16‐2323‐ag
Hernandez v. Sessions
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
AUGUST TERM 2017
No. 16‐2323‐ag
MARLENY HERNANDEZ,
Petitioner,
v.
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, United States Attorney General,
Respondent.
ARGUED: NOVEMBER 30, 2017
DECIDED: FEBRUARY 28, 2018
Before: JACOBS, RAGGI, and DRONEY, Circuit Judges.
Marleny Hernandez petitions for review of a precedential decision of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) finding her ineligible for asylum under
the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) on the ground that she provided
“material support” to a terrorist organization, notwithstanding that she acted
under duress. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(v), 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I),
ll82(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI). A 2014 Summary Order of this Court identified no error in
the BIA’s conclusion that Hernandez provided material support to a terrorist
organization, but the Order remanded for the BIA to determine in the first
instance whether the so‐called “material support bar,” which makes no explicit
mention of duress, nevertheless has an implied duress exception that might
exempt Hernandez. See Hernandez v. Holder, 579 F. Appʹx 12, 15 (2d Cir.
2014). The principal question presented by this petition is whether the agency’s
determination on remand that the material support bar contains no such
exception is entitled to deference under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). We conclude that Chevron
deference is warranted and join several other circuits in holding that the material
support bar does not except aliens who acted under duress. We also reject the
petitioner’s argument that aliens who are rendered ineligible for relief from
removal by the material support bar have a due process right to some means of
obtaining an exemption based on duress, other than the currently‐available
procedure for obtaining a discretionary waiver from the Department of State or
the Department of Homeland Security. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i).
Accordingly, we deny the petition.
Judge Droney concurs in the opinion of the Court and files a concurring
opinion.
GREGORY SILBERT (with Kevin Meade and
Melanie Conroy on the brief), Weil, Gotshal
& Manges LLP, New York, NY and Boston,
MA; Anne Pilsbury and Heather Yvonne
Axford, Central American Legal
Assistance, Brooklyn, NY, for Petitioner.
JEFFREY L. MENKIN, Senior Counsel for
National Security, Office of Immigration
Litigation (with Chad A. Readler, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, and Ethan B.
Kanter, Deputy Chief, on the brief), United
States Department of Justice, Washington,
D.C., for Respondent.
2
DENNIS JACOBS, Circuit Judge:
Petitioner Marleny Hernandez, a native and citizen of Colombia, seeks
review of a June 9, 2016 published decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals
(“BIA”) finding her ineligible for asylum on the ground that she provided
“material support” to a terrorist organization, notwithstanding that she acted
under duress. See Matter of M‐H‐Z‐, 26 I. & N. Dec. 757 (B.I.A. 2016).
The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) deems ineligible for asylum
any alien who has “engaged in a terrorist activity.” 8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(2)(A)(v),
1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I). In a provision known as the “material support bar,” the INA
defines “[e]ngag[ing] in [a] terrorist activity” to include committing an act that
“the actor knows, or reasonably should know, affords material support” to a
terrorist organization. Id. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI). A 2014 Summary Order of
this court identified no error in the BIA’s conclusion that Hernandez provided
material support to a terrorist organization by providing the Revolutionary
Armed Forces of Colombia $100 packages of foodstuffs every three months for
more than two years. See Hernandez v. Holder, 579 F. Appʹx 12, 15 (2d Cir.
2014). But the Order remanded the matter for the BIA to determine in the first
instance whether the material support bar, which makes no explicit mention of
duress, nevertheless has an implied duress exception that might exempt
Hernandez. See id. (citing Ay v. Holder, 743 F.3d 317, 320 (2d Cir. 2014)
(explaining that the material support bar is “silent on the question” of whether “a
duress exception is implicit in its terms”)). The agency decision resulting from
that remand is the subject of the petition before us.
The principal question presented by the petition is whether the agency’s
determination that the material support bar contains no implied duress exception
is entitled to deference under Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense
Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). We conclude that Chevron deference is
warranted and join several other circuits in holding that the material support bar
does not except aliens, like Hernandez, who acted under duress.1 We also reject
While this opinion discusses the material support bar in the context of
1
Hernandez’s claim for asylum, the bar‐‐and the interpretation of it discussed in
3
Hernandez’s argument that aliens who are rendered ineligible for relief from
removal by the material support bar have a due process right to some means of
obtaining an exemption based on duress, other than the currently available
procedure for obtaining a discretionary waiver from the Department of State or
the Department of Homeland Security‐‐a waiver that Hernandez sought but did
not receive. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i). Accordingly, we deny the petition.
The facts and procedural course of this case are set out in the BIA’s
published decision and in our 2014 Summary Order. We review only the BIA’s
decision issued on remand. See Belortaja v. Gonzales, 484 F.3d 619, 623 (2d Cir.
2007).
I
The INA’s material support bar, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI), is
construed by the BIA to have no implied exception for duress. When, as here,
the BIA construes “the statute which it administers,” we apply the familiar
principles of deference outlined originally in Chevron. INS v. Aguirre‐Aguirre,
526 U.S. 415, 424 (1999). “At the first step” of the two‐step Chevron framework,
we “determine whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at
issue,” and if it has, we “give effect to [Congress’s] unambiguously expressed
intent . . . . If, however, the statute [is] ambiguous . . . , we proceed to a second
step of analysis to [determine] whether the agency’s interpretation is
reasonable,” and if it is, “we must defer to it.” Adams v. Holder, 692 F.3d 91, 95
(2d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
The inquiry here begins at Chevron step two, because we have already
concluded that the material support bar is ambiguous as to whether duress is an
exception.2 See Hernandez, 579 F. Appʹx at 15 (citing Ay, 743 F.3d at 320). At
Chevron step two, we conclude that the BIA’s construction of the material
this opinion‐‐applies equally to claims for withholding of removal. See 8 U.S.C.
§§ 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv), 1227(a)(4)(B), 1182(a)(3)(B)(i)(I), ll82(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI).
2 Hernandez argues that the statutory language favors her reading
unambiguously. That argument is defeated by stare decisis and law of the case.
4
support bar is reasonable and therefore entitled to Chevron deference. In doing
so, we join several of our sister circuits in holding that the material support bar
does not contain an implied duress exception. See Sesay v. Att’y Gen., 787 F.3d
215, 217‐18 (3d Cir. 2015); Barahona v. Holder, 691 F.3d 349, 355‐56 (4th Cir.
2012); Annachamy v. Holder, 733 F.3d 254, 260, 267 (9th Cir. 2013), overruled on
other grounds by Abdisalan v. Holder, 774 F.3d 517 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc);
Alturo v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 716 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir. 2013).
Hernandez argues that the BIA’s construction is not reasonable in view of
(1) the context, purpose, and legislative history of the INA; (2) United States
treaty obligations; and (3) the availability of a duress defense in criminal
proceedings. For the reasons that follow, we reject these arguments.
1. The BIA reasonably determined that the nonexistence of a duress
exception can be inferred from the language and design of the INA as a whole.
See Adams, 692 F.3d at 95. The text of the material support bar itself is “silent”
as to conduct taken under duress.3 See Ay, 743 F.3d at 320. Elsewhere in the
INA, the bar to relief from removal for members or affiliates of communist or
totalitarian political parties contains an explicit exception for individuals who
can establish that their “membership or affiliation is or was involuntary.” 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(D)(i)‐(ii). The omission of such an express exception in the
material support bar supports the inference drawn by the BIA that no exception
was intended. See INS v. Cardoza‐Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 432 (1987) (“[W]here
Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in
another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts
intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion.” (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)). Other circuits agree. See Alturo, 716
3 Hernandez argues that the bar’s text, which states that it applies to aliens
who “commit [] act[s]” that provide material support to terrorists, presumes
deliberate conduct. The point does not support her petition, however, because
deliberate conduct may be taken under duress. See Dixon v. United States, 548
U.S. 1, 6 (2006) (observing, in the criminal context, that the duress defense may
excuse conduct that would otherwise be punishable for satisfying all elements of
the offense).
5
F.3d at 1314 (observing that the lack of an explicit duress exception in the
material support bar “stands in marked contrast to a neighboring provision in
the INA that includes an explicit involuntariness exception for aliens who have
been affiliated with a totalitarian party”); Annachamy, 733 F.3d at 261 (same);
Sesay, 787 F.3d at 222‐23 (same).4
The BIA likewise relied on the separate INA provision under which an
alien who “has not ‘voluntarily and knowingly’ supported terrorist activities” may
apply for a discretionary “waive[r] [] of the material support bar” from “the
Secretary of State or [] the Secretary of Homeland Security”‐‐a waiver that
requires inter‐agency consultation.5 Ay, 743 F.3d at 321 (emphasis added)
(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i)). In enacting that provision‐‐“well after
[enacting] the material support bar”‐‐“Congress demonstrated its ability to
distinguish between voluntary and involuntary” conduct in the INA. Matter of
M‐H‐Z‐, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 761 n.4; see also Sesay, 787 F.3d at 223‐24 (“Given that
the 2007 Amendments discussed duress waivers and voluntariness, and required
reporting on persons removed for having provided material support under
duress, Congress clearly legislated on the premise that the material support bar
otherwise applied to support given under duress.”); Annachamy, 733 F.3d at 262
n.8 (“Although the waiver provision was not enacted until 15 years after the
4 In urging otherwise, Hernandez observes that the so‐called “totalitarian
bar” was enacted years before the material support bar by a different Congress.
However, we “assume that Congress is aware of existing law when it passes
legislation.” Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., 498 U.S. 19, 32 (1990) (citation
omitted). Indeed, presuming congressional awareness is “particularly
appropriate here,” because Congress updated the totalitarian bar “in the same
legislation in which it created the material support bar.” Annachamy, 733 F.3d
at 261 n.7.
5 The Secretary of State may exempt an applicant after consulting with the
Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Secretary of
Homeland Security may do so after consulting with the Attorney General and
the Secretary of State. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i).
6
creation of the material support bar, the waiver provision is still relevant in
determining the earlier congressional intent.”).
2. Hernandez argues that a material support bar without an implied
duress exception is incompatible with the non‐refoulement obligation of the 1976
United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (the “Protocol”), to
which the United States is a signatory. That argument appears to suggest that
the Protocol is self‐executing: it is not. See Yuen Jin v. Mukasey, 538 F.3d 143,
159 (2d Cir. 2008). In any event, the BIA recognized that the absence of an
implied duress exception to the material support bar is consistent with the
United States’s obligations under the Protocol.
“The Protocol incorporates by reference Articles 2 through 34 of the [1951]
United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees [(the
‘Convention’)],” Aguirre‐Aguirre, 526 U.S. at 427, and Article 33.2 of the
Convention provides that non‐refoulement may not “be claimed by a refugee
whom there are reasonable grounds for regarding as a danger to the security of
the country in which he is,” Convention, art. 33.2, reprinted in 19 U.S.T. 6223.
Moreover, “the determination of refugee status under the 1951 Convention and
the 1967 Protocol . . . is incumbent upon the Contracting State in whose territory
the refugee finds himself.” Cardoza‐Fonseca, 480 U.S. at 439 n.22 (quoting
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Handbook on
Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status 1 (ii) (Geneva, 1979)).
Therefore, “[u]nder the Protocol and Convention, Congress is free to decide that
an alien who provided material support to a terrorist organization, even if under
duress, is a danger to the security of the United States.” Annachamy, 733 F.3d
at 266.
3. Hernandez argues that an implied duress exception to the material
support bar is compelled by the pervasive availability of duress as a defense in
the criminal law. However, a deportation proceeding “is not a criminal
proceeding . . . [,] and the full trappings of legal protections that are accorded to
criminal defendants are not [] constitutionally required in deportation
proceedings.” Dor v. Dist. Dir., INS, 891 F.2d 997, 1003 (2d Cir. 1989) (citation
omitted). It was reasonable for the BIA to deem the criminal defense of duress
7
inapposite because ineligibility for relief from removal under the material
support bar is not premised on criminal liability. See Annachamy, 733 F.3d at
260 n.6 (“[An] alienʹs . . . [acts in] support [of a] . . . terrorist organization need
not [give rise to] criminal[] liab[ility] for the material support bar to apply.”); see
also Negusie v. Holder, 555 U.S. 511, 526 (2009) (Scalia, J., concurring) (observing
that the existence of the duress defense in criminal cases is irrelevant to the
interpretation of a bar to relief from removal under the INA because an “order of
deportation is not a punishment for a crime” (quoting Fong Yue Ting v. United
States, 149 U.S. 698, 730 (1893))).
II
Hernandez argues in the alternative that, given the BIA ruling, the
discretionary waiver system authorized under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i) is the
sole means by which an alien may obtain a duress exception to the material
support bar, and that the government thus violates due process because that
system does not afford aliens sufficient procedural safeguards. See Burger v.
Gonzales, 498 F.3d 131, 134 (2d Cir. 2007).
Aliens for whom the waiver system may later become necessary still have
a full and fair opportunity to have their claims for asylum or withholding of
removal first heard and adjudicated by an immigration judge and the BIA, see
id., and it is through that adequate process that aliens may be deemed ineligible
for relief if they are found to have provided material support to terrorists, see 8
U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)(iv)(VI). The system that Hernandez challenges “afford[s]
[these aliens] additional process,” Yuen Jin, 538 F.3d at 157 (emphasis added), by
allowing them to make a showing of involuntariness, which the Executive may,
in its “sole [and] unreviewable discretion,” deem deserving of a waiver, see 8
U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(i). However, aliens have no constitutionally‐protected
“liberty or property interest” in such a discretionary grant of relief for which
they are otherwise statutorily ineligible. See Yuen Jin, 538 F.3d at 156‐57
(collecting cases); cf. Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756 (2005)
(“[A] benefit is not a protected entitlement if government officials may grant or
deny it in their discretion.”). There is therefore no merit to Hernandez’s due
8
process challenge to either the denial of her waiver application or to the waiver
system in general.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. Any stay of
removal that the Court previously granted in this petition is VACATED, and any
pending motion for a stay of removal in this petition is DISMISSED as moot.
9
DRONEY, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I agree that the material support for terrorism bar to asylum and
withholding of removal does not contain a duress exception. I write separately to
address whether the discretionary waiver to the material support bar complies
with the obligations of the United States under international law, both in this
case and more broadly. In my view, it is not clear that the waiver system meets
these obligations without additional information from the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS); indeed, I have serious concerns that it does not.
The United States is a signatory to the 1967 United Nations Protocol
Relating to the Status of Refugees, Jan. 31, 1967, 19 U.S.T. 6223, T.I.A.S. 6577
(1968) (ʺthe Protocolʺ), which re‐incorporated the main provisions of the U.N.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, July 28, 1951, 189 U.N.T.S. 150.
Under the Protocol, signatory states may not deport an otherwise‐eligible
refugee or asylee unless the state has “reasonable grounds for regarding [the
refugee] as a danger to security of the country in which he is.” Protocol art. 33.2.
This “national security exception” places limits on expelling individuals who can
otherwise establish their eligibility for asylum by showing that their “life or
freedom would be threatened on account of . . . race, religion, nationality,
membership [in] a particular social group or political opinion” if returned to
their country of origin. Id. art. 33.1. The government contends that the material
support bar does not violate this restriction because the Protocol “did not define
what constitutes a ‘danger to the security of the country,’ [and thus] it was left to
Congress to set the parameters of that exclusion.” Resp’t Br. at 35. However, the
treaty’s language, as well as the statute and its legislative history, make clear that
Congress did not intend to allow DHS to remove otherwise‐eligible asylees who
do not present genuine security threats to the United States—a description that
seems very likely to apply to Hernandez, and perhaps, others like her.
First, the plain language and structure of the Protocol demonstrate that a
state may expel only asylees who present true security threats to the United
States. See Swarna v. Al‐Awadi, 622 F.3d 123, 132 (2d Cir. 2010) (“In interpreting a
treaty, it is well established that we begin with the text of the treaty and the
context in which the written words are used.” (alteration and internal quotation
1
marks omitted)). Specifically, the Protocol requires reasonable grounds to deem an
individual a security threat. Protocol art. 33.2. The United Nations Handbook on
Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, which federal courts
have often used to interpret the Protocol,1 supports interpreting this clause to
place significant restrictions on a signatory state’s ability to deport otherwise‐
eligible asylees. See United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR),
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status ¶¶ 140‐63
(Geneva 1979) (“the Handbook”). The Court’s opinion here cites the Handbook
to support its conclusion that the determination of refugee status is left to
signatories to the Protocol, slip op. at 7, but elsewhere the Handbook also
specifies the limited conditions under which states may deny refugee status or
expel a refugee, see UNHCR Handbook ¶¶ 140‐63. In specifying these conditions,
the Handbook indicates that a signatory state may expel an otherwise‐eligible
asylee only where that individual presents a serious threat to the country’s
security. See also UNHCR, Background Note on the Application of the Exclusion
Clauses: Article 1F of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 5
(Geneva 2003) (“Article 33(2) has always been considered as a measure of last
resort, . . . justified by the exceptional threat posed by the individual—a threat
such that it can only be countered by removing the person from the country of
asylum.”). The fact that the Protocol is not self‐executing, see Yuen Jin v. Mukasey,
538 F.3d 143, 159 (2d Cir. 2008), does not mean that we may disregard the
Protocol’s language.2
1
See INS v. Cardoza‐Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 43839 (1987) (“In interpreting
the Protocol’s definition of ‘refugee’ we are further guided by the analysis set
forth in the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,
Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status (Geneva
1979).); INS. v. Aguirre‐Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 427 (1999) (consulting Handbook to
interpret Protocol).
2
While the Protocol may permit states to determine how to implement its
terms, the Protocol’s text establishes a baseline for what constitutes a security
risk serious enough to justify denying asylum to an otherwise‐eligible applicant.
Thus, this Court should look to these words in resolving the issues raised by this
case. See Murray v. Schooner Charming Betsy, 6 U.S. (2 Cranch) 64, 118, 2 L.Ed. 208
2
Second, domestic case law and Congress’s actions support this
interpretation of the Protocol. As the Supreme Court has noted, the United States
codified its obligations under the Protocol when Congress passed the 1980
Refugee Act. Sale v. Hatian Ctrs. Council, Inc., 509 U.S. 155, 177–78 (1993). Part of
the Act incorporated Article 33.2’s protection into U.S. law, using language
virtually identical to that used in the Protocol. See 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv)
(preventing a grant of withholding of removal where “there are reasonable
grounds to believe that the alien is a danger to the security of the United States”).
The Third Circuit has interpreted this “national security exception” to prevent
removal unless there is probable cause to believe that an otherwise‐eligible
asylee poses an “actual” and “non‐trivial” threat to national security. Yusupov v.
Att’y Gen., 518 F.3d 185, 20104 (3d Cir. 2008); see also id. at 204 (noting that the
language “‘danger to the security of the United States’ includes an inherent
seriousness requirement”).3
The question is whether the discretionary waiver system, as currently
implemented, satisfies this standard. On the one hand, there is some basis to
conclude that the waiver approach meets the Protocol’s requirements and that
Congress exercises meaningful oversight over the system to ensure compliance
(1804) (“[A]n act of Congress ought never to be construed to violate the law of
nations if any other possible construction remains . . . .”). Indeed, the Supreme
Court has consulted the Protocol’s text on various occasions to help interpret the
meaning of the U.S.’s asylum and withholding of removal law. See, e.g., Sale v.
Hatian Ctrs. Council, Inc., 509 U.S. 155, 17987 (1993); Cardoza‐Fonseca, 480 U.S. at
43839.
3 Yusupov involved review of a case from the Attorney General that
interpreted 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(B)(iv). Matter of A–H–, 23 I. & N. Dec. 774 (2005).
In that case, the Attorney General had similarly concluded that this section
requires probable cause to believe that an individual may pose a non‐trivial
threat to national security. Id. at 788–89. Applying Chevron deference, the Third
Circuit differed from the Attorney General only in that the Court determined an
asylee must “actually pose a danger to the United States.” Yusupov, 518 F.3d at
201 (emphasis added).
3
with its purpose and U.S. treaty obligations. In 2005, Congress amended the bar
for “engaging in terrorist activities” to allow the Secretary of DHS to waive the
bar in his or her sole discretion. See Emergency Supplemental Appropriations
Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005, Pub. L. No.
109‐13, § 104, 119 Stat. 231, 309 (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)). As part of
that law, Congress mandated that the Secretary report to certain congressional
committees regarding how frequently DHS invoked the discretionary authority.
8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(B)(ii). Using this authority, the Secretary created a waiver
system for certain individuals who provided material support under duress. See,
e.g., Exercise of Auth. under Sec. 212(d)(3)(B)(i) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act, 72 Fed. Reg. 26138‐02 (May 8, 2007). In December 2007, Congress
enacted additional reporting requirements regarding discretionary waivers for
duress cases. See Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008, Pub. L. No. 110‐161, §
691(e), 121 Stat. 1844, 2365. Congress acted in 2007 after many refugee and asylee
advocates (as well as members of Congress) voiced concern about the
implementation of the 2005 waiver authority and the material support bar’s
unfortunate consequences in many cases. See The “Material Support” Bar: Denying
Refuge to the Persecuted?”: Hearing before the Subcomm. on Human Rights & the Law,
Senate Comm. on the Judiciary, 110th Cong. 1186 (Sept. 19, 2007).
However, the facts of this case, the nature of the discretionary waiver
process, and the limited public information available regarding the waiver
prevent me from concluding that the waiver system necessarily complies with
the Protocol; indeed, these issues leave me with serious concerns that at least in
some cases, the waiver system does not comply with our treaty obligations and
Congress’s intent to create an effective waiver system. First, the record in
Hernandez’s case does not suggest that the United States faces an actual threat
from this asylum applicant. There is no dispute that Hernandez was a
“successful businesswoman” in Colombia who provided food to members of
FARC4 every three months for a period of two years following a series of FARC
FARC is the Spanish acronym for the Revolutionary Armed Forces of
4
Colombia, a guerilla organization at the center of Colombia’s internal conflict for
decades. See June S. Beittel, Cong. Research Serv., RL 43813, Colombia: Background
and U.S. Relations, 28 (2017). FARC and the Colombian government signed a
4
threats against her. Matter of M‐H‐Z, 26 I. & N. Dec. 757, 758 (2016). However, in
early 1999, Hernandez stopped providing assistance to FARC, and instead
housed Colombian police officers in her hotel. Appellate Record 96. FARC once
again began threatening Hernandez, and in March 2000, they attacked her
hometown, burning down Hernandez’s store and hotel. Id. Hernandez was later
taken to see a FARC commander, who pointed a gun at her head, threatened her
family, and ordered her to stop assisting “the police and politicians in her town.”
Id. at 97. After continuing to receive threats, Hernandez fled Colombia for the
United States in 2001. Id. The U.S. government placed her in removal
proceedings, and eventually, the immigration judge—following a full, contested
hearingdetermined “that, but for the material support bar, [Hernandez] would
be eligible for asylum based on her past persecution by the FARC.” 26 I. & N.
Dec. at 759; Appellate Record 203.
Nothing about this undisputed history suggests that Hernandez is a
security threat to this country. Indeed, DHS did not deny Hernandez a waiver on
security grounds or express doubt that she had acted under duress. Rather, DHS
denied her a waiver only because she failed to “fully disclose, in all relevant
applications and interviews with U.S. Government representatives and agents,
the nature and circumstances of each provision of material support.” Pet’r Br. at
50, No. 11‐31 (2d Cir.), ECF No. 90. This failure to disclose violated the DHS‐
created “threshold requirement” that a waiver applicant disclose certain
information about the material support she provided in order to be eligible for a
waiver. See 72 Fed. Reg. at 26138. Yet as I detailed above, under the Protocol,
the United States may only deport an asylee based upon the security threat she
presents to this country. 5
peace accord in 2016, under which FARC has disarmed. Id. at 11, 1315.
However, these very recent developments occurred after the administrative
record in this case was developed. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4).
5 Significantly, Hernandez is not alone, which increases my concerns. In
the Third Circuit case addressing this issue, DHS denied a waiver to an
individual who provided material support under duress to a rebel group in
Sierra Leone by moving the group’s equipment and goods. Sesay v. Att’y Gen, 787
5
This leads me to my second concern. In my view, the fact of Hernandez’s
denial—after the immigration judge determined that she was likely to face
persecution if returned to Colombia—raises serious concerns that the
discretionary waiver process is not effective given the few protections that the
waiver process provides. See Islam v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 53, 55 (2d Cir. 2006)
(detailing procedural protections in formal removal proceedings). It may well be
that a discretionary waiver system and its lack of administrative or judicial
review best balances the need for our Executive Branch to safeguard national
security while ensuring that some applicants who do not present a genuine
security risk may obtain asylum and withholding of removal. For example, some
cases might involve sensitive information about terrorist organizations such as
ISIS that pose (or have posed) serious threats to U.S. national security. These
cases may require secrecy of the waiver interviews and reasons for the waiver
denials to protect sources or methods of overseas intelligence gathering.
However, the need for such secrecy does not seem so clear in this case involving
FARC, which has not presented a security threat to the United States for quite
some time, if ever.6 As Hernandez’s experience seems to suggest, in practice this
discretionary waiver system also allows DHS to make its own credibility
determinations, without the protections afforded in removal proceedings before
the immigration court. See 72 Fed. Reg. at 26138; see also Burger v. Gonzales, 498
F.3d 131, 134‐35 (2d Cir. 2007) (noting procedural protections in asylum and
withholding of removal).
F.3d 215, 21718 (3d Cir. 2015); id. at 223 n.7. The individual provided this
support after repeatedly refusing to join the group as a rebel and after
imprisonment and repeated beatings. Id. at 218. Similarly, in the Fourth Circuit’s
case addressing this issue, an asylum applicant permitted FMLN guerillas in El
Salvador to use his house for cooking after the FMLN previously killed the
applicant’s father and cousin. Barahona v. Holder, 691 F.3d 349, 351‐52 (4th Cir.
2012). DHS also denied a waiver in that case. Id. at 355 n.8.
6 See Beittel, Colombia: Background and U.S. Relations at 28, 11, 1315
(summarizing the history of Colombia’s internal conflicts and recent
developments).
6
DHS’s regulations and the limited information available on the waiver
process underscore these procedural concerns. As mentioned above, to obtain
the waiver, an applicant must “[p]ose[] no danger to the safety and security of
the United States.” 72 Fed. Reg. at 26138. This requirement essentially concedes
that many individuals to whom the material support bar applies are not an
“actual” and “non‐trivial” threat to U.S. national security. Yusupov, 518 F.3d at
20104. Absent a grant of a discretionary waiver, denying these non‐dangerous
applicants asylum or withholding would violate the terms of the Protocol (so
long as there are no other grounds for denial). See id.; Protocol Art. 33.2.
Furthermore, the current waiver process does not appear to provide a “full and
fair opportunity [for an applicant] to present her claims” or to respond to the
government’s reasons for denying the waiver. Burger, 498 F.3d at 134. An agency
memorandum providing internal guidance to the agency provides some
structure to this process, but also suggests that the applicant’s only participation
in the waiver process takes place in an interview focused on the details of the
applicant’s material support. See Memorandum of Jonathan Scharfen, Deputy
Director, to DHS Officials (May 24, 2007), https://hsdl.hsdl.org/?view&did=21273.
Finally, the limited public statistics available to evaluate the waiver system
further underscore my concerns and those of the panel in Ay v. Holder, 743 F.3d
317, 321 (2d Cir. 2014). For example, in fiscal year 2014—the only year with
publicly available data—DHS processed only nineteen waivers for asylum
applicants in the United States.7 U.S. Citizenship & Immig. Servs., Report on the
Secretary’s Application of the Discretionary Authority Contained in Sec.
212(d)(3)(B)(i) of the INA 2 (2015).8 Of these, DHS provided only four waivers
7 Many more waivers were processed for refugees outside the United
States.
At oral argument, the government indicated that this reportwhich only
8
contains information on the number of waivers grantedwas not originally
intended to be publicly available. According to the government, an outside
organization obtained and released a copy of the report. The report is now
available on the Internet.
7
for material support provided under duress to Tier I or Tier II terrorist
organizations—the category into which FARC falls. Without more information
(e.g., how many individuals in asylum proceedings DHS considers each year for
a waiver), these results are difficult to assess. Nevertheless, the fact that DHS
awards few waivers for asylum cases raises concerns that the process may be
inadequate to comply with the Protocol. In light of each of these concerns, I join
the other members of this Court who have observed that “the relief that [the
discretionary] waiver offers appears to be limited,” Ay, 743 F.3d at 321; indeed, it
is possible that the relief may be so limited that it does not comply with the
Protocol in certain cases.
Nothing in this case suggests that Hernandez represents a genuine threat
to U.S. national security. Perhaps DHS has information demonstrating otherwise,
and perhaps the waiver system ensures compliance with international law in
every case. Courts would need additional information to reach the conclusion
that the material support bar complies with the Protocol’s requirements. Here, all
the administrative record reflects is a Colombian businesswoman who acted
under extreme fear and duress to protect her life and her family’s life by
providing foodstuffs to a guerilla organization located only in the highlands of
Colombia. This same woman also assisted the Colombian police, the very people
FARC often targeted. Indeed, DHS’s denial of Hernandez’s waiver did not even
suggest she is an actual security threat. If she is in fact not a threat, then I would
urge the government to reconsider Hernandez’s denial—to ensure that this case
and others comply with the U.S.’s international obligations under the Protocol.
8