In re Marriage of Cassinelli

Filed 3/2/18; prior opinion vacated

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re the Marriage of JANICE R. and
ROBERT J. CASSINELLI.

JANICE R. CASSINELLI,
E063769
Respondent,
(Super.Ct.No. D54420)
v.
OPINION
ROBERT J. CASSINELLI,

Appellant.

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Christopher B. Harmon,

Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.

Law Offices of Ellen C. Dove and Ellen C. Dove for Appellant.

Julie M. Clark for Respondent.

* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this
opinion is certified for publication with the exception of parts II, IV, V, and VIII.
 In 1964, Robert J. Cassinelli and Janice R. Cassinelli were married; in 1986, they

were divorced. In the meantime, after 20 years of service, Robert had retired from the

United States Air Force. In a stipulated judgment, the trial court awarded Janice her

community property interest in Robert’s military retired pay.

Fast forward 26 years. In 2012, it was determined that Robert had a combat-

related disability. As a result, he became eligible to receive both veteran’s disability

benefits and combat-related special compensation (CRSC); to do so, however, he had to

waive his retired pay. Before the waiver, Robert received $791 a month and Janice

received $541 in retired pay (taxable). After the waiver, Robert received $1,743 a month

in veteran’s disability benefits and $1,389 a month in CRSC, for a total of $3,132 (tax-

free); Janice received zero. As a result, the trial court ordered Robert to start paying

Janice $541 a month in permanent and nonmodifiable spousal support.

Robert appeals. Among other things, he contends:

1. Under overriding federal law, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to make any

award to Janice based on Robert’s receipt of either veteran’s disability benefits or CRSC.

2. The trial court erred by using spousal support as a remedy for the loss of a

community property interest.

3. The trial court erred by making its award of spousal support nonmodifiable.

4. Because the judgment dividing the community property was long-since final,

the trial court could not give Janice any remedy for the loss of her community property

interest in the retired pay.

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 5. All of Robert’s income was “non-attachable” (i.e., exempt), and therefore he

could not be required to use it to satisfy Janice’s claim.

6. Based on the relevant factors (see Fam. Code, § 4320), Janice was not entitled

to spousal support, and the trial court abused its discretion by finding otherwise.

We agree that federal law prohibited the trial court from compensating Janice, in

the form of spousal support or otherwise, for the loss of her share of Robert’s retired pay.

However, it could properly modify spousal support, provided it did so based on the

relevant factors and not as compensation. Accordingly, we will reverse and remand with

directions to hold a new trial on Janice’s request for a modification of spousal support.

I

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Janice and Robert were married in 1964. At that time, Robert was on active duty

as a member of the United States Air Force. After 20 years of service, he retired from the

military with the rank of Technical Sergeant.

In 1985, after 21 years of marriage, the parties separated. Janice then filed this

marital dissolution proceeding.

In August 1986, pursuant to stipulation, the trial court entered a final judgment. It

provided: “The Court finds that [Janice] has a 43.1% interest in [Robert]’s United States

Air Force Pension, and that she shall receive the sum of Two Hundred Thirty ($230)

Dollars per month, or 43.1% of said pension, whichever sum is greater. Said payments to

commence on May 1, 1986, providing that [Robert] shall make such payments to [Janice]

3
until such time as the United States Air Force is able to process [Janice]’s claims so that

her share of the military pension can be paid directly to her.” The judgment reserved

jurisdiction over the issue of spousal support.

Thereafter, Robert held several jobs, primarily as a teacher. He developed

ischemic heart disease; in 2011, he had a quadruple bypass. In 2012, he took a medical

retirement from teaching. His ischemic heart disease was presumed to be due to his

exposure to Agent Orange in Viet Nam. (See 38 C.F.R. § 3.309.) Thus, also in 2012, the

Department of Veterans Affairs determined that he had a service-connected disability,

making him eligible for disability benefits. It was further determined that his disability

was combat-related, making him eligible for CRSC.

In 2013, Robert elected to receive CRSC. Before his election, he was receiving

$791 a month of his retired pay and Janice was receiving $541 a month of his retired pay.

After his election, he received $1,743 a month in veteran’s disability benefits and $1,389

a month in CRSC, for a total of $3,132 a month. These benefits were nontaxable. Janice

received zero. However, when Robert made his election, he was not aware that it would

affect Janice.

At the time of trial, Robert was 72 years old. His monthly income consisted of:

Veteran’s disability benefits $1,743

CRSC $1,389

State teacher’s disability benefits $1,433

Social security benefits $1,105

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 Total $5,670

His total monthly expenses were $5,577.

Janice was 71 years old. She worked part-time for Rite Aid. Her monthly income

consisted of $1,673 in wages and $1,568 in social security, for a total of $3,286. After

paying her monthly expenses, she testified, “[s]ome months I have [$]100, some months I

have $50 [left over].”

If and when Janice stopped working, she would lose more than half her income,

although she could get another $200 a month (“if I’m lucky”) by drawing on $44,000 in a

401(k) account and $15,000 in an annuity.

In January 2014, Janice filed a motion to modify the judgment by ordering Robert

to pay the amount of her share of his retired pay as “non-modifiable spousal support.”

In opposition, Robert argued: (1) the property division in the judgment was final

and could not be reopened; (2) “[f]ederal law which supersedes state law . . . prohibits the

non-military spouse[’]s participation in the member’s disability combat pay”; (3) “some

or all of [Robert’s] income is protected from attachment”; and (4) the relevant statutory

factors militated against an award of spousal support.

In August 2014, Janice filed a motion for attorney fees.

In January 2015, the trial court held a trial on both pending motions. After the

trial, at the trial court’s invitation, both parties filed supplemental declarations.

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 In April 2015, the trial court issued a written ruling. It acknowledged that, under

federal law, it could not treat Robert’s retired pay as community property. However, it

ruled that it was not precluded from “tak[ing] equitable action” to compensate Janice.

It found that “[Robert’s] voluntary election and the resulting termination of

[Janice’s] share of the military retirement” was a material change of circumstances. It

further found that it would be a “miscarriage of justice” to allow Robert, acting

unilaterally, to increase his military-source income from $791 (taxable) to $3,132 (tax-

free) while reducing Janice’s military-source income from $541 to zero. After discussing

each of the factors listed in Family Code section 4320, it concluded that Janice was

entitled to receive $541 a month in spousal support.

The trial court further found that, in 1986, when the original judgment was

entered, Janice had a reasonable belief that her share of Robert’s retired pay was non-

modifiable. It therefore made its award of spousal support non-modifiable.

Finally, it awarded Janice $7,180 in attorney fees against Robert.

Robert filed a motion for reconsideration. The trial court denied the motion.

Robert filed a timely notice of appeal.

II

EXPERT TESTIMONY

At trial, Janice called Attorney Richard Muir, as an expert on the law regarding the

treatment of military-source payments in a divorce.

6
 Robert objected to one question to Muir as calling for a legal conclusion; that

objection was sustained. He objected to two other questions as irrelevant; those

objections were overruled. Otherwise, he did not object to Muir’s testimony, nor did he

call any expert witness of his own. After trial, in a brief filed in lieu of closing argument,

he argued that Muir was unqualified, that his opinions lacked foundation, and that he

incorrectly stated the law.

In this appeal, Robert argues that the trial court erred by “adopt[ing] the fuzzy and

mis[s]tated opinion of a non-expert . . . .” Ordinarily, Robert would be deemed to have

forfeited this argument due to his failure to raise any objection until after trial. (Evid.

Code, § 353, subd. (a).)

The problem, however, went beyond the mere admission of evidence. A witness

cannot testify to a legal conclusion. This is true even if the witness is an attorney.

(Summers v. A.L. Gilbert Co. (1999) 69 Cal.App.4th 1155, 1178-1184.) “[I]t is

‘emphatically . . . the province and duty of the judicial department . . . to say what the law

is” [citation] . . . .” (Powers v. City of Richmond (1995) 10 Cal.4th 85, 115.) “‘[It] is

thoroughly established that experts may not give opinions on matters which are

essentially within the province of the court to decide.’ [Citations.]” (Sheldon Appel Co.

v. Albert & Oliker (1989) 47 Cal.3d 863, 884.) Even if a legal conclusion is admitted, it

does not constitute substantial evidence. (WRI Opportunity Loans II LLC v. Cooper

(2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 525, 532, fn. 3; Downer v. Bramet (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 837,

841-842.)

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 It follows that, regardless of whether Muir was correct or incorrect, qualified or

unqualified, “fuzzy” or precise, his testimony was not substantial evidence. If and to the

extent that the trial court relied on it, it erred. However, we need not decide whether this

occurred. If the trial court did not rely on Muir’s testimony, then the error was harmless.

(See Cal. Const., art. IV, § 13; Code Civ. Proc., § 475; Elsner v. Uveges (2004) 34

Cal.4th 915, 939.) If the trial court did rely on Muir’s testimony, but Muir was correct

about the law, then once again, the error was harmless; the trial court came to the right

conclusion. And finally, if the trial court relied on Muir’s testimony and Muir was

incorrect about the law, then we must reverse based on the resulting legal error.

For these reasons, we have not included any of Muir’s testimony in our statement

of facts (part I, ante). (And for the same reasons, we also have not included any of the

legal conclusions to which Robert testified, purportedly also as an expert, based on his

own experience.)

III

FEDERAL LAW REGARDING MILITARY RETIRED PAY IN A DIVORCE

Robert contends that, as a matter of federal law, the trial court erred by awarding

Janice spousal support to replace her interest in his retired pay.

A member of the armed services who retires based on length of service becomes

entitled to retired pay. (10 U.S.C. §§ 1401 [Army], 6333 [Navy], 8991 [Air Force].)

8
 Meanwhile, a veteran who becomes disabled as a result of an injury suffered or a

disease contracted in the line of duty becomes entitled to disability benefits. (38 U.S.C.

§ 1110 [wartime disability], 1131 [peacetime disability].)1

“In order to prevent double dipping, a military retiree may receive disability

benefits only to the extent that he waives a corresponding amount of his military

retirement pay. [Citation.]” (Mansell v. Mansell (1989) 490 U.S. 581, 583, fn. omitted;

see 38 U.S.C. §§ 5304-5305.) “For example, if a military retiree is eligible for $1500 a

month in retirement pay and $500 a month in disability benefits, he must waive $500 of

retirement pay before he can receive any disability benefits.” (Mansell v. Mansell, supra,

at p. 584, fn. 1.) Unlike retired pay, veteran’s disability benefits are not taxable.

(38 U.S.C. § 5301(a); Haas v. United States (2012) 107 Fed.Cl. 1, 3.) Thus, normally a

retiree is better off by making such a waiver.

Under California law, military retired pay that accrues based on service during

marriage is community property. (In re Marriage of Barnes (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1371,

1374-1375; In re Marriage of Stenquist (1978) 21 Cal.3d 779, 782.) Moreover, as a

matter of federal law, the Uniformed Services Former Spouses Protection Act

(FUSFSPA) allows a state court in a community property jurisdiction to treat “disposable

retired pay” as community property. (10 U.S.C. § 1408(c)(1).) However, its definition of

1 Any discussion of disability benefits in this opinion is limited to disability
benefits under title 38, United States Code. Title 10, chapter 61, United States Code (10
U.S.C. § 1201 et seq.) provides a separate scheme of military disability benefits that is
beyond the scope of our opinion.

9
“disposable retired pay” excludes any retired pay that has been waived in order to receive

disability benefits. (10 U.S.C. § 1408(a)(4)(A)(ii).)

Accordingly, in Mansell v. Mansell, supra, 490 U.S. 581, the United States

Supreme Court held that federal law prohibits a state court from treating the waived

portion of military retired pay as community property. (Id. at pp. 594-595.) It

acknowledged that its holding “may inflict economic harm on many former spouses,” but

it felt constrained by “the plain language of the statute” as well as by the statute’s

legislative history. (Id. at p. 594.)

More recently, in Howell v. Howell (2017) ___ U.S. ___ [137 S.Ct. 1400], the

Supreme Court held that a state court cannot order a veteran “to indemnify the divorced

spouse for the loss caused by the veteran's waiver.” (Id. at p. *1402.) It explained:

“[F]ederal law completely pre-empts the States from treating waived military retirement

pay as divisible community property.” (Id. at p. *1405.) “The principal reason the state

courts have given for ordering reimbursement or indemnification is that they wish to

restore the amount previously awarded as community property, i.e., to restore that portion

of retirement pay lost due to the postdivorce waiver. . . . Regardless of their form, such

reimbursement and indemnification orders displace the federal rule and stand as an

obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the purposes and objectives of

Congress.” (Id. at p. *1406.)

The court concluded: “We recognize, as we recognized in Mansell, the hardship

that congressional preemption can sometimes work on divorcing spouses. [Citation.]

10
But we note that a family court, when it first determines the value of a family’s assets,

remains free to take account of the contingency that some military retirement pay might

be waived, or . . . take account of reductions in value when it calculates or recalculates

the need for spousal support. [Citations.]” (Howell v. Howell, supra, 137 S.Ct. at

p. *1406, italics added.) 2

In fairness to the trial court, it ruled before Howell was decided. Nevertheless, in

light of Howell, it is now clear that it erred. Admittedly, it awarded Janice spousal

support, rather than reimbursement or indemnification. Moreover, it purported to

consider all of the factors listed in Family Code section 4320, and it made detailed

findings with respect to each of these factors. Nevertheless, it came up with a support

amount that was identical — down to the penny — to the amount of retired pay that

Janice had lost. We cannot help but conclude that this was, in substance, reimbursement

or indemnification. Howell was particularly critical of an award that “mirrors the waived

retirement pay, dollar for dollar.” (Howell v. Howell, supra, 137 S.Ct. at p. *1406, italics

added.)

2 While Howell was pending, we issued an opinion in this case. (In re
Marriage of Cassinelli (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 1285.) Robert filed a petition for certiorari.
After the Supreme Court decided Howell, it granted the petition, vacated our opinion, and
remanded for reconsideration in light of Howell. (Cassinelli v. Cassinelli (2017) ___
U.S. ___ [138 S.Ct. 69].)

Howell also effectively overruled In re Marriage of Chapman (2016) 3
Cal.App.5th 719 [trial court could require military spouse to compensate civilian spouse
for lost retired pay] and In re Marriage of Krempin (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1008 [same].

11
 We do not mean to say that the trial court was wholly barred from awarding Janice

spousal support as a result of Robert’s waiver. His waiver, and the resulting reduction in

her income, were changed circumstances which would tend — ceteris paribus — to

increase her need for support. Howell specifically permitted a state court to take account

of a military spouse’s waiver of retirement pay in recalculating spousal support.

Before Howell, In re Marriage of Perkins (Wash. Ct. App. 2001) 107 Wn. App.

313 [26 P.3d 989] held that a military spouse’s waiver of retirement pay can properly

trigger a modification of the civilian spouse’s support. There, the trial court had ordered

the military spouse to pay the civilian spouse the same amount as her lost share of his

retired pay, as “permanent compensatory spousal maintenance . . . .” (Id. at p. 317, italics

omitted.) The appellate court accepted that Mansell prohibited any order for “dollar-for-

dollar” reimbursement of the lost retired pay, even if it was labeled “maintenance.” (Id.

at p. 324.) However, a “dissolution court . . . may consider a spouse’s entitlement to an

undivided veteran’s disability pension . . . as one factor relevant to an award of

maintenance . . . , provided of course that it follows the usual state-law rules . . . .” (Id. at

pp. 322-323.) In other words, “a trial court may award maintenance after considering all

relevant factors, of which a military disability pension may be one.” (Id. at p. 327.)

Thus, it remanded “for reconsideration of maintenance.” (Ibid.)

And in the wake of Howell, Jennings v. Jennings (2017) 2017 Ohio 8974 [2017

Ohio App. LEXIS 5406]3 similarly held that the trial court could take the military

3 Ohio Court of Appeals decisions since May 1, 2002 are fully precedential,
even if unpublished. (Ohio Sup. Ct. R. Rep. Op., Rule 3.4; see also Lebrilla v. Farmers

12
spouse’s disability benefits into account in awarding support to the civilian spouse. (Id.

at pp. **5-**10.) It noted that “the United States Supreme Court’s comments in Howell

. . . support the conclusion that a court may include VA disability benefits as a source of

income to be considered in awarding spousal support.” (Id. at p. **9.)

We agree with Perkins and Jennings. We conclude that we must reverse the trial

court’s award of spousal support in lieu of the waived retirement pay but remand with

directions to hold a new trial on Janice’s request for a modification of spousal support.

IV

ENTITLEMENT TO SPOUSAL SUPPORT UNDER FAMILY CODE SECTION 4320

Robert contends that Janice is not entitled to any spousal support, because (1) she

has been self-supporting ever since the 1986 divorce, and (2) she failed to show need. He

also contends that particular findings regarding the Family Code section 4320 factors

were not supported by the evidence.

For the reasons discussed in part III, ante, we must reverse the award of spousal

support in any event. We decline to consider Robert’s present contentions, for two

reasons. First, it does not appear that the trial court ever appropriately considered the

Family Code section 4320 factors. Although, as mentioned, it purported to do so, its

consideration was subordinated to the goal of awarding Janice dollar-for-dollar

Group, Inc. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 1070, 1077 [“Opinions from other jurisdictions can
be cited without regard to their publication status.”].)

13
reimbursement. We have no way of knowing whether it would have made the same

findings and used the same analysis if it had known that this outcome was forbidden.

Second, “‘[a]n order for spousal support must be based on the facts and

circumstances existing at the time the order is made.’ [Citation.]” (In re Marriage of

Tydlaska (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 572, 575.) Given the passage of time, there may have

been — and there most likely have been — changes in the relevant circumstances.

We therefore leave it up to the trial court to consider these contentions for the first

instance on remand. We express no opinion on whether Janice will be entitled to spousal

support at all, or if she is, in what amount.

In a related contention, Robert argues that Janice gave false testimony. It is not

clear what he wants us to do about it. He does not explain how the falsity was

prejudicial; to the contrary, he asserts that it was “obvious to everyone in the courtroom”

and that he “discussed [it] in some detail in [his] Closing Brief.” In any event, the

asserted falsehoods all pertained to the factors relevant to an award of spousal support

listed in Family Code section 4320. Because we are directing the trial court to retry the

issue of spousal support, Robert needs no other remedy.

Finally, Robert also contends that the trial court erred by making its award of

spousal support nonmodifiable. Although this contention is moot, we discuss it briefly

for the guidance of the trial court on remand.

Robert is correct. Unless otherwise agreed (Fam. Code, § 3651, subd. (d)), a

support order may be modified at any time (id., subd. (a)), based on changed

14
circumstances (In re Marriage of Khera & Sameer (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1467, 1479).

We are not aware of any authority allowing a trial court — while support is still being

paid and while it still has jurisdiction — to tie its own hands in this manner.

V

THE FINALITY OF JUDGMENTS

Robert contends that the trial court’s order violates the finality of judgments.

“[P]ublic policy demands finality of litigation in the area of family law.” (In re

Marriage of Thomas (1984) 156 Cal.App.3d 631, 638.) Thus, “[g]enerally, once a

marital dissolution judgment has become final, the court loses jurisdiction to modify or

alter it. [Citations.] . . . [M]arital property rights and obligations adjudicated by a final

judgment cannot be upset by subsequent efforts to ‘modify’ the judgment.” (In re

Marriage of Thorne & Raccina (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 492, 499.)

One exception to this general rule is that “a judgment may contain an express

reservation of jurisdiction authorizing the court to subsequently modify it. [Citations.]”

(In re Marriage of Thorne & Raccina, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 500.) Here, the

judgment contained an express reservation of jurisdiction regarding spousal support.

Thus, the trial court did not violate finality principles by making a new order for spousal

support.

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 VI

COMBAT-RELATED SPECIAL COMPENSATION (CRSC)

In addition to veteran’s disability benefits, Robert was also receiving CRSC. Both

parties make much of this fact. Robert takes the position that the principles stated in

Mansell and Howard also apply to CRSC. Accordingly, we will discuss what CRSC is

and how it is involved in this case. We will conclude, however, that it is largely

irrelevant.

CRSC is relatively new; it was first enacted in 2002. (10 U.S.C. § 1413a; Pub. L.

107-314 (Dec. 2, 2002) 116 Stat. 2574.)

For purposes of this opinion, CRSC may be viewed as a bonus payment that

effectively eliminates the double-dipping penalty for those disabled veterans whose

disabilities are combat-related. To be eligible for CRSC, a veteran must be eligible for

both retired pay and disability benefits. (10 U.S.C. § 1413a(c)(1), (e).) It follows that,

under the rule against double-dipping (38 U.S.C. §§ 5304-5305), the veteran must waive

all retired pay up to the amount of the disability benefits. CRSC then basically restores

the waived amount of retired pay (10 U.S.C. § 1413a(b)(1), (b)(2)) — but as “special

compensation,” and specifically not as retired pay. (See 10 U.S.C. § 1413a(g).) Like

disability benefits, CRSC is nontaxable. (26 U.S.C. § 104(a)(4); Dept. of Def. Fin.

Mgmt. Reg. 7000.14–R, vol. 7B, ch. 63 (Oct. 2017) (Fin. Mgmt. Reg.),4 § 630101(D).)

4 Available at
[as
of Mar. 2, 2018].

16
 Because CRSC is not retired pay — just as veteran’s disability benefits are not

retired pay — under FUSFSPA as construed in Mansell, a state court does not have

jurisdiction to treat CRSC as community property. (10 U.S.C. §§ 1408(a)(4), (c)(1),

§ 1413a(g); Fin. Mgmt. Reg., supra, § 630101(C)(1).)

In this case, however, the trial court did not even arguably award Janice any

interest in Robert’s CRSC. Before Robert’s election to receive CRSC, he was receiving

$791 a month in retired pay and Janice was receiving $541 a month in retired pay, for a

total of $1,332. After his election, they received no retirement pay, but Robert received

$1,743 a month in veteran’s disability benefits. In other words, the retired pay was more

than wiped out by the disability benefits alone. Robert’s election to receive CRSC did

not cause any additional reduction in retired pay.

In many cases, an election to receive CRSC is the event that triggers a waiver of

retired pay. As mentioned, a veteran cannot receive CRSC unless he or she also (1)

receives disability benefits and (2) waives retired pay. Thus, when the civilian spouse

asks why his or her flow of retirement benefits has suddenly dried up, he or she may be

told it is because the military spouse has elected CRSC. That appears to be what

happened here. Nevertheless, subject to one exception, CRSC is irrelevant to all of the

issues before us.

The one exception is Robert’s contention that the trial court erred because all of

his income — veteran’s disability benefits, state teacher’s disability benefits, social

17
security, and CRSC — is exempt from creditor’s claims. We will discuss this in part VII,

post.

VII

INCOME THAT IS EXEMPT FROM CREDITOR’S CLAIMS

Robert contends that his income is exempt from creditor’s claims.5 However, he

cites no supporting authority.

As already noted, Robert’s income consists of veteran’s disability benefits, state

teacher’s disability benefits, Social Security, and CRSC. Arguably some or all of these

funds would be exempt from an ordinary money judgment. However, they are not

exempt from a spousal support order. Specifically, a spousal support order would be

enforceable against Robert’s:

1. Veteran’s disability benefits (although only up to the amount of his waiver of

retired pay). (42 U.S.C. §§ 659(a), 659(h)(1)(A)(ii)(V), 659(h)(1)(B)(iii); 5 C.F.R.

§ 581.103; United States v. Murray (1981) 158 Ga.App. 781, 785 [282 S.E.2d 372, 375].)

2. CRSC. (Fin. Mgmt. Reg., supra, § 630101(C)(2).)

3. Social security benefits. (42 U.S.C. §§ 659(a), 659(h)(1)(A)(ii)(I); DeTienne v.

DeTienne (D.Kan. 1993) 815 F.Supp. 394, 396-397.)

4. State teacher’s disability benefits. (Code Civ. Proc., § 704.110, subd. (c); Ed.

Code, § 22006.)

5 Robert tends to conflate the issue of nondivisibility under Mansell with
what he calls “non-attachability.” Nevertheless, they are distinct and we discuss them
separately.

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 VIII

ATTORNEY FEES

Robert contends that the trial court erred by awarding attorney fees to Janice.

“Under [Family Code] sections 2030 and 2032, a family court may award attorney

fees and costs ‘between the parties based on their relative circumstances in order to

ensure parity of legal representation in the action.’ [Citation.] The parties’

circumstances include assets, debts and earning ability of both parties, ability to pay,

duration of the marriage, and the age and health of the parties. [Citation.]” (In re

Marriage of Winternitz (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 644, 657.)

“[A] motion for attorney fees and costs in a dissolution proceeding is left to the

sound discretion of the trial court. [Citations.] In the absence of a clear showing of

abuse, its determination will not be disturbed on appeal. [Citations.] ‘[T]he trial court’s

order will be overturned only if, considering all the evidence viewed most favorably in

support of its order, no judge could reasonably make the order made. [Citations.]’

[Citation.]” (In re Marriage of Sullivan (1984) 37 Cal.3d 762, 768-769.)

Robert argues that Janice had sufficient income and savings to pay her counsel.

However, “[t]he fact the applicant has sufficient personal resources to pay his or her own

attorney fees and costs does not itself bar an order requiring the other party to pay part or

all of the fees and costs requested.” (Hogoboom & King, Cal. Practice Guide: Family

Law (The Rutter Group 2017) ¶ 14:158, p. 14-56, italics omitted.)

19
 Robert also complains that the trial court awarded Janice the fees of her expert

witness Muir, even though Muir’s opinions were “ill-founded” and “misinformed” and

Muir “deigned to mislead the Court . . . .” However, he cites no authority for the

proposition that this is a basis for denying those fees to Janice (who, after all, still had to

pay Muir). “‘“[A]n appellate brief ‘should contain a legal argument with citation of

authorities on the points made. If none is furnished on a particular point, the court may

treat it as waived, and pass it without consideration.”’’ [Citation.]” (Almanor Lakeside

Villas Owners Assn. v. Carson (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 761, 777.) In addition, Robert

forfeited this argument by failing to raise it below.

To the extent that Robert’s reply brief may be construed as raising any other

arguments concerning attorney fees, we deem them forfeited by his failure to raise them

in his opening brief. (Estate of Moore (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 1101, 1107, fn. 3.)

We therefore conclude that Robert has not shown that the trial court abused its

discretion by awarding attorney fees to Janice.

IX

DISPOSITION

The order appealed from is affirmed with respect to attorney fees but reversed

with respect to spousal support. On remand, the trial court must hold a new trial on

Janice’s request for a modification of spousal support. Because relevant circumstances

may have been changed since this appeal was filed, it must give the parties an

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opportunity to submit new evidence. In the interest of justice, each side shall bear its

own costs.

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
RAMIREZ
P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
J.

CODRINGTON
J.

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