Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
February 13, 2018
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 49105-2-II
Respondent,
v.
FERNANDO JACA-ORTIZ, Consolidated with:
Appellant.
In re the Matter of the Personal Restraint No. 50181-3-II
of
FERNANDO JACA-ORTIZ, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Petitioner.
SUTTON, J. – Fernando Jaca-Ortiz appeals his jury trial convictions for first degree assault
and second degree assault. He argues that the trial court erred when it refused to instruct the jury
on self-defense or defense of others and that this prejudiced him by violating his due process right
to present a defense. In his consolidated personal restraint petition (PRP), Jaca-Ortiz also argues
that the evidence was insufficient to support the convictions because the DNA evidence taken from
the weapon used in the assaults was inconclusive.1 We hold that the trial court erred when it
1
In his PRP, Jaca-Ortiz also argues that he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel and that
his choice to go to trial and not agree to a guilty plea was impeded because he did not have the
benefit of an interpreter. Because we reverse on other grounds, we do not reach these additional
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No. 50181-3-II
refused to instruct the jury on the defense of others and that this deprived Jaca-Ortiz of his due
process right to present his defense. We further hold that the evidence is sufficient to support the
convictions despite the inconclusive DNA evidence. Accordingly, we reverse the convictions
without prejudice and remand for further proceedings.
FACTS
I. BACKGROUND
On October 12, 2014, Juan Wanderstrand-Ledesma, his then-girlfriend Maria Santa Cruz-
Romero, his cousin Misael Ledesma, and his friend Juventino Alonso Manzano-Quiroz spent the
evening drinking beer and singing karaoke songs at a restaurant that they regularly frequented.
Shortly before closing time, Jaca-Ortiz confronted Juan2 about one of the songs Juan had been
singing, and Juan began arguing with Ciro Aguilar. According to Juan, the argument escalated,
and Aguilar removed his shirt and invited Juan to “go outside.” 1 Jury Trial Proceedings (JTP) at
38.
According to Juan, he, Misael, and Manzano-Quiroz went outside with Aguilar to try to
calm him down. Once outside, Aguilar hit Juan, and Juan struck Aguilar back in self-defense.
Jaca-Ortiz, who had not initially been present when the group went outside, returned
carrying what was characterized as a car jack. When Manzano-Quiroz saw Jaca-Ortiz
issues. We reach Jaca-Ortiz’s sufficiency argument because if it were to be successful, the charges
would be dismissed with prejudice rather than without prejudice. State v. DeVries, 149 Wn.2d
842, 853-54, 72 P.3d 748 (2003).
2
Because Juan Wanderstrand-Ledesma and Misael Ledesma share similar last names, we refer to
them by their first names for clarity, we intent no disrespect.
2
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approaching, he tried to pull Juan from the fight and leave. As Manzano-Quiroz grabbed for Juan,
Jaca-Ortiz struck Manzano-Quiroz in the face, knocking him out. Jaca-Ortiz then struck Juan in
the head with the car jack, also rendering Juan unconscious.
Misael was able to take the car jack from Jaca-Ortiz. Jaca-Ortiz briefly left the area, but
he returned in his truck. Juan’s friends and a waitress from the bar later testified that it appeared
that Jaca-Ortiz was trying to run Juan over with his truck, but Jaca-Ortiz left when the police
arrived.
The police tested the car jack for DNA. This test revealed a mixture of five individuals’
DNA on the car jack. Manzano-Quiroz’s DNA was specifically identified, but the other four
contributors were not discernible.
II. PROCEDURE
The State charged Jaca-Ortiz with the first degree assaults of Juan and Manzano-Quiroz.
The case proceeded to a jury trial.
A. TESTIMONY
Juan; Santa-Cruz Romero; Misael; Manzano-Quiroz; a waitress from the restaurant, Megan
Renee McCall; several law enforcement officers; and three doctors testified for the State. Their
testimony was consistent with the facts above.
Jaca-Ortiz was the only defense witness. Jaca-Ortiz testified that he left the bar about 1:30
AM to start his truck and waited for Aguilar to join him. When Aguilar did not arrive after about
15 minutes, Jaca-Ortiz walked back toward the bar. As he approached, Jaca-Ortiz saw Aguilar
being hit by a group of about five people.
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Jaca-Ortiz testified that when he tried to ask Aguilar what had happened, Misael appeared
and chased him (Jaca-Ortiz) back to his truck. Jaca-Ortiz claimed that after he got into the front
seat of the truck, Misael jumped into the back seat and grabbed the car jack. The two men then
struggled over the car jack, and, after striking Jaca-Ortiz with the car jack, Misael took the car
jack.
Both men returned to the fight. Jaca-Ortiz asserted that Juan and Manzano-Quiroz then
began to hit him with their fists and that Misael hit him (Jaca-Ortiz) with the car jack and threatened
to kill him.
On cross-examination, Jaca-Ortiz denied taking the car jack from his truck or hitting Juan
or Manzano-Quiroz with the car jack. Instead, he asserted that Misael accidentally struck Juan
and Manzano-Quiroz from behind when he (Misael) was trying to hit Jaca-Ortiz.
After Jaca-Ortiz denied assaulting anyone, the State questioned Jaca-Ortiz about his prior
statements in an earlier proceeding suggesting that Jaca-Ortiz had initially planned to claim self-
defense. When Jaca-Ortiz denied asserting self-defense, the State clarified that defense counsel
had claimed self-defense and pointed out that his counsel’s claim of self-defense meant that Jaca-
Ortiz had to have assaulted someone. Jaca-Ortiz acknowledged that a self-defense claim would
require him to have assaulted someone, but he continued to assert that he had not struck anyone.
B. JURY INSTRUCTIONS
After the parties rested, the trial court addressed the jury instructions. Jaca-Ortiz proposed
a self-defense instruction that included both defense of self and defense of another. The State
proposed an instruction on defense of another.
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Despite having originally proposed an instruction on defense of another, the State argued
that because Jaca-Ortiz had asserted he had not assaulted anyone, in self-defense or otherwise, that
no self-defense instructions were appropriate. Defense counsel argued that even though Jaca-Ortiz
appeared to be disclaiming self-defense, the evidence supported a self-defense instruction because
Jaca-Ortiz testified that three people beat him when he went to check on Aguilar. The State
responded that it had asked specifically if Jaca-Ortiz had hit anyone and that Jaca-Ortiz had
expressly denied having hit anyone, and thus, an instruction on self-defense instruction was not
appropriate.
The trial court ruled:
If you take a look at the testimony of Megan McCall or other witnesses,
there’s some indication that Juan and [Aguilar] left the bar in kind of a state of
agitation and they were going outside to settle matters. They were going outside to
fight. From some of the testimony, once they exited, the allegation is that Mr. Jaca-
Ortiz was quickly there and struck them.
So potentially that could be construed as a defense of others. Possibly Mr.
Jaca-Ortiz saw them arguing and fighting, he was concerned, he arms himself with
a jack, he comes and kind of preemptively strikes. So in that sense it potentially
could be a defense of others. To say that he’s defending himself under Mr. Jaca-
Ortiz’s version, yeah, if he’s up like this protecting himself, that’s self-defense, but
he’s not exerting any force or blows on others that would negate any assaultive
behavior.
So I think given the testimony of Mr. Jaca-Ortiz, I’m not going to give any
instructions related to self-defense or defense of others because there’s nothing to
negate. There’s no force that he used on anybody that needs to be negated.
My only struggle with that decision is the testimony of the prior witnesses
which gives a colorable rise to the claim of defense of others. So I’m not sure how
to balance those two, but I think I’ve made my decision, and the Court of Appeals
will let me know one way or the other if the issue goes up.
4 JTP at 367-68 (emphasis added). In closing argument, neither party discussed self-defense or
defense of another.
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The jury found Jaca-Ortiz guilty of first degree assault (Juan) and of second degree assault
(Manzano-Quiroz). Jaca-Ortiz appeals his convictions.
ANALYSIS
I. DIRECT APPEAL
Jaca-Ortiz argues that the trial court erred when it refused to instruct the jury on self-
defense or defense of another and that this err deprived him of his due process right to present a
defense.3 We agree that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the defense of
another.
A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
A criminal defendant is entitled to an instruction on his theory of the case if the evidence
supports the instruction. State v. Fisher, 185 Wn.2d 836, 848, 374 P.3d 1185 (2016) (citing State
v. Williams, 132 Wn.2d 248, 259-60, 937 P.2d 1052 (1997); State v. Janes, 121 Wn.2d 220, 237,
850 P.2d 495 (1993)). “Failure to [give such an instruction] is reversible error.” Fisher, 185
Wn.2d at 849 (citing State v. Griffin, 100 Wn.2d 417, 420, 670 P.2d 265 (1983)).
Generally, a defendant is entitled to a self-defense or a defense of another instruction if,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant, there is some evidence
demonstrating self-defense or defense of another. Fisher, 185 Wn.2d at 849; State v. Werner, 170
Wn.2d 333, 336-37, 241 P.3d 410 (2010). We evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence for such
instructions “by determining what a reasonable person would do standing in the shoes of the
defendant.” Werner, 170 Wn.2d at 337. “Because the defendant is entitled to the benefit of all
3
Jaca-Ortiz reiterates this argument in his PRP. Because he does not present any additional
argument, we do not address the PRP issue separately.
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the evidence, [his] defense may be based on facts inconsistent with [his] own testimony,” including
facts established through evidence presented by the State. Fisher, 185 Wn.2d at 849, 851
(emphasis added).
“The question of whether the defendant has produced sufficient evidence to raise a claim
of self-defense is a matter of law for the trial court.” Janes, 121 Wn.2d at 238 n.7. Because the
trial court here determined that there was a lack of evidence to support the self-defense or defense
of another instruction, we review the trial court’s decision de novo. Fisher, 185 Wn.2d at 849.
B. DISCUSSION
Here, despite refusing to give the self-defense or defense of another instruction that Jaca-
Ortiz proposed, the trial court found that the evidence as a whole could have supported an
instruction on defense of others. We agree and hold that the trial court therefore erred in refusing
to instruct the jury on defense of another.
A person’s use of force against someone is lawful if he (1) reasonably believes that he is
about to be injured or (2) is aiding a person who he reasonably believes is about to be injured.
RCW 9A.16.020(3). The defendant must also show that he used no greater force than a reasonably
prudent person would find necessary under the conditions as they appeared to the defendant. State
v. Walden, 131 Wn.2d 469, 474, 932 P.2d 1237 (1997).
Considering the evidence as a whole and in the light most favorable to Jaca-Ortiz,4 there
was evidence that Jaca-Ortiz intervened after Juan and Aguilar began fighting and Juan’s friends
appeared to come to Juan’s aid. This evidence would allow a jury to conclude that Jaca-Ortiz was
4
Fisher, 185 Wn.2d at 849.
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coming to the aid of someone he reasonably believed was about to be injured. And, although
hitting an unarmed individual with a car jack could potentially be seen as using greater force than
was necessary, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to Jaca-Ortiz, the evidence could
have shown that using a weapon of some kind was reasonable because Jaca-Ortiz and Aguilar were
outnumbered by Juan and his friends. Thus, the trial court was correct when it opined that Jaca-
Ortiz was entitled to a defense of another instruction. And without this instruction, Jaca-Ortiz was
not able to argue this defense theory to the jury.
The State relies on State v. Gogolin, 45 Wn. App. 640, 727 P.2d 683 (1986), State v.
Barrigan, 102 Wn. App. 754, 9 P.3d 942 (2000), and State v. Aleshire, 89 Wn.2d 67, 568 P.2d 799
(1977), abrogated in part on other grounds by State v. Dowling, 98 Wn.2d 542, 656 P.2d 497
(1983), to support its argument that Jaca-Ortiz was not entitled to the self-defense instruction
because he denied striking anyone. But in Gogolin and Barrigan, unlike here, there was no
evidence from any source that the defendant feared for his safety or acted in defense of another.
And in Aleshire, the only evidence that suggested self-defense was the defendant’s own statement
that he repudiated at trial. 89 Wn.2d at 71. Here, in contrast, the State’s evidence supported a
defense of another claim. And, as stated above, we consider all of the evidence, not just the defense
evidence, when evaluating whether there was an adequate factual basis for the jury instruction.
Fisher, 185 Wn.2d at 849, 851. Accordingly, these cases do not show that Jaca-Ortiz’s claim that
he did not strike anyone was sufficient to justify the trial court’s refusal to give the defense of
another instruction.
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Because we hold that the trial court erred when it refused to instruct the jury on defense of
another, we reverse the convictions without prejudice and remand for further proceedings. 5
Fisher, 185 Wn.2d at 849 (failure to instruct the jury on the defendant’s theory of the case when
there was evidence to support that theory is reversible error).
II. SUFFICIENCY
Finally, in his PRP, Jaca-Ortiz appears to assert that the evidence was insufficient to
support the convictions because the DNA evidence taken from the weapon was inconclusive. PRP
at 3. This assertion fails.
When reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we ask whether, after viewing the
evidence in a light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Pers. Restraint of
Martinez, 171 Wn.2d 354, 364, 256 P.3d 277 (2011). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency
of the evidence, the defendant necessarily admits the truth of the State’s evidence and all
reasonable inferences that can be drawn from it. Martinez, 171 Wn.2d at 364. We defer to the
trier of fact as to resolving conflicting testimony, evaluating witness credibility, and evaluating the
persuasiveness of the evidence. Martinez, 171 Wn.2d at 364.
The DNA evidence relates to whether Jaca-Ortiz struck the two victims with the car jack.
Even presuming that the DNA evidence was inconclusive, there is ample evidence in the record to
support the conviction. The State’s witnesses testified that Jaca-Ortiz struck the two victims with
5
Whether Jaca-Ortiz will be entitled to present a self-defense or a defense of another claim on
remand will depend on the evidence presented if Jaca-Ortiz is retried.
9
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the car jack. Taking this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, a reasonable trier of fact
would find that Jaca-Ortiz was the person who struck the victims with the car jack, regardless of
the absence of any DNA evidence confirming this testimony. Accordingly, Jaca-Ortiz does not
show that the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction.
Accordingly, we reverse the convictions without prejudice and remand for further
proceedings.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Sutton, J.
We concur:
Johanson, J.
Maxa, A.C.J.
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