FILED
Mar 07 2018, 9:26 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Richard A. Cook Lisa M. Dillman
Bryan C. Tisch Thomas C. Hays
Yosha Cook & Tisch Barath S. Raman
Indianapolis, Indiana Lewis Wagner, LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana
ATTORNEY FOR AMICUS CURIAE
INDIANA TRIAL LAWYERS ATTORNEYS FOR AMICUS CURIAE
ASSOCIATION DEFENSE TRIAL COUNSEL OF
Gabriel A. Hawkins INDIANA
Cohen & Malad, LLP Lucy R. Dollens
Indianapolis, Indiana Jacob V. Bradley
Quarles & Brady LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Amber Hamilton, March 7, 2018
Appellant-Plaintiff, Court of Appeals Case No.
49A02-1704-CT-776
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
Steak ’n Shake Operations Inc., The Honorable Heather A. Welch,
Appellee-Defendant Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49D01-1308-CT-30340
Altice, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1704-CT-776 | March 7, 2018 Page 1 of 17
Case Summary
[1] Amber Hamilton was shot in the face during an altercation that transpired after
a group of individuals entered the Steak ’n Shake restaurant where she was
eating and verbally threatened and taunted her and her brother over a period of
approximately thirty minutes. Steak ’n Shake employees witnessed the
escalation of threats and verbal abuse, but did not take action until it seemed
that a physical altercation was imminent, at which point the acting manager
told the group they needed to leave the premises. Moments later, the
altercation turned physical inside the Steak ’n Shake, at which time, the Steak
’n Shake employees summoned help. Hamilton was shot less than a minute
later.
[2] Hamilton filed a complaint alleging that Steak ’n Shake was negligent for failing
to protect her from the criminal act of another. Steak ’n Shake filed a Motion
for Summary Judgment, which was initially denied by the trial court. A little
more than a year later, Steak ’n Shake filed a motion asking the trial court to
reconsider its denial of summary judgment in light of the recent pronouncement
by the Indiana Supreme Court with regard to the determination of duty. After
considering the Supreme Court’s decisions in Goodwin v. Yeakle’s Sports Bar &
Grill, Inc., 62 N.E.3d 384 (Ind. 2016) and Rogers v. Martin, 63 N.E.3d 316 (Ind.
2016), the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Steak ’n Shake,
concluding that Steak ’n Shake did not owe Hamilton a duty to protect her from
another’s unforeseeable criminal act. Hamilton appeals, arguing that the trial
court’s determination that Steak ’n Shake did not owe her a duty is erroneous.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1704-CT-776 | March 7, 2018 Page 2 of 17
[3] We reverse and remand.
Facts & Procedural History1
[4] The facts most favorable to Hamilton, the non-movant, follow. On or about
December 21, 2012, Hamilton, her brother Dustyn, and two friends were
patrons at an Indianapolis Steak ’n Shake. A server and a cook, who was also
acting as the manager, were the only other persons present. Shortly after
Hamilton’s group ordered their food, another group of individuals, including
Ricky Jackson, entered the Steak ’n Shake and sat about ten to twenty feet
away. Jackson began to threaten and verbally abuse Hamilton and Dustyn on
account of Dustyn’s sexual orientation. Jackson also attempted to goad Dustyn
into fighting him and even blocked the door so no one could leave. At one
point, Jackson went outside and continued taunting Hamilton and Dustyn by
repeatedly pounding on the windows and yelling for Dustyn to come outside
and fight him.
[5] The tension between the two groups escalated over the course of approximately
thirty minutes. The server was aware of the verbal exchange and the nature of
the insults and informed the cook/manager of the confrontation between the
groups. Neither of the Steak ’n Shake employees took any action to intervene
1
We held oral argument in this matter on February 15, 2018, in Indianapolis, Indiana. We commend
counsel for their excellent written and oral advocacy.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1704-CT-776 | March 7, 2018 Page 3 of 17
while the groups were seated at their tables, nor did they contact Steak ’n
Shake’s security agency or the police to defuse the situation.
[6] The confrontation continued to intensify as the two groups made their way
toward the cash register. The server and the cook stood behind the counter
observing the heated exchange between the groups. Only after it seemed as
though a physical altercation was imminent did the cook/manager address the
groups, saying several times, “Hey, you guys got to stop it and leave.”
Appellant’s Appendix Vol. 4 at 54. None of the individuals heeded the order and
moments later, a physical altercation ensued between Jackson and Dustyn
inside the Steak ’n Shake near the cash register. Hamilton inserted herself into
the fray to help her brother and in response to Jackson repeatedly calling her
names. After Hamilton hit Jackson in the face, Jackson pulled out a gun and
shot Hamilton point blank in the face, causing Hamilton to suffer serious
injuries. After the physical confrontation started, the server called for help, and
after the gun was fired, the cook ran across the street to a nearby business to
summon help.
[7] On August 8, 2013, Hamilton filed a complaint alleging negligence against
Steak ’n Shake for failing “to take affirmative action to control the wrongful
acts of third parties,” which ultimately resulted in harm to her, an invitee of the
restaurant. Appellant’s Appendix Vol. 2 at 52. After a period of discovery, Steak
’n Shake filed a motion for summary judgment along with a brief in support
thereof and designated evidence on October 16, 2014. Hamilton filed a
response in opposition to summary judgment and her designation of evidence
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on May 29, 2015. Steak ’n Shake filed a motion to strike Hamilton’s designated
evidence in opposition to summary judgment along with a reply in support of
summary judgment. On June 22, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on the
pending summary judgment motion. On September 24, 2015, the trial court
entered an order denying Steak ’n Shake’s motion for summary judgment.2
[8] On November 17, 2016, Steak ’n Shake filed a Motion to Reconsider the trial
court’s order denying its motion for summary judgment in light of the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Goodwin. On January 26, 2017, Hamilton filed a
response directing the trial court’s attention to Rogers, a companion case handed
down the same day as Goodwin. 3 Hamilton also filed a supplemental
designation of evidence. On January 31, 2017, Steak ’n Shake filed a reply in
support of its motion to reconsider and a motion to strike Hamilton’s
supplemental designation of evidence. At a February 1, 2017 hearing, counsel
for both parties presented oral argument on the motion to reconsider and the
motion to strike. On March 14, 2017, the trial court granted Steak ’n Shake’s
motion to reconsider and thereafter entered summary judgment in favor of
Steak ’n Shake based on its determination that Steak ’n Shake did not owe a
2
The trial court also granted Steak ’n Shake’s motion to strike the narrative that accompanied the
surveillance video of the altercation, the depositions of several witnesses that were obtained for purposes of
the criminal proceedings against Jackson, an email from Steak ’n Shake’s security company to Steak ’n
Shake, and a witness’s statement to police.
3
Both cases were handed down on October 26, 2016.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 49A02-1704-CT-776 | March 7, 2018 Page 5 of 17
duty to Hamilton.4 Hamilton filed her Notice of Appeal on April 13, 2017.
Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Discussion & Decision
[9] We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, in the same way as the trial
court. Hughley v. State, 15 N.E.3d 1000, 1003 (Ind. 2014). We will affirm such
a ruling only if, after drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-
moving party, the designated evidence shows that “there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law. Id. (quoting Ind. Trial Rule 56(C)). “A fact is ‘material’ if its resolution
would affect the outcome of the case, and an issue is ‘genuine’ if a trier of fact is
required to resolve the parties’ differing accounts of the truth, or if the
undisputed material facts support conflicting reasonable inferences.” Id.
(quoting Williams v. Tharp, 914 N.E.2d 756, 761 (Ind. 2009)). When the trial
court has granted summary judgment, the nonmoving party has the burden on
appeal of persuading us that the grant of summary judgment was in error.
Adams v. ArvinMeritor, Inc., 48 N.E.3d 1, 9 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
[10] The parties agree that recent decisions from our Supreme Court—Goodwin and
Rogers, supra—set forth the analytical framework to be followed by a court in
4
The trial court also granted Steak ‘n Shake’s motion to strike Hamilton’s supplemental designated evidence.
Hamilton does not challenge this ruling on appeal.
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evaluating foreseeability as it relates to the duty a landowner owes to an invitee
in negligence actions. This framework provides that
foreseeability is a general threshold determination that involves
an evaluation of (1) the broad type of plaintiff and (2) the broad
type of harm. In other words, this foreseeability analysis should
focus on the general class of persons of which the plaintiff was a
member and whether the harm suffered was of a kind normally
to be expected—without addressing the specific facts of the
occurrence.
Rogers, 63 N.E.3d at 325; see also Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 390. To give some
context, we examine the Supreme Court’s application of this framework to the
facts in Goodwin and Rogers.
[11] In Goodwin, a patron at a neighborhood bar overheard what he believed was a
derogatory comment about his wife. That patron produced a handgun and
fired it, striking the offending customer as well as two other customers sitting at
a separate table. There was no prelude to the attack, nor was there any
involvement of the bar’s staff preceding the verbal exchange and shooting. One
of the injured patrons brought a complaint for damages against the bar alleging
negligence in failing to provide security for its patrons. The bar moved for
summary judgment, claiming that the shooting was not foreseeable and that it
had no duty to anticipate and take steps to prevent the criminal act. The trial
court granted summary judgment in favor of the bar. On appeal, the Court of
Appeals, noting confusion in the law with regard to how a court determines
whether a duty exists in the context of a negligence claim, reversed the trial
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court. See Goodwin v. Yeakle’s Sports Bar & Grill, Inc., 28 N.E.3d 310, 311 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2015), trans. granted. The Supreme Court granted transfer and
“[e]ndeavor[ed] to clarify the confusion.” Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 386.
[12] While foreseeability is most often a component of proximate causation and thus
a question for the trier of fact, our Supreme Court noted that in some instances,
including the matter before it, foreseeability is also a component of the duty
element of negligence. Id. at 389 (noting that “in the case before us”
foreseeability is a component of duty). This stems from the well-settled law that
a proprietor owes its invitees a duty “to take reasonable precautions to protect
invitees from foreseeable criminal acts.” Id. at 388 (emphasis in original). In
support, the Court cited its prior statement in Paragon Family Restaurant v.
Bartolini, 799 N.E.2d 1048, 1053 (Ind. 2003), that “[t]here is no doubt ... that
reasonable foreseeability is an element of a landowner or business proprietor’s
duty of reasonable care. The issue is merely at what point and in what manner
to evaluate the evidence regarding foreseeability.” Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 388.
The Court reiterated:
[i]n sum, because foreseeability is—in this particular negligence
action—a component of duty, and because whether a duty exists
is a question of law for the court to decide, the court must of
necessity determine whether the criminal act at issue here was
foreseeable. This is not a “redetermination” of the duty a
landowner owes its invitees. Rather, the focus is on the point
and manner in which we evaluate whether foreseeability does or
does not exist. See Bartolini, 799 N.E.2d at 1053. And that point
initially rests with the trial court as gatekeeper.
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Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 389. In other words, the trial court’s job in determining
whether a duty exists is to evaluate more generally whether the category of
negligent conduct at issue is sufficiently likely to result in the kind of harm
experienced such that liability may appropriately be imposed on the negligent
party. Id. at 390.
[13] The Court then addressed the manner in which courts must undertake the
determination of whether a duty is owed. The Court first considered and then
rejected the totality of the circumstances test used in prior cases, finding such
test to be “inappropriate when analyzing foreseeability in the context of duty.” 5
Id. at 389. The Court then adopted the analytical framework for assessing
foreseeability in the duty context set forth in Goldsberry v. Grubbs, 672 N.E.2d
475, 479 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996), in which it was noted that “the foreseeability
component of proximate cause requires an evaluation of the facts of the actual
occurrence, while the foreseeability component of duty requires a more general
analysis of the broad type of plaintiff and harm involved, without regard to the
facts of the actual occurrence.” Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 390. In explaining
further, the Court noted that
because almost any outcome is possible and can be foreseen, the
mere fact that a particular outcome is “sufficiently likely” is not
enough to give rise to a duty. Instead, for purposes of
5
In rejecting the totality of the circumstances test, the Court abrogated L.W. v. W. Golf Ass’n, 712 N.E.2d 983
(Ind. 1999), Vernon v. Kroger Co., 712 N.E.2d 976 (Ind. 1999), and Delta Tau Delta v. Johnson, 712 N.E.2d 968
(Ind. 1999), to the extent they applied such test in determining whether a duty was owed under the
circumstances of each case.
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determining whether an act is foreseeable in the context of duty
we assess “whether there is some probability or likelihood of
harm that is serious enough to induce a reasonable person to take
precautions to avoid it.”
Id. at 392 (quoting Satterfield v. Breeding Insulation Co., 266 S.W.3d 347, 367
(Tenn. 2008)).
[14] Applying this framework to the facts of the case, the Goodwin Court noted that
the broad type of plaintiff was a patron of a bar and that the harm was the
probability or likelihood of a criminal attack, i.e., a shooting inside the bar.
The Court stated its belief that bar owners do not “routinely contemplate that
one bar patron might suddenly shoot another” and that “to impose a blanket
duty on proprietors to afford protection to their patrons would make proprietors
insurers of their patrons’ safety which is contrary to the public policy of this
state.” Id. at 394. The Court held that “a shooting inside a neighborhood bar is
not foreseeable as a matter of law.” Id. The Court therefore affirmed the trial
court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the bar.
[15] In the companion case of Rogers v. Martin, the Court applied this same
framework to a different factual scenario. In Rogers, a homeowner hosted a
house party and, unbeknownst to the homeowner, in the later hours thereof, the
homeowner’s boyfriend got into a fist fight with two guests. The boyfriend got
the better of the fight. The homeowner subsequently observed one of the guests
lying motionless on the basement floor. Rather than seek help, the homeowner
went to bed. The guest was found dead the following morning. The decedent’s
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estate sued the homeowner alleging, in part, that she was negligent because she
failed to render aid to her guest after she observed him lying on her basement
floor.
[16] The Court began by recognizing that a landowner must exercise reasonable care
to protect social guests. Rogers, 63 N.E.3d at 321-22. This “duty to protect”
extends not only to harm caused by a condition of the land, but also to activities
conducted on the land. Id. at 322-23. For activities occurring on the land,
“foreseeability is the critical inquiry in determining whether the landowner’s
duty of reasonable care extends to the particular circumstances.” Id. at 323.
[17] Given the facts of the case, the Court noted that the factual scenario gave rise to
“two particular situations,” the first being whether the homeowner owed a duty
to take reasonable precautions to protect her guest from the harm that occurred
during the fist fight and the second being whether the homeowner owed a duty
to protect her guest from an exacerbation of injuries after finding him
unconscious on her basement floor. Id. at 326. With regard to the first
situation, the Court defined the inquiry as whether a duty should be imposed on
a homeowner to take precautions “to prevent a co-host from fighting with and
injuring a house-party guest.” Id. The Court found that it was “not reasonably
foreseeable for a homeowner to expect this general harm to befall a house-party
guest” and that “to require a homeowner to take precautions to avoid this
unpredictable situation would essentially make the homeowner an insurer for
all social guests’ safety.” Id. Therefore, the Court held that the homeowner
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was not liable as a matter of law for any failure on her part to protect her guest
from an unforeseeable fistfight. Id. at 320.
[18] With regard to the second situation, the Court found that “[h]omeowners
should reasonably expect that a house-party guest who is injured on the
premises could suffer from an exacerbation of those injuries.” Id. at 327. Thus,
the Court held that summary judgment was improper because, although the
homeowner did not have a duty to anticipate the fight, she had a duty to render
assistance once she observed her guest lying motionless on the floor. Id. at 327.
The Court believed that reasonable persons would recognize and agree that a
homeowner had a duty under the circumstances. Id.
[19] As was the issue in Goodwin and Rogers, the question presented herein is
whether a duty exists. If a duty exists, summary judgment was improperly
granted; if a duty does not exist, summary judgment was properly granted.
Applying the Goodwin/Rogers framework, the parties reach contrary conclusions
as to whether Steak ’n Shake owed a duty to Hamilton.
[20] We begin by noting that Hamilton’s negligence claim is based on premises
liability. The law is well established that a person entering upon the land of
another comes upon the land as an invitee, a licensee, or a trespasser. Christmas
v. Kindred Nursing Ctrs. Ltd. P’ship, 952 N.E.2d 872, 878 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
Thus, the first step in resolving a premises liability case is to determine the
plaintiff’s status. Id. The status then defines the duty owed from the landowner
to the visitor. Id. Here, there is no dispute that Hamilton was an invitee.
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[21] As the Rogers Court noted,
[u]nder Indiana premises liability law, the duty a landowner
owes to an invitee is well established: a landowner must exercise
reasonable care for the invitee’s protection while the invitee is on
the premises. Because this general duty has been articulated, the
Court need not judicially determine the existence of a separate
duty today. Rather, we look to foreseeability as the critical
inquiry in deciding whether the landowner-invitee “duty to
protect” extends to a particular scenario.
63 N.E.3d at 320. To be sure, where the harm is not foreseeable, to impose a
duty on the proprietor/landowner would effectively impose strict liability and
render the proprietor/landowner an insurer of patron/invitee safety. As our
Supreme Court noted, this result is contrary to the public policy of this State.
On the other hand, a proprietor/landowner should not be afforded absolute
immunity from harm that occurs while on their premises. The element of
foreseeability is therefore part and parcel of defining the broad type of plaintiff
and the broad type of harm. In this regard, the Goodwin/Rogers framework is
consistent with the RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 344 cmt. f,
which provides that “[s]ince the possessor is not an insurer of the visitor’s
safety, he is ordinarily under no duty to exercise any care until he knows or has
reason to know that the acts of the third person are occurring, or are about to
occur.” (Emphasis supplied).
[22] In Goodwin, the Court held that there was no duty to anticipate injury arising
from the conduct of a third party because the conduct was not foreseeable. This
was the end of the story in Goodwin because the harm resulted after a patron
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unexpectedly and without warning fired a gun striking several patrons.
Likewise, in Rogers, a fist fight between the landowner’s boyfriend and a house-
party guest was not predictable.
[23] In Rogers, however, the Court identified a second situation presented by the
facts that required an independent determination as to whether the landowner
owed a duty to her invitee. The Court determined once the landowner
observed her injured guest lying motionless on the floor, the landowner had a
duty to render assistance. The landowner’s knowledge of the guest’s injury was
crucial to assessing foreseeability, and in turn, to the determination that the
landowner owed a duty. The Court noted that a landowner “should reasonably
expect that a house-party guest who is injured on the premises could suffer from
an exacerbation of those injuries.” Id. at 327.
[24] Here, Hamilton asserts that Steak ’n Shake was fully aware of the discord
between the two groups and the escalating tension that intensified over the
course of approximately thirty minutes. Indeed, the thirty-minute altercation
involved not only verbal threats and taunts, but also efforts to incite a physical
confrontation, blocking of the entrance/exit, and pounding on the windows
from outside of the restaurant. Under these circumstances, Hamilton contends
that the likelihood of harm to her as an invitee was high and that the potential
for harm was “serious enough to induce a reasonable person to take precautions
to avoid it.” Appellant’s Brief at 20 (citing Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 392). Thus,
Hamilton argues that Steak ’n Shake had a duty to take action to protect her
from Jackson’s conduct.
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[25] Steak ’n Shake, on the other hand, argues that the trial court properly
determined that, without regard for the specific facts of the case, the broad type
of plaintiff was a patron in a restaurant and the broad type of harm was the
criminal act of a third party. Thus, as in Goodwin, where the Court found that
the bar did not owe a duty to protect a bar patron from an unforeseeable
criminal act of another, Steak ’n Shake argues that it did not owe a duty to
Hamilton to protect her from Jackson’s unforeseeable criminal act. Steak ’n
Shake emphasizes that if a shooting in a bar is not foreseeable as a matter of
law, then a shooting inside its restaurant is not foreseeable.
[26] We find Steak ’n Shake’s position too narrow. While in Goodwin the Court
declared that “a shooting inside a neighborhood bar is not foreseeable as a
matter of law,” such statement followed the Court’s conclusion that bar owners
do not “routinely contemplate that one bar patron might suddenly shoot
another.” Goodwin, 62 N.E.3d at 394 (emphasis supplied). The bar did not
know or have reason to know that the third party would act in such manner.
Indeed, the conduct of the third party was sudden and without warning. The
Court reached the same conclusion with regard to the fist fight that occurred in
Rogers, finding that it was an unpredictable situation and thus, it was not
reasonably foreseeable for the landowner to expect that type of harm to befall a
guest. In both instances, foreseeability was key to the Court’s analysis, and
foreseeability hinged on what the landowner knew or had reason to know as it
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concerned the injured party. In Steak ‘n Shake’s application of the
Goodwin/Rogers framework, it omits the element of foreseeability. 6
[27] As argued by Hamilton, we find that the factual scenario presented is akin to
the second situation identified by the Supreme Court in Rogers, wherein the
Court redefined the broad type of plaintiff and harm in terms of the landowner’s
knowledge that a house-party guest had been injured. The Rogers Court
concluded that the landowner’s knowledge that the house-party guest had been
injured gave rise to a duty to take precautions to protect the injured guest from
exacerbation of those injuries. Similarly, here, Steak ’n Shake’s knowledge of
the events taking place on its premises gave rise to a duty to take reasonable
steps to provide for patron safety.
[28] Here, we define the broad type of plaintiff and the broad type of harm in terms
of foreseeability. Hence, the broad type of plaintiff is a restaurant patron who
has been subjected to escalating threats and taunts and the broad type of harm
is injury resulting after the encounter culminated in physical violence. Steak ’n
Shake did not have to know the precise harm that would befall its customer,
only that there was some probability or likelihood that one of its patrons could
be harmed and that the potential harm was serious enough that a reasonable
person would have been induced to take precautions to avoid it. An escalating
6
To accept Steak 'n Shake’s identification of the broad type of plaintiff and broad type of harm would
essentially extend immunity to proprietors for any harm to a patron resulting from acts of a third party,
criminal or otherwise, regardless of the circumstances.
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thirty-minute encounter that included verbal threats and taunts, blocking of the
exit, and pounding on windows in an effort to incite a physical altercation, all
of which Steak ’n Shake had knowledge, clearly created some likelihood that
one of Steak ’n Shake’s patrons could be harmed and that the potential harm
could be serious. Given the circumstances, we conclude that Steak ’n Shake
had a duty as a proprietor to take reasonable steps to provide for patron safety
once the raucous behavior came to its attention.7 This is not to say, however,
that Steak ’n Shake was negligent, as issues of breach and proximate cause must
still be determined by a trier of fact.
[29] Having determined that under these facts Steak ’n Shake owed a duty to protect
Hamilton, we necessarily conclude that the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment in favor of Steak ’n Shake.
[30] Judgment reversed and remanded.
Baker, J. and Bailey, J., concur.
7
We recognize that there is a sliding scale in terms of what steps would be reasonable under a given set of
circumstances. This, however, is part of the fact-finder’s determination of breach.
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