U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
________________________
No. ACM 16057
________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Steven K. PFLUG
Master Sergeant (E-7), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
________________________
Review of Petition for Relief Referred by The Judge Advocate General
pursuant to Article 69(d)
Decided 20 February 2018
________________________
Military Judge: Tiffany M. Wagner.
Approved sentence: Confinement for 20 days, reduction to E-4, and a
reprimand. Sentence adjudged 19 December 2015 by SpCM convened at
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
For Appellant: Major Allen S. Abrams, USAF; Brian Pristera, Esquire.
For Appellee: Major Mary Ellen Payne, USAF; Major Matthew L. Tus-
ing, USAF.
Before MAYBERRY, JOHNSON, and DENNIS, Appellate Military
Judges.
Chief Judge MAYBERRY delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Senior Judge JOHNSON and Judge DENNIS joined.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
________________________
United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
MAYBERRY, Chief Judge:
Contrary to his pleas, Appellant was convicted by a panel of officers sitting
as a general court-martial of one specification of abusive sexual contact by
causing Technical Sergeant (TSgt) MH’s hand to touch his penis through his
pants without her consent in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military
Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920. Appellant was found not guilty of another
specification of abusive sexual contact and four specifications of assault con-
summated by a battery in violation of Articles 120 and 128, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C.
§§ 920, 928. The members sentenced Appellant to confinement for 20 days, re-
duction to the grade of E-4, and a reprimand. The convening authority ap-
proved the adjudged sentence.
The office of the staff judge advocate for the general court-martial conven-
ing authority reviewed the case under Article 64(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 864(a),
and found the conviction and sentence to be legally sufficient. Appellant re-
quested review by The Judge Advocate General (TJAG) of the Air Force under
Article 69(b), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 869(b), alleging the evidence was legally and
factually insufficient to support the finding of guilty and overcome mistake of
fact as to consent, and the military judge erroneously applied Military Rule of
Evidence (Mil. R. Evid.) 413. Pursuant to Article 69(d), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §
869(d), TJAG sent the case to this court for review. 1 In light of our superior
court’s holding in United States v. Hills, 75 M.J. 350 (C.A.A.F. 2016), we must
set aside Appellant’s conviction and sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
All of the charges and specifications arose during Appellant’s temporary
duty (TDY) tour to Kadena Air Base (AB), Japan, in July 2014. Appellant, a
member of the 121st Comptroller Flight, accompanied members of the Air
Transportation Flight of the 121st Logistics Readiness Squadron, 121st Air
Refueling Wing from Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Ohio, on the TDY
to assist with travel vouchers and other financial needs. During their two
weeks in Japan, Appellant and members of the 121st made the most of their
time away from home but learned that what goes TDY, does not stay TDY.
The six charged offenses involved allegations by three different military
members: TSgt MH, TSgt KR, and Airman First Class (A1C) MP. Appellant
was alleged to have touched TSgt MH’s clothed buttocks with his penis
1 In a case referred to us under Article 69(d), UCMJ, notwithstanding our Article 66,
UCMJ, power, we “may take action only with respect to matters of law.” Art. 69(e),
UCMJ. Consequently, we are only permitted to review the evidence for legal suffi-
ciency.
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
(through his pants) without her consent while on an escalator; caused TSgt
MH’s hand to touch his penis (through his pants) without her consent while
dancing; licked A1C MP’s face while drinking; kissed A1C MP’s neck at the
bowling alley; licked TSgt KR’s left ear in his billeting room; and slapped TSgt
KR’s buttocks through her pants in the casino section of the enlisted club. The
evidence surrounding these allegations was presented over the course of six
days of trial. Fourteen witnesses were called by the parties on findings, three
of which were recalled by the members after each side rested their case. We
will focus primarily on the facts and circumstances surrounding the abusive
sexual contact conviction.
On 24 July 2015, Senior Airman (SrA) ML had a party in his hotel room
that several 121st members and Appellant attended. TSgt MH was intoxicated
during this party and had at least four drinks. At some point, SrA ML, TSgt
MH, and Appellant were dancing in the middle of the room.
TSgt MH claimed Appellant forcefully grabbed her hand and placed it on
his penis while the two were dancing in SrA ML’s room. TSgt MH’s memory of
the evening varied over time. Initially, she had no recollection of her hand
touching Appellant’s penis until TSgt CA2 showed her a video the following
day. In her sworn, written statement to the Air Force Office of Special Inves-
tigations (AFOSI), TSgt MH said that Appellant grabbed her hand and placed
it on his penis, but omitted that he rubbed her hand down the front of his body
and that she could not remember the incident the next day. At trial, she testi-
fied that as she was dancing with SrA ML, Appellant came up, grabbed her
wrist and rubbed it down the front of his body, until it stopped on his penis. On
cross-examination regarding the differing versions, TSgt MH said:
Q. So you didn’t remember [the incident] happening the night
before?
A. No.
Q. When you saw that video for the first time, how did that make
you feel?
A. I was embarrassed. I asked her to delete the video as soon as
I saw it.
...
2TSgt CA had married by the time of trial but we will refer to her by her maiden name
in this opinion.
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
Q. And the reason you wanted [AFOSI] to not have that infor-
mation, is because you wanted them to believe that you were a
victim, right?
A. Correct.
Q. And somebody that has this hand going down the chest, or
forgets about this traumatic event the next day, is less likely to
be believed as a victim, correct?
A. Correct.
TSgt CA, a friend of the victim, testified “[Appellant] took her hand, her
left hand, and rubbed it seductively, like you know, in an ‘s-shape’ all the way
down his chest, and placed her hand on his crotch.” TSgt CA said the snaking
motion of the hand was slow and seductive, and that TSgt MH’s hand remained
on Appellant’s penis for two to three seconds. TSgt CA used her cell phone to
video the incident because it looked like everyone was having fun. TSgt CA
stated that TSgt MH appeared disgusted after viewing the video and TSgt CA
deleted the video when TSgt MH asked her to do so.
Appellant waived his Article 31, UCMJ, rights and spoke to AFOSI. Ini-
tially, Appellant said that the trip to Kadena AB was calm and uneventful and
that the base was “on lockdown” and, because of that, “no one got in any trou-
ble.” As the interview progressed, Appellant changed his story and stated that
the group behaved “as if they were in a frat house,” the trip was “one big party”
and the members were “acting wild.” Initially, Appellant stated that he did not
drink much alcohol on the trip, but later stated that he, along with others, did
drink almost every day or night in large quantities. Appellant talked to AFOSI
about the night of the get-together in SrA ML’s room. All of the males had their
shirts off, there was music playing, and alcohol being consumed. Appellant ad-
mitted placing TSgt MH’s hand on to his crotch but stated it was consensual.
At trial, Appellant took the stand in his own defense. Appellant did not
deny that the touching occurred, but stated that he did not remember placing
her hand on his crotch. He acknowledged that it could have happened. When
asked to explain his statements to AFOSI, Appellant stated that he “blacked
out” during his AFOSI interview, that he “came to” at some point but “never
fully came back,” and it was in that state that he answered their questions.
Appellant also described the dancing incident as part of a series of consensual
flirting and sexual interactions, asserted that TSgt MH told him, while flirting,
“I probably wouldn’t be able to keep my hands off of you and you are married.
You are a married man.” Appellant testified that TSgt MH, TSgt KR, and A1C
MP never told him that they were uncomfortable or upset during the TDY trip.
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
Appellant further testified that on the same night, TSgt MH was “sexually
aggressive” towards him, pressed him against the wall while licking his chest, 3
and asserted TSgt MH later told him, “I want to f[**]k your brains out.” Ac-
cording to Appellant, TSgt MH later pulled him into a bathroom in SrA ML’s
room, kissed him, and performed oral sex on him. TSgt MH then grabbed his
arm, said, “You are coming to my room with me,” and walked Appellant back
to her room where the two had consensual intercourse. TSgt MH denied that
she had any sexual interaction with Appellant, but admitted to leaving SrA
ML’s room with Appellant and that she asked Appellant to enter his room.
TSgt CA confirmed that Appellant and TSgt MH left the party together.
The military judge gave the following instruction:
Further, evidence that the accused committed the sexual of-
fenses alleged in Specification 1 of Charge I and Specification 2
of Charge I may have no bearing on your deliberations in rela-
tion to each other, unless you first determine by a preponderance
of the evidence, that it is more likely than not, the offense alleged
in Specification 1 . . . occurred . . . even if you are not convinced
beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty of the of-
fense, you may nonetheless then consider the evidence of the of-
fense for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant in re-
lation to Specification 2 of Charge I.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Sufficiency
1. Law
The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); see also United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94
(C.A.A.F. 2002). The term “beyond a reasonable doubt” does not mean that the
evidence must be “free from conflict.” United States v. Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684
(A.F.C.M.R. 1986) (citing United States v. Steward, 18 M.J. 506 (A.F.C.M.R.
1984)). “[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every
3Appellant later made a restricted report and then an unrestricted report alleging only
SrA ML sexually assaulted him by licking his chest. Appellant further alleged TSgt
MH assisted SrA ML’s assault by restraining Appellant. As a result, TSgt MH testified
under a grant of immunity.
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.”
United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
The elements for Article 120, abusive sexual contact, as charged, are as
follows:
(1) That on or about 16 July 2014, at or near Kadena Air Base,
Japan, Appellant committed sexual contact upon TSgt MH to
wit: causing her hand to touch his penis through his pants, with
the intent to gratify his sexual desire;
(2) That Appellant did so by causing bodily harm to TSgt MH to
wit: causing her to touch his penis through his pants; and
(3) That Appellant did so without her consent.
See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2012 ed.) pt. IV, ¶ 45(b), (c).
Bodily harm means “any offensive touching of another, however slight, in-
cluding any nonconsensual sexual act or nonconsensual sexual contact.” Id. at
¶ 45(g)(3). Sexual contact includes “touching, or causing another person to
touch, either directly or through the clothing, any part of any person, if done
with an intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person.” Id. at ¶ 45
(g)(2)(B).
2. Analysis
The trial defense counsel made a motion pursuant to Rule for Courts-Mar-
tial (R.C.M.) 917 and R.C.M. 1102 after the members had come back with their
finding of guilty. The assertion then was the same as before us now, the evi-
dence presented by the Government was legally insufficient to prove that mis-
take of fact as to consent did not exist, or that Appellant lacked a reasonable
belief that TSgt MH was consenting.
Appellant’s argument is premised on the fact that TSgt MH did not object
to Appellant touching her hand, placing her hand on his chest, or having her
hand rubbed seductively on his naked chest downward toward his crotch. Ap-
pellant asserts it was implied that the touching would naturally continue to
his crotch and there was no manifestation of a lack of consent until TSgt MH’s
hand had been touching his penis for a few seconds.
For Appellant’s assertion to prevail, his mistake of fact as to consent had
to be reasonable. The members were instructed to consider the location of the
act, the reaction of either party, the relationship between the parties, and any
other fact they may find relevant. They were further instructed to consider the
probability or improbability of the evidence presented, Appellant’s age, educa-
tion, experience, the nature of the relationship between Appellant and TSgt
KH, as well as the time, place, and atmosphere where the conduct occurred.
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a
reasonable factfinder could have found that TSgt KH did not consent to Appel-
lant placing her hand on his penis over his clothes. While Appellant may have
believed it was reasonable for a junior noncommissioned officer to consent to a
29-year old married E-7 grabbing her hand and seductively rubbing it down
his chest onto his penis in front of co-workers while TDY, that ultimate decision
was for the members to make. The members heard all of the evidence, person-
ally observed all of the witnesses, and had the sole responsibility of assessing
the credibility of the witnesses. See United States v. Griffith, 27 M.J. 42 (C.M.A.
1988) (in determining legal sufficiency we do not assess the credibility of wit-
nesses). The finding of guilty is legally sufficient.
B. Propensity Instruction
1. Law
The meaning and scope of Mil. R. Evid. 413 is a question of law that we
review de novo. United States v. Hills, 75 M.J. 350, 354 (C.A.A.F. 2016). In-
structional errors are also reviewed de novo. Id. at 357.
Mil. R. Evid. 413(a) provides that in a court-martial where the accused is
charged with a sexual offense, evidence that the accused committed other sex-
ual offenses may be admitted and considered on “any matter to which it is rel-
evant.” This includes using evidence of sexual assaults to prove the accused
has a propensity to commit sexual assault. United States v. James, 63 M.J.
217, 220 (C.A.A.F. 2006).
In Hills, the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF)
held that evidence of the accused’s commission of a sexual assault may not be
used to prove propensity if the alleged sexual assault is charged in the same
court-martial and the accused has pleaded not guilty to it. 75 M.J. at 356. The
CAAF further held that the instructions accompanying the admission of evi-
dence of charged offenses for Mil. R. Evid. 413 purposes “violated Appellant’s
presumption of innocence and right to have all findings made clearly beyond a
reasonable doubt, resulting in constitutional error.” Id. Because “there are con-
stitutional dimensions at play,” we test for prejudice under the standard of
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at 357. “An error is not harmless be-
yond a reasonable doubt when ‘there is a reasonable possibility that the [error]
complained of might have contributed to the conviction.’” Id. at 357 (quoting
United States v. Moran, 65 M.J. 178, 187 (C.A.A.F. 2007)). “To say that an error
did not contribute to the verdict is . . . to find that error unimportant in relation
to everything else the jury considered on the issue in question, as revealed in
the record.” Id. at 358 (quoting United States v. Othuru, 65 M.J. 375, 377
(C.A.A.F. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citation omitted)).
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
In United States v. Hukill, 76 M.J. 219 (C.A.A.F. 2017), the CAAF clarified
that Hills is not to be interpreted narrowly, stating:
[T]he use of evidence of charged conduct as M.R.E. 413 propen-
sity evidence for other charged conduct in the same case is error,
regardless of the forum, the number of victims, or whether the
events are connected. Whether considered by members or a mil-
itary judge, evidence of a charged and contested offense, of which
an accused is presumed innocent, cannot be used as propensity
evidence in support of a companion charged offense.
Id. at 222. The court reiterated that, where such error exists, the Government
must “prove there was no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to
[Appellant’s] verdict.” Id.; see also United States v. Guardado, 77 M.J. 90,
(C.A.A.F. 2017) (holding that under the facts and circumstances of that case,
the court was unable to conclude that the military judge’s Mil. R. Evid. 413/414
instruction was harmless).
2. Analysis
The Government concedes that, in light of Hills and Hukill, the military
judge erred in permitting evidence of the charged sexual offenses to be used
pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 413 and instructing the court members accordingly.
We agree. Although the military judge’s ruling is understandable coming as it
did before the decision in Hills, we must “apply the clear law at the time of
appeal, not the time of trial.” United States v. Mullins, 69 M.J. 113, 116
(C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Harcrow, 66 M.J. 154, 159 (C.A.A.F.
2008)); see also Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 469 (1997). Neverthe-
less, the Government contends the error in Appellant’s case is harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt. We disagree.
The members acquitted Appellant of the abusive sexual contact involving
touching TSgt MH’s buttocks through her pants with his penis on the escala-
tor. The Government contends the fact that the members reached a mixed ver-
dict on the charged sexual offenses “is compelling evidence that they were not
unduly and improperly influenced by the propensity instruction.” However, the
CAAF rejected such reasoning in Guardado, explaining “[i]t simply does not
follow that because an individual was acquitted of a specification that evidence
of that specification was not used as improper propensity evidence and there-
fore had no effect on the verdict.” 77 M.J. at 94.
TSgt MH reported the dancing incident the first drill weekend after they
returned from Japan, was interviewed by AFOSI, and gave a written state-
ment. The written statement only alleged Appellant placed her hand on his
penis, omitting the fact that he rubbed her hand down the length of his torso
before doing so and that she did not recall the incident until seeing the video
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
the following day. At trial, TSgt MH testified that while she did not recall the
incident happening until seeing the video the next day, she now remembered
the event and was testifying as to her memory, not what she saw on the video.
Her description at trial was that Appellant had his back to her, grabbed her
left hand by the wrist and moved it from his chest, down his torso, ending at
his crotch. When she realized what had happened she pulled her hand away.
She admitted she was embarrassed when seeing the video and asked TSgt CA
to delete it. There was no video offered at trial.
During his AFOSI interview, Appellant initially denied touching TSgt MH,
but later admitted that he rubbed TSgt MH’s right hand down his chest and
stopped on his crotch. In his written, sworn statement, Appellant described
this touching as consensual. At trial, Appellant did not recall rubbing TSgt
MH’s hand on his chest to his crotch, asserting “I can’t say it’s impossible that
it could happen or I do not remember it happening.” He went on to state that
he only admitted to AFOSI that this happened because AFOSI told him they
had a video, adding he told AFOSI the same thing at the time he gave his
written statement, which the AFOSI special agent confirmed. However, the
agent asked him if they told him they had a video of him shooting Michael
Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, would he admit to that, his response was “No,
because I didn’t do it.”
TSgt CA witnessed the entire incident and recorded it on her phone. She
testified that she recorded it not because she felt the activity was wrong, but
because it looked as if they were having fun and she thought it was funny that
they were dancing. She showed the video to TSgt MH the following day and
deleted it at TSgt MH’s request. In addition to TSgt MH and Appellant, SrA
ML and TSgt CA testified that they saw TSgt MH react in “disgust” and ab-
ruptly leave after Appellant was dancing with her — but both testified that
they saw TSgt MH and Appellant leave together, which corroborates TSgt MH
and Appellant’s testimony. While there is some dispute as to whether they
went to TSgt MH or Appellant’s room, the uncontroverted evidence was that
they voluntarily went to the same room after leaving the party.
The testimony available for the members’ consideration was conflicting.
Appellant may have believed the touching was consensual and it was “inevita-
ble” that he would end up placing TSgt MH’s hand on his crotch. TSgt MH’s
testimony that she was standing behind Appellant and she removed her hand
within seconds of it reaching Appellant’s penis provided evidence for the mem-
bers to determine she did not consent.
In light of Hills and Hukill, and considering all the evidence and the in-
structions, we cannot conclude there is “no reasonable possibility” the error
contributed to the verdict of guilty as to Specification 2 of Charge I. Accord-
ingly, we must set the finding aside.
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United States v. Pflug, No. ACM 16057
III. CONCLUSION
The finding of guilty as to Specification 2 of Charge I and the sentence are
SET ASIDE. A rehearing as to findings and sentence is authorized. The record
is returned to The Judge Advocate General for remand to the convening au-
thority for action in accordance with this opinion.
FOR THE COURT
JULIE L. ADAMS
Acting Deputy Clerk of the Court
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