Texas Supreme Court concluded that “a defendant,
who timely files a pro se answer by a signed letter that identifies the parties, the case,
and the defendant’s current address, has sufficiently appeared by answer and
deserves notice of any subsequent proceedings in the case.” 826 S.W.2d at 138; see
also Terehkov, 648 S.W.2d at 442–43 (signed letters to clerk timely acknowledging
receipt of citation sufficed as “pro se answer” to prevent default judgment).
Courts have held that responses by a party that contain some, but not all, of
the elements outlined in Lippmann qualify as an answer. See, e.g., Guadalupe Econ.
Servs. Corp. v. Dehoyos, 183 S.W.3d 712, 717 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.)
(holding that letter failing to state the cause number and the additional defendants
nonetheless provided sufficient information about the case to allow the district
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clerk’s office to identify and file it correctly, and therefore constituted an answer
sufficient to entitle party to notice of proceedings); Harris v. Harris, 850 S.W.2d
241, 242–43 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ) (letter constituted
answer when address was not contained in the body of the letter but was on the
accompanying envelope); Beard v. Uriostegui, 426 S.W.3d 178, 182 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (citing Harris and holding same). In Gales v.
Denis, the appellant acknowledged service of the lawsuit, correctly named most of
the other defendants and one of the plaintiffs, denied the allegations against him,
signed it and had it notarized. 260 S.W.3d 22, 30 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2008, no pet.). Although the appellant’s letter in that case did not contain his address
or telephone number, the court held the letter contained enough of the characteristics
of an answer to justify the trial court’s finding the letter was an answer. Id.
In this case, Orion electronically filed its Motion to Dismiss, pro se, on
October 21, 2015. That pleading contained the proper style of the case, including the
names of the parties and the trial court. It was signed and dated by Orion’s owner,
and contained a Certificate of Service indicating that it was sent to Stevens’s counsel.
It also included denials of the allegations in Stevens’s Original Petition, along with
affirmative claims that Stevens’s debt was properly owed. Prior to e-filing the
document, Orion would be required to register for the court’s electronic filing
8
system. We take judicial notice of the fact that, when registering for the court’s
electronic filing system, a party must provide a current address and email address
where they may receive documents. Accordingly, although Orion’s Motion to
Dismiss does not contain Orion’s current address, we find that, in line with other
similar cases, the filing gave Stevens fair and adequate notice and contained
sufficient information to constitute an answer. See Beard, 426 S.W.3d at 182;
Harris, 850 S.W.2d at 242–43. The answer was on file prior to the hearing on
October 30, 2015, when the trial court granted Stevens’s Motion for Default
Judgment and prior to the entry of Final Judgment signed on November 16, 2015.
Notably, Stevens does not argue on appeal that Orion’s pleading failed to
include adequate notice or contain sufficient information to constitute an answer.
Rather, Stevens’s only argument is that Orion is a corporation and not an individual,
thus an individual filing a Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice on the corporation’s
behalf constitutes the unauthorized practice of law, rendering reliance on such
instrument unlawful. We find this argument unpersuasive. It is generally true that
only a licensed attorney can appear and represent a corporation in litigation. See Tex.
Gov’t Code Ann. § 81.102(a) (West 2013); Kunstoplast of Am., Inc. v. Formosa
Plastics Corp., USA, 937 S.W.2d 455, 456 (Tex. 1996).
However, when considering answers filed by non-attorney corporate
officers, the courts of appeals have “gone to great lengths to excuse
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defects in answers to prevent the entry of default judgments against
parties who have made some attempt, albeit deficient, unconventional,
or flat out forbidden under the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, to
acknowledge that they have received notice of the lawsuit pending
against them.”
Dehoyos, 183 S.W.3d at 716 n.4 (quoting Hock, 982 S.W.2d at 593).
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court’s rendition of default judgment
against Orion when there was an answer on file constitutes error apparent on the face
of the record. We reverse the judgment and remand this cause to the trial court for
further proceedings.3
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
________________________________
CHARLES KREGER
Justice
Submitted on August 14, 2017
Opinion Delivered February 1, 2018
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger, and Johnson, JJ.
3
We need not address Orion’s second issue as it would afford no greater relief.
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1
10
Rhojo Enterprises, LLC D/B/A Orion Recovery v. Andrew James Stevens
Combined Opinion