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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 16-11005
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-20607-KMM-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JOSE R. DIAZ-ROSADO,
a.k.a. Chiqui,
a.k.a. Alvaro Diaz,
a.k.a. Jose Raul Diaz,
a.k.a. Raul Diaz Rosado,
a.k.a. Jose Rosado,
Defendant-Appellant.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(February 23, 2018)
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Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JULIE CARNES, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
This is Defendant Jose Diaz-Rosado’s second appeal following his guilty
plea to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five or more kilograms of
cocaine. In his first appeal, we affirmed Defendant’s conviction, vacated his
sentence of life imprisonment, and remanded for resentencing because the district
court erred by applying a four-level aggravated-role enhancement under U.S.S.G.
§ 3B1.1(a), and further because it was unclear whether the district court would
have denied Defendant credit for acceptance of responsibility, but for its finding of
a leadership role.
On remand, the district court sentenced Defendant to 240 months’
imprisonment. Defendant now raises three arguments on appeal. First, he
challenges the district court’s denial of a two-level reduction for acceptance of
responsibility under U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). Next, he argues that the district court
erred by sua sponte inquiring into a potential conflict of interest regarding
Defendant’s attorney. Finally, he asserts that the district court erred by failing to
dismiss the case for lack of venue. After careful review, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
“Defendant was a participant in an extensive drug-trafficking conspiracy that
transported large quantities of cocaine from Venezuela, through the Caribbean, to
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the United States.” United States v. Diaz-Rosado, 615 Fed. App’x 569, 571 (11th
Cir. 2015) (unpublished). In August 2012, federal agents in Puerto Rico seized
1,032 kilograms of cocaine from a vessel registered to Defendant. In December of
the same year, Defendant met with a confidential informant in Hollywood, Florida
and provided the informant with $28,000 to purchase two boat motors. Several
weeks later, on December 30, 2012, the United States Coast Guard interdicted a
vessel carrying 1,157 kilograms of cocaine off the shores of the U.S. Virgin
Islands. The serial numbers of the motors on that vessel matched the ones the
confidential informant had purchased for Defendant.
The U.S. Attorney’s Office in Puerto Rico subsequently met with Defendant
to afford him the opportunity to cooperate. However, his two-day proffer did not
ultimately lead to any cooperation agreement, as Defendant repeatedly lied to law
enforcement officers and failed to disclose his plans regarding the transportation of
a third shipment of cocaine in St. Croix.
B. Procedural History
In August 2013, a federal grand jury sitting in the Southern District of
Florida charged Defendant with one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to
distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)
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and 846, based on his role in the December 2012 cocaine seizure. 1 Defendant pled
guilty to that charge without the benefit of a plea agreement.
In preparation for sentencing, the probation officer prepared the PSR. The
PSR assigned Defendant a base offense level of 28 pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 2D1.1(a)(5) because the offense involved 150 kilograms or more of cocaine.
Defendant received a four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a) because
he was a leader of criminal activity involving five or more participants. He also
received a two-level obstruction of justice enhancement, pursuant to U.S.S.G.
§ 3C1.1, because he attempted to influence the confidential informant to lie to law
enforcement and because he lied to law enforcement officers during his two-day
proffer. Because the PSR did not recommend a reduction for acceptance of
responsibility, Defendant’s total offense level was 44. However, the offense level
became 43, pursuant to Chapter 5 of the Sentencing Guidelines, which provides
that any offense level greater than 43 is treated as a 43. Based on a total offense
level of 43 and a criminal history category of I, Defendant’s guideline range was
life imprisonment.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Defendant’s
objections to aggravated-role enhancement, as well as to the enhancement for
1
That same month, Defendant was also charged in the District of Puerto Rico with conspiracy to
import five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 952, 960, and 963, and
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of cocaine, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 846. These charges stemmed from Defendant’s role in the August 2012 cocaine
seizure.
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obstruction of justice. The district court also denied Defendant’s request for a
reduction for acceptance of responsibility. After considering the 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) factors, the district court sentenced Defendant to life imprisonment.
On appeal, we affirmed Defendant’s conviction but vacated his sentence and
remanded to the district court for resentencing. Diaz-Rosado, 615 Fed. App’x at
581. Specifically, we determined that the district court erred by applying the four-
level aggravated-role enhancement under § 3B1.1(a), and we instructed the district
court to resentence Defendant without that enhancement. Id. at 579. We further
instructed the court to reconsider the appropriateness of the reduction for
acceptance of responsibility under § 3E1.1, without taking into account
Defendant’s purported leadership role or Defendant’s challenge to that
enhancement at the original sentencing hearing. Id. at 581.
After remand to the district court, Defendant retained attorney Maria
Dominguez—a former First Assistant U.S. Attorney for the District of Puerto
Rico—to represent him at sentencing. Defendant also moved for a continuance of
the resentencing hearing to allow time for the potential filing of a motion to
transfer his case to the District of Puerto Rico.
At a subsequent hearing before the district court, the court inquired whether
18 U.S.C. § 207 prevented Dominguez from representing Defendant, as she had
only recently left her position at the U.S. Attorney’s Office in Puerto Rico—where
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Defendant had a pending drug conspiracy case. The district court ordered
Dominguez to refile a pleading entering her appearance as counsel and to
specifically address whether the restrictions under § 207 applied to her
representation of Defendant.
In response to the court’s order, Dominguez argued that the § 207
restrictions did not apply to her representation of Defendant in the Southern
District of Florida. Nevertheless, she acknowledged that a potential conflict of
interest could arise based on Defendant’s anticipated future argument to dismiss
the indictment. For that reason, she moved to withdraw her notice of appearance.
The court granted the motion.
Defendant obtained new counsel and subsequently filed a sentencing
memorandum, requesting a reduction for acceptance of responsibility under
§ 3E1.1 based on his timely filing of a statement of acceptance of responsibility.
As for the obstruction of justice enhancement that was undercutting his request for
an acceptance-of-responsibility credit, Defendant acknowledged that he had
initially told the confidential informant to lie to law enforcement, but he asserted
that he had later told the informant to be truthful. He also requested that the court
consider a safety-valve reduction under U.S.S.G. § 5C1.2 and 18 U.S.C. § 3553(f).
At the second sentencing hearing, the district court recalculated the guideline
range—without application of the four-level aggravated-role enhancement—as 292
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to 365 months’ imprisonment based on a total offense level of 40 and a criminal
history category of I. The Government did not oppose Defendant’s request for a
safety-valve reduction, which lowered Defendant’s total offense level to 38,
resulting in a guideline range of 235 to 293 months’ imprisonment. Defendant
reiterated that notwithstanding his enhancement for obstruction of justice, a credit
for acceptance of responsibility is permitted in an extraordinary case. Defendant
argued that his case was extraordinary.
The district court noted this Court’s instruction that it reconsider the
reduction for acceptance of responsibility without consideration of Defendant’s
leadership role in the offense. With that in mind, the district court concluded that
Defendant was still not entitled to the reduction. In fact, the court indicated that
even if its decision denying Defendant a reduction for acceptance of responsibility
was erroneous, it would still impose the same sentence pursuant to the § 3553(a)
factors. Stating that it was imposing a reasonable sentence independent of the
guideline range, the court sentenced Defendant to 240 months’ imprisonment.
This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Acceptance of Responsibility
Defendant challenges the district court’s denial of a two-level reduction for
acceptance of responsibility under § 3E1.1(a). We review for clear error the
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district court’s denial of a reduction for acceptance of responsibility. United States
v. Amedeo, 370 F.3d 1305, 1320 (11th Cir. 2004). Section 3E1.1 (a) of the
Sentencing Guidelines provides that a defendant is eligible for a two-level
reduction in his offense level if he clearly demonstrates acceptance of
responsibility. U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1(a). The burden is on the defendant to
demonstrate that he has shown acceptance of responsibility. United States v.
Sawyer, 180 F.3d 1319, 1323 (11th Cir. 1999).
Here, the district court did not clearly err by denying Defendant a reduction
for acceptance of responsibility. Because Defendant received the enhancement for
obstruction-of-justice pursuant to § 3C1.1, the reduction for acceptance of
responsibility was only appropriate under “extraordinary” circumstances. See
U.S.S.G. § 3E1.1, comment. (n.4); United States v. Knight, 562 F.3d 1314, 1328
(11th Cir. 2009) (“The commentary states that an acceptance-of-responsibility
reduction and obstruction-of-justice enhancement should be applied in tandem on
in ‘extraordinary cases.’”). Defendant has not shown that the district court clearly
erred in finding no extraordinary circumstances sufficient to warrant a reduction
for acceptance of responsibility. Indeed, he instructed a confidential informant to
lie to law enforcement, and although he later recanted this instruction and told the
informant to “tell the truth,” the record shows that he told the informant to be
truthful only about certain information. These facts do not render clearly
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erroneous the district court’s decision that Defendant’s case was not
“extraordinary.” Thus, the district court’s denial of the reduction for acceptance of
responsibility was not error.
Nevertheless, even if the district court erred by denying Defendant a
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, any error was harmless. In cases where
a district court erred in calculating the guideline range, the error is harmless and
not subject to reversal if the court “clearly state[d] that [it] would impose the same
sentence regardless” of the error, “and the sentence imposed [was] reasonable.”
United States v. Perkins, 787 F.3d 1329, 1341 (11th Cir. 2015); see also United
States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347, 1349 (11th Cir. 2006) (“[I]t is not necessary to
decide guidelines issues or remand cases for new sentence proceedings where the
guidelines error, if any, did not affect the sentence.” (quotation omitted)).
In imposing the 240-month sentence, the district court noted that regardless
of its ruling on Defendant’s request for an acceptance-of-responsibility reduction,
it still would have imposed the same sentence based on its consideration of the
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. Indeed, the district court stated that it was imposing a
reasonable sentence independent of the guideline range “[g]iven the nature and
characteristics of the defendant, the seriousness of the offense, and the need to
promote respect for the law.” Because the district court noted that it would have
imposed the same sentence regardless of any guidelines-calculations error, any
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error is harmless if Defendant’s 240-month sentence is reasonable. See United
States v. Focia, 869 F.3d 1269, 1287 (11th Cir. 2017) (“Where the district court
states that it would have imposed the same sentence regardless of any guideline-
calculation error, any error is harmless if the sentence would be reasonable even if
the district court’s guideline calculation was erroneous.”).
To determine whether a sentence is reasonable when a district court makes
such a statement, we assume “that the guidelines issue should have been decided in
the way the defendant argued and the advisory range reduced accordingly” and
then “ask whether the final sentence resulting from consideration of the § 3553(a)
factors would still be reasonable.” Keene, 470 F.3d at 1349. Here, if the district
court had applied the two-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility under
§ 3E1.1(a), Defendant’s guideline range would have been 188 to 235 months’
imprisonment. Therefore, we must determine whether Defendant’s 240-month
sentence is reasonable in light of that guideline range.
We review the reasonableness of a district court’s sentence for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir. 2014). We first
look to whether the district court committed any procedural error, and then we
examine whether the sentence is substantively reasonable in light of the totality of
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the circumstances and the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. 2 Id. “A district court
abuses its discretion when it (1) fails to afford consideration to relevant factors that
were due significant weight, (2) gives significant weight to an improper or
irrelevant factor, or (3) commits a clear error of judgment in considering the proper
factors.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1189 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc)
(quotations omitted).
Defendant has not met his burden of showing that his 240-month sentence is
unreasonable. United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d 1179, 1189 (11th Cir. 2008) (The
party challenging the sentence bears the burden of showing that it is unreasonable).
In arriving at the 240-month sentence, the district court considered the § 3553(a)
factors and the parties’ arguments, specifically noting that it considered the
mitigating factors Defendant set forth in his request for an acceptance-of-
responsibility reduction. As the court noted, Defendant’s sentence was supported
by several § 3553(a) factors, including Defendant’s nature and characteristics, the
seriousness of the offense, and the need to promote respect for the law. 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(1)-(2). Indeed, the court specifically referenced the extensive nature of
2
The § 3553(a) factors include: (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
and characteristics of the defendant; (2) the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to
promote respect for the law, and to provide just punishment for the offense; (3) the need for
deterrence; (4) the need to protect the public; (5) the need to provide the defendant with needed
education or vocational training or medical care; (6) the kinds of sentences available; (7) the
Sentencing Guidelines range; (8) pertinent policy statements of the Sentencing Commission;
(9) the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities; and (10) the need to provide restitution
to victims. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
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the offense, the large quantity of drugs involved, and Defendant’s prior criminal
history. See Irey, 612 F.3d at 1187 (noting that we “may not presume that a
sentence outside the guidelines is unreasonable and must give ‘due deference to the
district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of
the variance.’”).
Moreover, although Defendant’s 240-month sentence represents an upward
variance from the imputed guideline range of 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment
that would have applied if the district court had found in Defendant’s favor on the
acceptance-of-responsibility issue, the sentence imposed is only five months more
than the top of that guideline range and is still well below the statutory maximum
of life imprisonment. See United States v. Gonzalez, 550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th
Cir. 2008) (indicating that a sentence well below the statutory maximum is an
indicator of reasonableness). On this record, we are not left with “the definite and
firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in
weighing the § 3553(a) factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range
of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190.
In short, we find no clear error in the district court’s refusal to give a
reduction for acceptance of responsibility. But even if the district court had
committed clear error, any error was harmless because the district court stated that
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it would impose the same sentence regardless of the error, and Defendant’s 240-
month sentence is reasonable.
B. Conflict of Interest
Defendant asserts that the district court erred by sua sponte inquiring into
whether Dominguez’s representation of Defendant posed a potential conflict of
interest under 18 U.S.C. § 207.
Although we have not specified the standard of review that applies to a
district court’s sua sponte inquiry into whether an attorney’s representation
violates § 207, we review for abuse of discretion a district court’s inquiry into the
merits of a defendant’s motion for new counsel. See United States v. Calderon,
127 F.3d 1314, 1343 (11th Cir. 1997); see also United States v. Campbell, 491
F.3d 1306, 1310 (11th Cir. 2007) (reviewing the district court’s decision to
disqualify the defendant’s counsel for abuse of discretion). “Although the Sixth
Amendment guarantees counsel, it does not grant defendants the unqualified right
to counsel of their choice.” United States v. Garey, 540 F.3d 1253, 1263 (11th Cir.
2008). Courts are permitted, and sometimes required, to inquire into a potential
conflict of interest. See Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162, 173–74 (2002)
(concluding that, in order to demonstrate a Sixth Amendment violation, a
defendant must establish that a conflict of interest adversely affected his counsel’s
performance where the trial court fails to inquire into a potential conflict of interest
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about which it knew or reasonably should have known); Wood v. Georgia, 450
U.S. 261, 272 (1981) (“[T]he record does demonstrate that the possibility of a
conflict of interest was sufficiently apparent at the time of the revocation hearing to
impose upon the court a duty to inquire further.” (emphasis in original)).
Section 207 of Title 18 imposes restrictions on employees of the Executive
Branch and certain other agencies. 18 U.S.C. § 207. The statute provides in
relevant part that a former employee of the Executive Branch is prohibited from
knowingly making, “with the intent to influence, any communication to or
appearance” before a court of the United States with respect to any matter where
the United States is a party and “in which the person participated personally and
substantially as such officer or employee.” 18 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). The statute
further provides that a former Executive Branch employee subject to the
restrictions in § 207(a)(1) who, within two years after her termination, knowingly
makes, with the intent to influence, any communication to or appearance before
any court, on behalf of any other person in connection with a particular matter
(1) “in which the United States . . . is a party or has a direct and substantial
interest”; (2) “which such person knows or reasonably should know was actually
pending under . . . her official responsibility as such officer or employee within a
period of 1 year before the termination” of her employment; and (3) “which
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involved a specific party or specific parties at the time it was so pending” is subject
to punishment. Id. § 207(a)(2).
At the outset, we note that the district court did not disqualify Dominguez’s
representation, or otherwise rule on the potential conflict, as Dominguez withdrew
her notice of appearance voluntarily after concluding that Defendant’s anticipated
future arguments for dismissal of the indictment presented a potential conflict. But
regardless, the district court did not abuse its discretion by inquiring into the
potential conflict of interest arising from Dominguez’s representation of Defendant
because the possibility of a conflict was “sufficiently apparent” from the record.
See Wood, 450 U.S. at 272. Dominguez was the First Assistant for the U.S.
Attorney’s Office in Puerto Rico when Defendant was indicted in that district on
drug conspiracy charges. Dominguez had supervisory authority of the attorney
prosecuting Defendant and had briefly met with Defendant’s counsel regarding a
conduct complaint against the prosecuting attorney. Further, Dominguez separated
from the U.S. Attorney’s Office only seven months prior to taking up her
representation of Defendant in the Southern District of Florida.
These facts and the restrictions set forth in § 207 cried out for an inquiry by
the court not only to insure that the statute was complied with, but to protect
Defendant and the integrity of the sentencing process. Therefore, the district court
did not abuse its discretion by inquiring into whether Dominguez’s representation
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presented an actual conflict of interest or a violation of federal law. See Campbell,
491 F.3d at 1310 (“The need for fair, efficient, and orderly administration of
justice overcomes the right to counsel of choice where an attorney has an actual
conflict of interest. . . .” (quotation omitted)); see also United States v. Ross, 33
F.3d 1507, 1523 (11th Cir. 1994) (explaining that the court may refuse to accept a
defendant’s waiver of conflict-free counsel for several reasons, including
protecting the integrity of the court).
C. Venue
Defendant next argues that his case should be dismissed because venue was
not proper in the Southern District of Florida, as the Government proffered no facts
indicating that Defendant, or any coconspirator, took any action in the Southern
District of Florida. The Government asserts that Defendant waived his ability to
challenge venue by pleading guilty and by failing to raise the issue of improper
venue in his first appeal. We agree.
Because Defendant pleaded guilty to the indictment, he waived a challenge
to venue. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 532 F.3d 1125, 1127 (11th Cir. 2008)
(explaining that a guilty plea waives all non-jurisdictional challenges to a
conviction); see also United States v. Calderon, 243 F.3d 587, 590 (2d Cir. 2001)
(holding that a defendant’s guilty plea waived any challenge to venue). Further,
we need not consider Defendant’s venue argument because he failed to raise this
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issue in his first appeal. See United States v. Fiallo-Jacome, 874 F.2d 1479, 1481–
83 (11th Cir. 1989) (holding that because a defendant failed to raise an issue in his
first appeal, we were not required to consider the issue in a subsequent appeal).
Therefore, we decline to consider Defendant’s argument that venue was improper
in the Southern District of Florida.3
III. CONCLUSION
For all of the above reasons, Defendant’s sentence is AFFIRMED.
3
To the extent Defendant argues that his case should have been transferred to the District of
Puerto Rico pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 20, his argument is without merit.
Although Defendant moved for a continuance in order to potentially file a motion to transfer his
case to the District of Puerto Rico, he never actually filed such a motion. And although the
district court questioned defense counsel about the potential filing and noted its belief that Rule
20 would operate to have Defendant’s case in Puerto Rico transferred to the Southern District of
Florida where he resides, and not the other way around, the district court never actually ruled on
any motion to transfer the case to the District of Puerto Rico.
17
United States v. Jose R. Diaz-Rosado
Combined Opinion