MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Mar 20 2018, 9:56 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
R. Thomas Lowe Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Jeffersonville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Justin F. Roebel
Supervising Deputy Attorney
General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Jerry Dewayne Decker, March 20, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
10A01-1707-CR-1612
v. Appeal from the Clark Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Bradley B. Jacobs,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
10C02-1607-F3-38
Altice, Judge.
Case Summary
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[1] Following a jury trial, Jerry Dewayne Decker was convicted of Level 3 felony
attempted aggravated battery, Level 6 felony auto theft, Level 6 felony resisting
law enforcement, and Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement. Decker
presents two issues for our review, which we restate as the following:
1. Did the State present sufficient evidence to support Decker’s
conviction for attempted aggravated battery?
2. Did the State present sufficient evidence to support Decker’s
conviction for auto theft?
3. Do Decker’s convictions for attempted aggravated battery as a
Level 6 felony, resisting law enforcement as a Level 6 felony, and
resisting law enforcement as a Class A misdemeanor violate
double jeopardy principles?
[2] We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Facts & Procedural History1
[3] The facts most favorable to the convictions follow. On the morning of July 10,
2016, Christopher Barrow reported to the Clarksville Police Department that
his vehicle was no longer parked outside his residence and that he had given no
one permission to take it. On July 15, 2016, Officer August Vissing confirmed
that Decker, who had an outstanding arrest warrant, was a registered guest at a
1
We held oral argument on February 27, 2018, in the courtroom located in Federal Hall on the campus of
Indiana State University. We commend counsel for the parties for the excellent written and oral
presentations. We also thank the staff and students for their enthusiasm and hospitality.
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local motel. Officer Vissing then conducted a license plate check of the vehicle
backed into the parking space in front of Decker’s room and discovered that it
was registered to Barrow and had been reported stolen. Officer Vissing
requested back-up, and then he and responding officers set up surveillance of
Decker’s room. Decker eventually left the motel room with his girlfriend and,
after placing items in the trunk, Decker got into the driver’s seat of the stolen
vehicle. At that point, Officer Vissing and Detective Donovan Harrod
positioned their vehicles so as to block Decker’s exit.
[4] The officers then exited their vehicles, drew their weapons, identified
themselves as police, and ordered Decker to put his hands up. Decker initially
complied but then, after screaming three or four obscenities, said “fuck it,”
dropped his hands, started the vehicle, and accelerated toward Officer Vissing.
Transcript at 123. Officer Vissing took several steps backward and pressed
himself against his truck to avoid being hit as Decker drove through the six-foot
gap between the police vehicles. Decker did not strike Officer Vissing or either
of the police vehicles. Decker then led assisting officers on a high-speed chase.
Eventually, Decker abandoned the vehicle and fled on foot before being
captured.
[5] On July 19, 2016, Decker was charged with Level 3 felony attempted
aggravated battery, Level 6 felony auto theft, Level 6 felony resisting law
enforcement, Class A misdemeanor resisting law enforcement, Level 5 felony
possession of methamphetamine, and two counts of Level 6 felony maintaining
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a common nuisance.2 The State also filed a habitual offender allegation. A
three-day jury trial commenced on February 28, 2017, at the conclusion of
which the jury found Decker guilty of attempted aggravated battery, auto theft,
and both counts of resisting law enforcement. The jury did not reach a verdict
on the charge of possession of methamphetamine and acquitted Decker of
maintaining a common nuisance. Following a bench trial, the trial court
determined that Decker was not a habitual offender. At a June 14, 2017
sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced Decker to an aggregate term of
twelve years, with three years suspended to probation.3 Decker now appeals.
Additional facts will be provided where necessary.
Discussion & Decision
Sufficiency of the Evidence
[6] Decker challenges the sufficiency of the evidence with respect to his convictions
for attempted aggravated battery and auto theft. When we consider a challenge
to the sufficiency of the evidence, we neither reweigh the evidence nor assess
the credibility of the witnesses. Suggs v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1190, 1193 (Ind. 2016).
Instead, we consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the
verdict. Id. We will affirm the conviction if there is probative evidence from
2
Prior to trial, the two maintaining a common nuisance charges were merged into a single charge.
3
The trial court imposed a sentence for each conviction and ordered the sentences served concurrently.
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which a reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. Id.
1. Attempted Aggravated Battery
[7] “A person who knowingly or intentionally inflicts injury on a person that
creates a substantial risk of death” commits aggravated battery, a Level 3
felony. Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.5. “A person attempts to commit a crime when,
acting with the culpability required for commission of the crime, the person
engages in conduct that constitutes a substantial step toward commission of the
crime.” Ind. Code § 35-41-5-1(a).
[8] The State charged Decker as follows:
On or about July 15, 2016 in Clark County, State of Indiana,
[Decker] did with the intent to commit Aggravated Battery, to-
wit: knowingly or intentionally inflicting injury on a person that
creates a substantial risk of death, did engage in conduct that
constituted a substantial step towards committing Aggravated
Batter, to-wit: by accelerating and/or driving a passenger vehicle
toward [Officer Vissing].
Appellant’s Appendix Vol. II at 14. Decker argues that the State did not present
sufficient evidence that he knowingly or intentionally engaged in a substantial
step to inflict injury on Officer Vissing. Decker points out that in a matter of
seconds he drove the vehicle through a six-foot gap between the officers’
vehicles and that he did not strike the officer or either vehicle. Decker
maintains that the fact that he did not strike Officer Vissing or either of the
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police vehicles that were positioned to block his exit shows that he did not
intend to harm Officer Vissing.
[9] Decker’s argument boils down to a request for this court to reweigh the
evidence, a task in which we will not engage on appeal. At trial, Officer Vissing
testified that Decker put his hands on the steering wheel, turned the wheels
toward him, and accelerated. Another officer testified that Officer Vissing “had
to jump out of the way because of the close proximity [he was] with the . . .
stolen vehicle.” Transcript at 24. From this evidence, the jury could have
reasonably inferred that Decker drove the car toward Officer Vissing with the
intent to hit Officer Vissing.4 The evidence is sufficient to sustain Decker’s
conviction for attempted aggravated battery as a Level 3 felony.
2. Auto Theft
[10] “A person who knowingly or intentionally exerts unauthorized control over the
motor vehicle of another person, with intent to deprive the owner of . . . the
vehicle’s value or use . . . commits auto theft, a Level 6 felony.” Ind. Code §
35-43-4-2.5. Generally, “[t]he unexplained possession of stolen property may
be sufficient to support a conviction for theft, but the inference is permitted only
where the property was ‘recently stolen.’” Thacker v. State, 62 N.E.3d 1250,
1251-52 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (citation omitted) (quoting Gibson v. State, 533
N.E.2d 187, 188-89 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989)). If a defendant is found to be in
4
During oral argument, Decker conceded that striking someone with a car creates a substantial risk of death.
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possession of stolen property that was not recently stolen and if exclusive
possession is not proven, “this court may also consider additional evidence
tending to support the defendant’s conviction.” Id. at 1252 (quoting Shelby v.
State, 875 N.E.2d 381, 385 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied).
[11] In Gibson, we determined that the unexplained possession of a car two days
after it was stolen was insufficient by itself to sustain a conviction for auto theft,
but nevertheless affirmed the conviction due to the defendant’s possession of a
screwdriver used to start the car. 533 N.E.2d at 189. In Thacker, we held that
the defendant’s possession of a vehicle six days after it was stolen was not
enough by itself to prove auto theft, but that additional evidence of damage to
the car, a busted-out passenger window, a ripped-off gas cap, and the
defendant’s attempt to flee when confronted was sufficient evidence from which
the factfinder could have inferred that the defendant knew he was exerting
unauthorized control over someone else’s vehicle. 62 N.E.3d at 1252. Cf.
Girdler v. State, 932 N.E.2d 769, 771 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (noting that “[i]t is a
well-settled principle of Indiana law . . . that one may be charged with theft
even if the evidence is stronger that the person was not the actual thief and
actually received stolen property instead, and vice versa”).
[12] In challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, Decker asserts that the only
evidence supporting his conviction for auto theft was that the vehicle was stolen
and that he was in possession of it five days later. The State counters, pointing
to additional evidence in the record indicating that, at the very least, Decker
knew the car he was driving had been stolen. We agree with the State. Decker
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not only possessed the vehicle five days after it was stolen, he backed the car
into its parking space, giving rise to an inference that he was attempting to
hinder identification of the vehicle. Further, he fled in the vehicle when
confronted by police and drove the vehicle in a manner suggesting a lack of
regard therefore. As in Thacker, we find that this additional evidence was
sufficient evidence from which the jury could have reasonably inferred that
Decker knew he was exerting unauthorized control over someone else’s vehicle.
The evidence is sufficient to support Decker’s conviction for auto theft as a
Level 6 felony.
Double Jeopardy
[13] The double jeopardy clause in the Indiana Constitution is embodied in Article
1, Section 14, and provides, “No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the
same offense.” Our Supreme Court has concluded that this provision was
intended to prohibit, among other things, multiple punishments for the same
criminal transgression. Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32 (Ind. 1999). Two or
more offenses are the “same offense” if there is a reasonable possibility that the
evidentiary facts used to establish the essential elements of one offense also
establish all of the essential elements of the second challenged offense. See
Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 832-33 (Ind. 2002).
[14] Decker challenges his separate convictions for attempted aggravated battery and
two counts of resisting law enforcement as violating Indiana’s actual evidence
test, claiming that all three convictions are based on the manner in which he
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operated the stolen vehicle. Decker argues that “[a]t no point in the Court’s
instructions or verdict forms is there any mention what specific acts were
alleged to satisfy the elements of these three separate offenses.” Appellant’s Brief
at 16. He asserts that “the use of the vehicle is the common evidence” and that
“it would be difficult, if not impossible, to untangle the events surrounding
Decker ‘shooting the gap’ between the police vehicles from any other evidence
presented at trial that may have supported the convictions for these three
offenses.” Id. at 17, 16. Decker therefore argues that there is a reasonable
possibility that the jury relied upon this same evidence in finding him guilty of
attempted aggravated battery and resisting law enforcement as a Class A
misdemeanor and as a Level 6 felony.
[15] In response, the State asserts that the factual allegations for attempted
aggravated battery were that Decker accelerated and drove the stolen vehicle
toward Officer Vissing and that the factual allegations for Level 6 felony
resisting law enforcement were based on the high-speed pursuit. The State thus
argues that the attempted aggravated battery and Level 6 felony resisting law
enforcement convictions rest on distinct acts and that there is no reasonable
probability that that the jury based both convictions on the same evidence. 5
5
The State conceded that Decker’s convictions for resisting law enforcement as a Level 6 felony and as a
Class A misdemeanor violated double jeopardy principles in that, “[b]ased on the charges, evidence at trial,
and the argument of counsel, it appears that the misdemeanor resisting law enforcement is either based on
the same act as the attempted aggravated battery or the same act as the felony resisting law enforcement.”
Appellee’s Brief at 18.
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[16] With regard to attempted aggravated battery, the jury’s final instructions
mirrored the charging information, informing the jury that the alleged
substantial step supporting the charge of attempted aggravated battery was
Decker’s act of accelerating and/or driving the car at Officer Vissing. As is
detailed below, there is a reasonable possibility that the jury relied upon this
same evidence in finding Decker guilty of both the Level 6 felony and Class A
misdemeanor resisting offenses.
[17] We begin by noting that the charging information for the Class A misdemeanor
identified Officer Vissing as the victim. The charging information for the Level
6 felony resisting offense alleged that Decker “did knowingly or intentionally
forcibly resist, obstruct or interfere” with Officer Vissing and/or Detective
Harrod and that “in committing said act [Decker] operated a vehicle in such a
manner that it created a substantial risk of bodily injury” to Officer Vissing
and/or Detective Harrod. Appellant’s Appendix Vol. II at 14. While the jury
instruction setting out the elements of the Class A misdemeanor offense did not
identify the alleged victim, such was read in conjunction with the instruction for
the Level 6 felony resisting offense, which mirrored the charging information
insofar as it specifically identified Officer Vissing and Detective Harrod as the
alleged victims thereof.6
6
The instruction informed the jury that to convict Decker of the Level 6 felony resisting offense, the State
was required to prove that while committing the offense against Officer Vissing and/or Detective Harrod,
Decker “operated a vehicle in a manner that created a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person.”
Transcript at 202.
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[18] At trial, the evidence established that Officer Vissing and Detective Harrod
were directly involved only when Decker drove the stolen car at Officer Vissing
and as Decker “shot the gap” between their vehicles.7 Transcript at 186. We
further note that the State, in its closing statement, identified Officer Vissing
and Detective Harrod as the alleged victims of the Class A misdemeanor
offense, but did not specifically identify in what manner Decker resisted Officer
Vissing and/or Detective Harrod. The State continued, noting that a Class A
misdemeanor resisting offense was elevated to a Level 6 Felony if the defendant
operated a vehicle in a manner that created a substantial risk of bodily injury.
The State then expressly urged the jury to find that Decker’s act of driving the
vehicle at Officer Vissing established his resistance and also created a
substantial risk of death, which in turn, encompassed the serious bodily injury
enhancement for the Level 6 felony resisting charge. As noted above, this act of
driving the car at Officer Vissing and through the six-foot gap between the
officers’ vehicles is the same evidence that established all of the elements of the
attempted aggravated battery charge.
[19] While the State continued with its closing statement, referencing the high-speed
chase that ensued, it remains that that the State identified Officer Vissing and
Detective Harrod as the victims of both the Class A misdemeanor and Level 6
7
While the specific act alleged to have created the substantial risk of bodily injury to Officer Vissing and/or
Detective Harrod was the “vehicle pursuit at an unreasonable and/or high rate of speed,” the evidence
presented at trial was clear that Officer Vissing was not involved with the high-speed pursuit and Detective
Harrod gave chase for only a short time before discontinuing his pursuit. Appellant’s Appendix Vol. II at 14-15.
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felony resisting offenses, neither of whom were involved in that pursuit.8
Further, the State explicitly invited the jury to find that Decker’s act of driving
the vehicle at Officer Vissing established his resistance as well as the enhancing
element for the Level 6 resisting offense. Id. at 186.
[20] As the State suggests, the evidence at trial likely could have supported separate
convictions for attempted aggravated battery, resisting law enforcement as a
Class A misdemeanor, and resisting law enforcement as a Level 6 felony if
presented to the jury in a different manner. On the record before us, however,
we conclude that the charging information, the manner in which the jury was
instructed, and the State’s closing statement give rise to at least a reasonable
possibility that the jury relied upon the same evidence, i.e., Decker’s act of
driving the stolen vehicle at Officer Vissing, in finding Decker guilty of all three
offenses. Thus, Decker’s convictions for attempted aggravated battery and
resisting law enforcement as both a Level 6 felony and a Class A misdemeanor
violate double jeopardy principles. We therefore remand to the trial court with
instructions to vacate both resisting law enforcement convictions.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.
Baker, J. and Robb, J., concur.
8
See Footnote 7, infra.
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Jerry Dewayne Decker v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion