FILED
FEBRUARY 20, 2018
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
In the Matter of the Parental Rights to ) No. 35074-6-III
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J.L. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
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PENNELL, J. — C.C. appeals an order terminating her parental rights to her son,
J.L. We affirm.
FACTS
Initiation of services
The Department of Social and Health Services received a hospital referral
regarding J.L. within days of his birth in April 2015. Rather than take immediate formal
action, the Department offered Ms. C. and J.L.’s father 30 days to voluntarily engage in
services. The couple evaded the Department and ultimately refused those services.
On July 23, 2015, the Department initiated dependency proceedings. 1
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J.L.’s father did not respond to the dependency petition. He failed to appear at
court hearings and ultimately his parental rights were terminated by default. J.L.’s father
is not a party to this appeal.
No. 35074-6-III
In re Parental Rights to J.L.
In September 2015, Ms. C. stipulated to the dependency of J.L. and an agreed
disposition order was entered. The order maintained J.L. in foster care and required
Ms. C. to follow through on: (1) obtaining a parenting assessment, (2) completing a
chemical dependency assessment and any recommended treatment, (3) completing 30
days of random urinalysis testing (UAs) with negative results, (4) obtaining a mental
health assessment, and (5) demonstrating the ability to meet J.L.’s physical and
psychological needs, as well as maintain a stable drug and alcohol free home. These
were the same services Ms. C. agreed to engage in after the dependency was initiated in
July 2015.
J.L.’s health problems
Approximately one month after his removal by the Department, it was discovered
J.L. suffered from significant digestive problems. He was diagnosed with severe
gastroparesis, a condition that negatively impacts the stomach muscles and prevents
proper emptying of the stomach.
J.L.’s digestive problems impacted his lungs, causing several aspirations,
pneumonia, and other upper respiratory illnesses. J.L.’s health problems have resulted in
hospitalizations and surgery to insert a feeding tube. With the medical interventions
provided by the Department, J.L. has made slow gains in his health. However, he suffers
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In re Parental Rights to J.L.
from severe motor impairment with language and cognitive delays. J.L. still uses a
feeding tube and requires constant monitoring while he eats.
J.L. attends weekly therapy sessions to address his medical problems and
developmental delays. He also has a host of daily medications. J.L.’s caretakers must be
in consistent communication with his medical providers in order to meet J.L.’s basic
needs.
Ms. C.’s progress during the dependency
Ms. C. failed to engage in most of her court-ordered services. Although Ms. C.
obtained chemical dependency and parenting assessments, she never obtained a mental
health evaluation. Despite Ms. C.’s chemical dependency assessment recommending
services, Ms. C. failed to follow through. Ms. C. denied having a chemical dependency
problem. She also failed to appear for 11 of 12 UAs.
In addition to her lack of follow-through regarding services, Ms. C. also failed to
demonstrate an ability to provide consistent care for J.L. Ms. C. dropped out of
participation in J.L.’s weekly therapy sessions. She missed approximately one-third of
her visits with J.L. And Ms. C. was dilatory in providing signed consent for J.L.’s
various medical procedures.
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Ms. C.’s participation with legal counsel
Ms. C. had two different attorneys during the dependency process. Her first
attorney was allowed to withdraw based on lack of client contact. Withdrawal was
granted after Ms. C.’s initial termination trial date was continued based on the court’s
congested calendar. Ms. C. was appointed a new attorney, with the proviso that she
maintain weekly contact and provide current contact information. Ms. C.’s second
attorney was appointed in July 2016, approximately three months prior to the termination
trial.
After his appointment, Ms. C.’s second attorney arranged a meeting between
Ms. C. and her social worker. The goal was to develop a plan that could help Ms. C.
avoid termination of her parental rights. Ms. C. did not follow through with the plan
recommended during the meeting.
The termination trial commenced on October 10, 2016. On September 29,
Ms. C.’s attorney filed a motion to withdraw and noted it to be heard the morning of trial.
The basis for counsel’s motion was lack of client contact. It also appeared Ms. C. and her
attorney disagreed with the objectives of representation. Ms. C.’s attorney had
encouraged Ms. C. to voluntarily relinquish her parental rights and agree to an open
adoption. Ms. C. was not amenable to this suggested disposition.
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Ms. C. initially did not appear in court on the morning of trial. The court then
granted counsel’s motion to withdraw. However, counsel and Ms. C. appeared together
after a recess. Counsel indicated he was willing to continue representing Ms. C., even
though Ms. C. had wanted a continuance to hire private counsel. The court denied Ms.
C.’s continuance request and ordered existing counsel to remain as Ms. C.’s appointed
attorney.
Termination trial
The termination trial began on October 10, 2016. Toward the end of the first day,
the Department announced it would be calling Ms. C. as a witness. When the court took a
brief recess, Ms. C. fled the courthouse.
Trial resumed on October 12. At that point, Ms. C. was not in the courtroom.
Ms. C.’s mother was present and reported Ms. C. was at the hospital with a medical
emergency. Ms. C.’s attorney asked Ms. C.’s mother to return to court that afternoon.
Ms. C.’s mother did not. Counsel did not seek a continuance or recess. Instead, the trial
court heard testimony in Ms. C.’s absence.
Eventually the Department was able to verify Ms. C.’s presence at the hospital.
Ms. C. appeared on the third afternoon of trial to testify. She explained she fled the
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courtroom because she had never been to trial before and she felt scared and unprepared.
She also said she was at the hospital to receive treatment for a kidney infection.
During her testimony, Ms. C. admitted she was not engaged in services or prepared
to meet J.L.’s medical needs. She denied having a drug problem, but did admit to using
marijuana. Ms. C. claimed her marijuana use was not a “big deal.” 2 Verbatim Report of
Proceedings (Oct. 19, 2016) at 369. Ms. C. testified she had made progress by breaking
up with J.L.’s father and moving in with her mother approximately one month before
trial.
After the close of evidence, the trial court terminated Ms. C.’s parental rights. Ms.
C. appeals.
ANALYSIS
Findings of fact 12 and 13: testimony regarding parenting assessment
Ms. C. contends findings of fact 12 and 13 of the trial court’s termination order
contain misstatements of fact. These two findings pertain to information Ms. C. relayed
to the individual performing her parenting assessment. Among other things, finding 12
states Ms. C. reported not obtaining a chemical dependency assessment and finding 13
states Ms. C. reported not having contact with her oldest child. We review the trial
court’s findings for substantial evidence. In re Dependency of K.N.J., 171 Wn.2d 568,
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574, 257 P.3d 522 (2011).
Ms. C.’s quibbles over the information relayed during her parenting assessment are
only partially accurate. With respect to finding 12, the trial court accurately found that, at
the time of the September 2015 parenting assessment, Ms. C. reported she had not
engaged in a chemical dependency assessment. Although Ms. C. eventually did obtain an
assessment, the chemical dependency assessment did not take place until after the
parenting assessment. With respect to finding 13, Ms. C. accurately points out that,
according to the testimony, she never reported a lack of contact with her oldest child.
Instead, Ms. C. merely reported that her oldest child had been placed with her
grandmother. The child with whom Ms. C. had lost contact was a different child, who
had been placed with the child’s father. During trial, Ms. C. explained she saw her oldest
child on a regular basis. This claim was not rebutted by anything in the record.
Although the trial court’s findings contained one minor factual error, Ms. C. fails
to establish how the error was relevant to the court’s ultimate disposition. We find no
prejudice.
Findings of fact 137 and 138: parental unfitness
To terminate parental rights to a child, the Department must prove by clear, cogent,
and convincing evidence that there is little likelihood conditions will be remedied such
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that the child can be returned to his or her parent in the near future. RCW 13.34.180(1)(e),
.190(1)(a)(i). If adequate services have been offered or provided and parental deficiencies
are not substantially improved within 12 months of a dependency, a rebuttable
presumption arises that this requirement has been established. RCW 13.34.180(1)(e).
“A parent’s unwillingness to avail herself of remedial services within a reasonable period
is highly relevant to a trial court’s determination as to whether the State has satisfied
RCW 13.34.180(1)(e).” In re Welfare of T.B., 150 Wn. App. 599, 608, 209 P.3d 497
(2009).
Ample facts justify the trial court’s findings as to the dim likelihood of improved
parental conditions, pursuant to RCW 13.34.180(1)(e). Over the course of approximately
15 months, Ms. C. was offered all services reasonably necessary for reunification with
J.L. But Ms. C. did not follow through. Of particular concern was Ms. C.’s failure to
participate in J.L.’s therapy sessions. Ms. C.’s lack of participation rendered her
incapable of meeting her son’s most basic needs. According to J.L.’s therapist, it would
take at least six months to a year of weekly participation for Ms. C. to obtain the skills
necessary to feed J.L. in a safe manner. Ms. C. has never shown the ability to maintain
this kind of sustained effort. The trial court was fully justified in finding by clear, cogent,
and convincing evidence that the conditions separating Ms. C. and her son would not be
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sufficiently remedied in the near future to allow for reunification.
Ineffective assistance of counsel
Washington law guarantees the right to counsel in termination proceedings.
RCW 13.34.090(2); In re Dependency of Grove, 127 Wn.2d 221, 232, 897 P.2d 1252
(1995). An ineffective assistance of counsel claim may be raised for the first time on
appeal. State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009). However, the facts
supporting the claim must be apparent from the existing record. State v. McFarland,
127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995).
Our courts have yet to clarify the framework for establishing an ineffective
assistance claim in the current context. In re Welfare of J.M., 130 Wn. App. 912, 922,
125 P.3d 245 (2005). At the very least, a party claiming ineffective assistance must show
deficient performance and prejudice. In re Dependency of S.M.H., 128 Wn. App. 45, 61,
115 P.3d 990 (2005). But even under this generous standard, our scrutiny of counsel’s
performance is highly deferential. Only when no reasonable justification can be proffered
for counsel’s tactics will we find counsel’s conduct ineffective. Id.
Ms. C. claims her trial counsel was ineffective for the following reasons:
• Counsel failed to meet with Ms. C., prepare for trial, or introduce exhibits into
evidence.
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• Counsel pressured Ms. C. to relinquish her parental rights and agree to an open
adoption.
• Counsel did not object to trial exhibits pertaining to Ms. C.’s prior dependencies
and criminal history.
• Counsel did not request a continuance or recess when Ms. C. failed to appear
during trial.
Ms. C.’s first set of complaints fails for lack of factual support. The record does
not suggest Ms. C.’s attorney was to blame for the lack of attorney-client communications
and preparation. If anything, Ms. C.’s track record indicates she was the one likely at
fault. With respect to the lack of defense exhibits, we do not know what the missing
records contain or how they might have helped Ms. C. The appellate record simply
contains no proof Ms. C.’s attorney was deficient in his communications with Ms. C. or
his performance at trial.
With respect to trial counsel’s pressure regarding settlement, we attribute counsel’s
conduct to legitimate strategy. Given Ms. C.’s lack of follow-through during the
dependency, it was reasonable for trial counsel to encourage Ms. C. to explore other
options. There is no factual support for Ms. C.’s claim that trial counsel failed to provide
any assistance other than recommending settlement.
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Finally, Ms. C. fails to show any prejudice from trial counsel’s failure to object to
evidence or to seek a continuance. The evidence in support of termination was
overwhelming. There is no danger the trial court’s ultimate decision was improperly
swayed by the admission of collateral evidence. But see J.M., 130 Wn. App. 912.
Moreover, given the trial court’s discretion to proceed with trial in Ms. C.’s absence,
see In re Welfare of L.R., 180 Wn. App. 717, 324 P.3d 737 (2014), it is not apparent how
the outcome of trial would have been different had counsel sought a recess or continuance
when Ms. C. failed to appear for court. 2
In the end, the record indicates Ms. C.’s counsel did the best he could to provide
meaningful representation during Ms. C.’s termination trial. Counsel presented an
opening statement and cross-examined the Department’s witnesses. He elicited favorable
information regarding Ms. C.’s love and attentiveness toward J.L. And he assisted Ms. C.
with her eventual testimony, along with the testimony of Ms. C.’s mother. The
complaints Ms. C. has lodged against her attorney do not rise to the level of ineffective
assistance.
2
While counsel did not formally seek a continuance, he did urge the court to hold
the record open so Ms. C. and her mother would have the opportunity to testify.
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CONCLUSION
The order terminating parental rights is affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:
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F earini,ci Siddoway, J. ~
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