SECOND DIVISION
MILLER, P. J.,
DOYLE, P. J., and REESE, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 2, 2018
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A17A1780. THE STATE v. WRIGHT. DO-060 C
DOYLE, Presiding Judge.
The State appeals the grant of a motion to suppress filed by Michael Shaun
Wright, who was arrested and charged with possession of a controlled substance with
intent to distribute1 (two counts), possession of cocaine with intent to distribute
within 1,000 feet of a housing project,2 felony possession of marijuana,3 and
possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony.4 The State contends that
the trial court erred by granting Wright’s motion to suppress based on its ruling that
1
OCGA § 16-13-30 (b).
2
OCGA § 16-13-32.5 (b).
3
OCGA § 16-13-30 (j) (1).
4
OCGA § 16-11-106 (b) (4).
the search of an apartment yielding contraband was not conducted pursuant to valid
consent given by Wright. Because Wright failed to meet his burden to establish
standing to challenge the search, we reverse.
When the evidence at a suppression hearing is uncontroverted and
the credibility of witnesses is not in question, we conduct a de novo
review of the trial court’s application of the law to the undisputed facts.
To the extent an issue concerns a mixed question of fact and law, we
accept the trial court’s findings on disputed facts and witness credibility
unless they are clearly erroneous, but independently apply the law to the
facts.5
The evidence from the suppression hearing was undisputed, consisting of
testimony from three police officers present during the search challenged by Wright.
The evidence shows that the Chatham-Savannah Counter Narcotics Team was
conducting an early-morning “roundup” of suspects with outstanding arrest warrants.
The team was given a list of suspects with descriptions or photographs and the
locations where they were believed to reside and where they had been observed
during previous surveillance. The officers arrived at one particular location, an
apartment complex called Yamacraw Village, and knocked on the door of an
5
(Punctuation omitted.) Mitchell v. State, 301 Ga. 563, 565 (802 SE2d 217)
(2017), quoting Jones v. State, 291 Ga. 35, 36-37 (1) (727 SE2d 456) (2012).
2
apartment where police believed a suspect would be present. Wright soon came to the
door and partially opened it, and the officers, who were in uniform with tactical gear,
identified themselves and immediately recognized that Wright “obviously was not the
subject we were looking for” based on his appearance. Police asked Wright if he
knew the suspect, and Wright said no; police then asked if they could come inside and
look for the suspect, and Wright agreed.
While Wright waited in the downstairs living area, the team of agents then
entered the apartment and walked through the rooms to look for the suspect. On the
second floor of the apartment, an officer entered a bedroom and immediately noticed
a firearm and “a large amount” of suspected narcotics sitting in plain view on top of
an ironing board. Alongside the suspected contraband on the ironing board were a
food stamp card and an identification card with what police later learned was
Wright’s name on them. Police continued to search for the suspect, and upon
completion of the search, the officer notified the team leader of the suspected
contraband observed in the bedroom. After the team leader observed the contraband
in plain view on the ironing board, police informed Wright that they had discovered
the firearm and suspected narcotics, and they placed him in handcuffs. Police did not
3
question Wright at that time, but he made a few spontaneous statements attempting
to explain and justify the presence of the firearm and suspected narcotics.
Police then asked Wright for consent to further search the residence for
additional contraband, and Wright signed a written consent form agreeing to the
search after being advised of his constitutional right not to have the premises searched
without a warrant. No additional contraband was discovered in a subsequent search.
Wright was charged with possessing the firearm and suspected cocaine and
marijuana found on the ironing board. He moved to suppress the evidence on the
ground that the search was conducted pursuant to an invalid consent, and following
an evidentiary hearing, the trial court granted the motion. The trial court ruled that the
evidence adduced by the State at the hearing “fail[ed] to establish what relationship,
if any, [Wright] had to the property at the time consent to search was purportedly
given.” Therefore, the court concluded that the State had “failed to carry its burden
to provide evidence from which a factfinder may conclude that law enforcement had
authority, apparent or otherwise, to enter the residence and that the search was
therefore lawful.” The State now appeals.
4
1. The State contends that the trial court erred by concluding that Wright met
his burden to demonstrate standing to challenge the search of the apartment. We
agree.
In order to claim the protection of the Fourth Amendment against
unreasonable search and seizure, a defendant must demonstrate that he
personally has an expectation of privacy in the place searched, and that
his expectation is reasonable. A person has a legitimate expectation of
privacy in his or her home and may have a legitimate expectation of
privacy in a house in which the person is an overnight guest; however,
one who is merely present with the consent of the householder may not
claim the protection of the Fourth Amendment. A person who is
aggrieved by an illegal search and seizure only through the introduction
of damaging evidence secured by a search of a third person’s premises
or property has not had any of his Fourth Amendment rights infringed.
The burden is on the defendant to show that he has standing to contest
the alleged violation, i.e., that he has a legitimate expectation of privacy
in the premises searched.6
As noted by the trial court, the evidence of Wright’s connection to the
apartment was sparse. Although Wright was the sole occupant of the apartment in the
early morning, the evidence from the suppression hearing does not address Wright’s
6
(Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.) Brown v. State, 295
Ga. 695, 697-698 (2) (763 SE2d 710) (2014).
5
status relative to the apartment, i.e., whether he was the primary tenant, a co-tenant,
an overnight visitor, merely present with the tenant’s consent, or even an uninvited
trespasser. The only evidence of anyone occupying this apartment prior to the police
visit was testimony that this was the last known address of the suspect and that police
had observed the unnamed suspect at the apartment during surveillance.7 Faced with
this thin record, and in the absence of any evidence tying Wright to the apartment
other than his early-morning presence along with his identification, a firearm, and
narcotics in an upstairs bedroom, the trial court explicitly found that “the record does
not establish what, if any, relationship the Defendant had with the house in question
at the time of the search.”8
7
When asked by the court if the apartment was expected to be the suspect’s
residence, a member of the entry team testified that: “[T]hat was the last known
address that [we] had. And, Your Honor, just to clarify, . . . they spend a lot of time
working these the investigations[,] and a lot of surveillance time is dedicated to these
cases. So[] it wasn’t just an address that they looked up[,] and they found. I believe
it’s an address that they physically observed the individual who was wanted at that
location, and then along with everything else that was tied in and documented.”
8
The trial court arguably could have relied upon the fact that Wright was the
sole occupant in the early morning to conclude that Wright was an overnight guest
at the apartment. But it did not. Instead, the trial court explicitly found that Wright’s
relationship to the apartment “if any” was not established. We must accept this
finding even as we independently apply the law to the facts. See Mitchell, 301 Ga. at
565.
6
Having made this finding, however, the trial court erred by concluding that
Wright had met his burden to demonstrate that he had standing to contest the search
(the same search to which he consented).9 As noted above, it was Wright’s burden to
demonstrate a legitimate expectation of privacy in the apartment, for example, by
demonstrating that he was an overnight guest at the apartment.10 Once the trial court
concluded that Wright had not demonstrated his status, the court erred by allowing
him to challenge the search on Fourth Amendment grounds.11 This case might be
9
The trial court’s order stated: “Absent evidence in the record, the Court looks
to case law and the spirit of the Fourth Amendment against warrantless searches of
residences — the Court holds that the Defendant has standing to claim protection of
the Fourth Amendment.” No citation of authority or further analysis accompanied this
conclusion.
10
See Brown, 295 Ga. at 697-698 (2), citing State v. Carter, 305 Ga. App. 814,
816-817 (701 SE2d 209) (2010) (holding that the trial court erred by granting a
motion to suppress because the defendant failed to demonstrate standing: “There was
no evidence regarding how long he and the other two defendants had been at the
house, that the renter had authorized them to be there, or that they were overnight
guests.”).
11
See Carter, 305 Ga. App. at 816-817. Compare Moses v. State, 328 Ga. App.
625, 627 (2) (a) (760 SE2d 217) (2014) (concluding that the defendant had standing
to challenge a search of a residence in which he did not live because he owned the
house, his family members lived at the house, he received mail there, and he “kept his
personal property in the master bedroom, including his clothing, jewelry,
identification, and personal papers” in the house); Snider v. State, 292 Ga. App. 180,
180-182 (663 SE2d 805) (2008) (holding that the defendant had standing to challenge
the search of a hotel room registered to another person because “[t]he evidence
7
different if, as in several other cases cited by Wright, he was the owner/occupant of
a residence objecting to a third-party’s consent to search it. Our case law is clear that
a person in that position has a reasonable expectation of privacy and may object to
consent given by another person without authority.12 But as noted by the trial court,
the record does not establish Wright’s relationship to the apartment, and as a factual
matter, Wright is not objecting to someone else’s consent. Therefore, the trial court
erred by concluding that Wright had standing to challenge the search he consented
to in this case.
2. The State’s remaining enumerations are moot.
Judgment reversed. Miller, P. J., and Reese, J., concur.
showed that [the defendant] had stayed overnight at, and was still occupying, a hotel
room.”).
12
See, e.g., Hunt v. State, 302 Ga. App. 578, 581-582 (691 SE2d 368) (2010)
(finding that evidence found during a warrantless search of the defendant’s home
should have been excluded because the officers did not know who owned the home
and made no effort to determine whether the temporary occupant who consented to
a search had authority to do so); Pledger v. State, 257 Ga. App. 794, 798 (572 SE2d
348) (2002) (same).
8
The State v. Wright.
Combined Opinion