UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
SHONICE G. GARNETT et al.,
Plaintiffs,
v. Case No. 17-cv-1757 (CRC)
LAURA ZEILINGER,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiffs—recipients of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits in the
District of Columbia—filed this putative class action against the director of the District’s benefit
program. They allege several violations of the federal requirements for administration of the
program. Plaintiffs now seek to certify two classes of District benefits recipients. Finding that
the resolution of their motion is governed by the D.C. Circuit’s recent decision in D.L. v. District
of Columbia (“D.L. II”), 860 F.3d 713 (D.C. Cir. 2017), the Court will grant their motion,
though it will certify three classes instead of two.
I. Factual Background
A. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (“SNAP”)
Congress originally enacted the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (“SNAP”) in
1964, seeking to combat hunger and malnutrition by assisting low-income households in
purchasing food. See Food Stamp Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-525, 78 Stat. 703 (codified at 7
U.S.C. §§ 2021 et seq.).1 A household is typically eligible for SNAP benefits if its net income is
1
The program began as the “Food Stamp Program” and the name was changed to SNAP
in 2008. See Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 110-234, § 4001, 122
Stat. 923, 1092.
below the federal poverty line and its resources generally do not exceed $2,000. 7 U.S.C.
§ 2014(c), (g). Within the federal government, the Secretary of Agriculture has delegated most
of the administration of SNAP to the federal Food and Nutrition Service (“FNS”), an agency
within the Department of Agriculture. 7 C.F.R. § 271.3.
Responsibility for administering SNAP is shared between the federal government and the
States. The federal government provides the funding for benefits and covers 50 percent of
administrative costs. 7 U.S.C. §§ 2013(a), 2025. States can elect to participate in the program
and, if they do, are responsible for certifying household eligibility, issuing benefits, and
otherwise administering the program on the state level. Id. §§ 2013(a), 2020(a)(1); 7 C.F.R.
§ 271.4. If a State elects to participate, it must administer its SNAP program in accordance with
the relevant statutes and the Secretary of Agriculture’s regulations. 7 U.S.C. § 2020(e); 7 C.F.R.
§ 273.2.
Part of these requirements involve the procedure for processing applications for SNAP
benefits. For instance, States must allow a household to apply for SNAP benefits the same day
that it contacts a SNAP program office in person during office hours. 7 U.S.C.
§ 2020(e)(2)(B)(iii). Once a State receives an application for benefits, it must “promptly” certify
a household’s eligibility. Id. § 2020(e)(3). This certification process must be completed and
benefits provided no later than thirty days after the application’s filing. Id. For certain
households with extremely low income—less than $150 per month or liquid resources less than
$100—the State must provide benefits no later than seven days after an application is filed. Id.
§ 2020(e)(9)(A). These are known as “expedited” applications.
Eligible households are certified for a specific period of time, known as the “certification
period.” See id. § 2020(e)(4). States are required to ensure that households receive a notice at
2
the start of the last month of their certification period, warning them of the expiration of the
certification period and the need to recertify to continue receiving benefits. Id. For any
household that submits a recertification application no later than fifteen days prior to the
expiration of its certification period, the State must provide benefits—if the household remains
eligible—without a break in provision. Id. If a State fails to process a completed application on
time, the household is entitled to a written notice of this failure and information regarding appeal
rights, including the right to a hearing. Id. § 2020(e)(10).
B. Procedural history
In August 2017, a group of D.C. residents filed suit against Laura Zeilinger, the Director
of the District’s Department of Human Services—which oversees the District’s SNAP
program—alleging that the District’s administration of SNAP was deficient in several respects.2
Specifically, Plaintiffs alleged that the District was: (1) failing to process initial applications for
benefits and provide benefits to eligible households within the applicable statutory time limit, in
violation of the SNAP Act, Am. Compl. ¶ 171; (2) failing to complete the SNAP recertification
application process so as to allow eligible households to receive benefits without a break in
service, also in violation of the SNAP Act, id. ¶ 172; and (3) failing to provide notice and an
opportunity for a hearing for SNAP applicants whose applications were not processed on time, in
violation of the SNAP Act and the Due Process Clause of the Constitution, id. ¶ 173. They
sought declaratory and injunctive relief to correct these violations.
Simultaneously with their complaint, Plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification.
Plaintiffs sought to certify two classes: (1) a class of residents whose SNAP benefit applications
2
Although Zeilinger is the sole defendant in this case, the Court will use “the District” to
refer to the defendant here.
3
were not processed in accordance with the timelines mandated by statute and (2) a class of
residents who did not receive their recertification notices as required by statute and had their
benefits terminated as a consequence. Pls.’ Mem. Law. Supp. Mot. Class Certification (“Class
Cert. Mot.”) at 4. Plaintiffs later filed a motion for a preliminary injunction, and the Court set a
parallel briefing schedule for both that motion and the motion for class certification. Following a
period of limited discovery related to issues raised in the motion for a preliminary injunction, the
parties completed briefing on both motions. The Court held a hearing on both motions on March
19, 2018. It will now resolve Plaintiffs’ pending motion for class certification.3
II. Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) establishes four requirements for certification of a
class: (1) numerosity, that “the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is
impracticable”; (2) commonality, that “there are questions of law or fact common to the class”;
(3) typicality, that “the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims
or defenses of the class”; and (4) adequacy, that “the representative parties will fairly and
adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). In addition to meeting these
four requirements under Rule 23(a), a putative class must also meet one of the requirements of
Rule 23(b). Here, Plaintiffs allege that they meet the requirements of Rule 23(b)(2), that “the
party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class,
so that final injunctive relief . . . is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(b)(2). The party seeking certification bears the burden of persuasion, and must show that the
3
Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction will be addressed in a forthcoming ruling.
4
putative classes meet the requirements of Rule 23 by a preponderance of the evidence. See, e.g.,
Hoyte v. District of Columbia, 2017 WL 3208456, at * 5 (D.D.C. July 27, 2017).
III. Analysis
The District challenges class certification under both Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(2).
Before confronting these challenges, the Court will briefly respond to two threshold arguments
the District raises.
A. The District’s threshold arguments
First, the District contends that class certification is not appropriate because Plaintiffs
cannot meet the requirements for a preliminary injunction. Def.’s Opp’n Pls.’ Mot. Class
Certification (“Class Cert. Opp’n”) at 7–8; Def.’s Surreply Supp. Opp’n Pls.’ Mot. Class
Certification (“Class Cert. Surreply”) at 2–3. The District cites a single case for this proposition:
Hardy v. Fisher, 701 F. Supp. 2d 614 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). But that case in inapposite. In Hardy,
the district court ruled that the putative class was not entitled to preliminary injunctive relief
because the plaintiffs raised claims that could not be brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See id. at
622–23. The court stated that the “denial of the motion for injunctive relief moot[ed] the motion
for certification of an injunctive class.” Id. at 617 n.3. But here the District does not argue that
Plaintiffs cannot bring injunctive relief claims under the statute at issue; rather, their arguments
against the motion for preliminary injunction focus on why Plaintiffs fail to meet the specific
requirements for preliminary injunctive relief. See Def.’s Opp’n Pls.’ Mot. Prelim. Inj.; Def.’s
Surreply Supp. Opp’n Pls.’ Mot. Prelim. Inj. In any case, even if the Court were to follow the
approach taken by the court in Hardy, it would be premature to deny class certification on this
ground now because the Court has not yet ruled on the preliminary injunction motion. If the
5
Court were to conclude that Plaintiffs could not obtain any injunctive relief under the statute, it
could decertify the class at that juncture.
Second, the District argues that class certification is unnecessary because “the ‘injunctive
relief sought by the named plaintiffs would benefit all proposed class members.’” Class Cert
Surreply at 3 (quoting Sargent v. Black, 576 F. Supp. 882, 888 (D.D.C. 1983)); see also Class
Cert. Opp’n at 7. This is a somewhat odd position for the District to take: it later argues, as the
Court will discuss, that a single injunction would not remedy the harms for all class members.
See Class Cert Opp’n at 18.
This argument is unpersuasive in any event. The Court has an obligation to ensure that
any injunction it issues is “narrowly tailored to remedy the specific harm shown.” Nev. Dep’t of
Health & Human Servs. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 435 F.3d 326, 330 (D.C. Cir.
2006). To the extent that the named plaintiffs show that they are individually harmed, the Court
could issue an injunction narrowly tailored to them individually—i.e., directing the District to
process their specific applications or issue their specific recertification notices on time—which
would provide no relief to the absent class members. Thus, contrary to the District’s argument,
any injunctive relief issued to the named plaintiffs would not necessarily or automatically benefit
the absent class members.4 The Court will therefore turn to the requirements for certification
under Rule 23.
4
In addition, it is not clear that the Court can or should issue class-wide injunctive relief
without a certified class. See, e.g., Brown v. Trustees of Boston Univ., 891 F.2d 337, 361 (1st
Cir. 1989) (“Ordinarily, classwide relief, such as the injunction here which prohibits sex
discrimination against the class of Boston University faculty, is appropriate only where there is a
properly certified class.”); Zepeda v. U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 753 F.2d 719,
728 n.1 (9th Cir. 1983) (“Without a properly certified class, a court cannot grant relief on a class-
wide basis.”); Davis v. Romney, 490 F.2d 1360, 1366 (3d Cir. 1974) (“Relief cannot be granted
to a class before an order has been entered determining that class treatment is proper.”); cf.
6
B. Requirements of Rule 23(a)
The District argues that Plaintiffs fail to show they meet the four requirements for class
certification in Rule 23(a). While the District challenges all four requirements, it focuses on
commonality and typicality. The Court ultimately concludes that this case is analogous to the
D.C. Circuit’s recent decision in D.L. II and, as there, Plaintiffs have demonstrated that the
requirements of class certification in Rule 23(a) are met.
1. Numerosity
The first requirement that must be met for class certification is numerosity: that “the class
is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1). To
establish numerosity, a party need not provide a precise number of class members as long as
there is a reasonable basis to estimate it. See, e.g., Howard v. Liquidity Services Inc., 322 F.R.D.
103, 117 (D.D.C. 2017). Courts have typically considered a class of at least forty members to
presumptively meet the requirement of numerosity. See, e.g., Barnes v. District of Columbia,
242 F.R.D. 113, 121 (D.D.C. 2007).
With respect to Class One—District residents whose applications for SNAP benefits were
and will not be processed in a timely manner—numerosity is easily satisfied. Plaintiffs point to
the quarterly compliance reports that the District files with the Food and Nutrition Service,
known as “FNS-366B reports.” According to the most recent such report—which covers the
first quarter of the 2018 fiscal year, October to December 2017—the District approved 4,328
applications after the applicable time limit had passed, 367 initial applications and 3,961
Dorfmann v. Boozer, 414 F.2d 1168, 1171 n.8 (D.C. Cir. 1969) (“The preliminary injunction,
especially one which worked a transfer of money belonging to persons who were not within the
jurisdiction of the court, should not have been issued before the action was certified as a class
action.”).
7
recertification applications. Class Cert. Surreply Ex. B. Most, if not all, of these households
would be members of the proposed class since their applications were not processed in
accordance with the statutory time limits. Thus, even taking just the applications processed after
the statutory time limit in one quarter of one fiscal year, Plaintiffs provide a reason to estimate
the proposed class number to be in the hundreds, if not thousands. This presumptively satisfies
numerosity, and the District offers no rebuttal to that presumption.
Turning to Class Two—District residents whose benefits were interrupted because they
failed to receive a timely recertification notice—the Court concludes that numerosity is also met.
Plaintiffs have similarly provided a basis to conclude that this class number is in the hundreds, if
not thousands, as well. For instance, Plaintiffs point out that a vendor’s error in June 2017
resulted in 4,500 households failing to receive recertification notices and a significant portion of
these households losing benefits. Pls.’ Reply Ex. 2 (Deposition of Laura Zeilinger), at 130:11.
And according to the FNS-366B reports, the District processes around 9,000 to 10,000
recertification applications every quarter. See Class Cert. Surreply Ex. B. (FNS-366B report for
first quarter, fiscal year 2018); Decl. of Jennifer Mezey Supp. Pls.’ Reply Def.’s Opp’n Pls.’
Mot. Prelim. Inj. Ex. P, at 2–4 (FNS-366B reports for second, third, and fourth quarter, fiscal
year 2017). Even if just 1% of all the households up for recertification fail to receive notices and
lose benefits as a result, the class numbers over 100. This, again, presumptively satisfies
numerosity and the District has not rebutted that presumption.
2. Commonality
Second, the classes must meet the requirement of commonality: that “there are questions
of law or fact common to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). Commonality requires that the
plaintiff class has “suffered the same injury.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 350
8
(2011). The Supreme Court has explained that this does not mean “merely that they have all
suffered a violation of the same provision of law.” Id. Rather, the putative class’s “claims must
depend upon a common contention” that is “capable of classwide resolution—which means that
determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one
of the clams in one stroke.” Id.
The District argues that Plaintiffs’ class certification motion founders at this requirement
because “the alleged violations of the SNAP Act and due process are too generalized to
demonstrate commonality of claim.” Class Cert. Opp’n at 10. There are myriad reasons why an
application was not timely processed, the District points out, so “the answer to the question of
whether a SNAP Act or due process violation exists will require examination of the facts of each
class member, rather than being common to the class.” Id. at 11. More specifically, the District
contends that the questions presented here will devolve into a “case-by-case examination” to
determine whether in any individual class member’s case the District violated the SNAP Act
timelines and a further case-by-case analysis “to determine what fault, if any, may be attributed
to the District” for any such failure. Class Cert. Surreply at 6.
The District’s argument has a key underlying premise: that the determination of whether
a statutory violation occurred depends upon why a failure to meet the statutory time limit
happened. In other words, the District assumes that even if a particular SNAP application is
untimely processed or a particular recertification notice is not sent, that may or may not
constitute a statutory violation depending on why it happened.
But that is not how the statutory scheme works. Determining if there is a statutory
violation does not hinge on the reason for any particular failure to adhere to the statutory
timelines. The statute speaks in terms of absolute deadlines without any caveats or limitations
9
when it comes to meeting them. For instance, it provides that “the State agency [administering
SNAP] shall . . . promptly determine the eligibility of each applicant household . . . so as to
complete the certification of and provide an allotment retroactive to the period of application to
any eligible household not later than thirty days following its filing of an application.” 7 U.S.C.
§ 2020(e)(3) (emphasis added).5 For expedited benefits, the “State agency shall provide benefits
no later than 7 days after the date of application” to households eligible for such benefits. Id.
§ 2020(e)(9)(A) (emphasis added). And for recertification, it provides that “the State agency
shall ensure that each participating household receive a notice of expiration of its certification
prior to the start of the last month of its certification period advising the household that it must
submit a new application.” Id. § 2020(e)(4) (emphasis added). If the household files its
application no later than fifteen days prior to the end of its current allotment period, it “shall, if
found to be still eligible, receive its allotment no later than one month after receipt of the last
allotment issued to it pursuant to its prior certification.” Id. (emphasis added).6
This statutory text “impose[s] binding obligations on the States” and “require[s] the
allotment of food stamps within a definite number of days.” Briggs v. Bremby, 792 F.3d 239,
242 (2d Cir. 2015). It provides no basis to conclude that the reason for a State’s failure to meet
5
According to the Department of Agriculture’s regulations, “[a]n application is filed the
day the appropriate food stamp office receives an application containing the applicant’s name
and address, which is signed by either a responsible member of the household or the household’s
authorized representative.” 7 C.F.R. § 273.2(g)(1).
6
The regulations promulgated by the Department of Agriculture echo this absolute
timeliness requirement. See 7 C.F.R. § 273.2(g)(1) (The “State agency shall provide eligible
households that complete the initial application process an opportunity to participate . . . as soon
as possible, but no later than 30 calendar days following the date the application was filed.”
(emphasis added)); id. § 273.2(i)(3)(i) (“[T]he State agency shall post benefits to the household’s
EBT card and make them available to the household not later than the seventh calendar day
following the date an application was filed.” (emphasis added)).
10
those deadlines matters. The statute does not say that the State must determine eligibility within
thirty days unless or if some event occurs; it states that the State shall determine eligibility within
thirty days without conditions or limitations.7 So, too, with the requirements for expedited
benefits and recertification notices. The statute “literally requires strict compliance with its
provisions.” Haskins v. Stanton, 794 F.2d 1273, 1277 (7th Cir. 1986); see also Robertson v.
Jackson, 766 F. Supp. 470, 476 (E.D. Va. 1991) (“The law requires full compliance absent what
is hoped will be minimum human error.”), aff’d, 972 F.2d 529 (4th Cir. 1992).8
In light of the statutory and regulatory text, the reason why a deadline was missed is
irrelevant. Rather, the key question for liability under the statute is whether the District is
systemically processing applications and sending recertification notices within the statutory
deadlines, not why it has failed to do so in any particular case or on a systemic level. This
question can be answered on a class-wide basis.
Given the SNAP timelines’ absolute operation, this case is fairly controlled by the D.C.
Circuit’s decision in D.L. II. In D.L II., the trial court certified a class with four subclasses in a
7
This strict compliance requirement is not undermined by the fact that regulations from
the Department of Agriculture discuss how to determine who is at fault for any delay in the
processing of an application. See 7 C.F.R. § 273.2(h). As the Second Circuit has noted,
“[r]egulations which anticipate that a State agency will sometimes fail to meet statutory
deadlines . . . cannot be read to repeal those deadlines.” Briggs v. Bremby, 792 F.3d 239, 246
(2d Cir. 2015). Such regulations “supplement 7 U.S.C. § 2020(e)(3) and (9); they do not
override them.” Id. If they did, “they would likely be ultra vires, for no agency regulation can
overturn a clear statutory mandate.” Id.
8
The Court is, of course, cognizant of the fact that 100% perfect compliance may not be
possible and does not intend this discussion to suggest a position on the underlying merits of this
case or on whether injunctive relief is appropriately granted for any rate of compliance short of
100%. Cf. Withrow v. Concannon, 942 F.2d 1385, 1388 (9th Cir. 1991) (“There is, however,
doubtless a point at which any failure of total compliance is truly de minimis, where the state has
come to comply ‘as strictly as is humanly possible,’ and it is within the discretion of the district
court to deny injunctive relief.”).
11
case alleging the District of Columbia had failed to adhere to the “Child Find” requirements of
the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”), which in part obligate states to locate
and provide special education services to children and preschoolers with disabilities within
certain time limits. 860 F.3d at 717. The D.C. Circuit affirmed the class certification on appeal.
Id. at 724. The District there similarly argued that “‘there [were] many different reasons’ it
might have denied a particular child” his or her rights under the IDEA, such as a failure of
outreach, or insufficient staff, or “documentation errors.” Id. at 725 (citations omitted). The
D.C. Circuit held that this variation in factual patterns did not undermine commonality, in
contrast to the Supreme Court’s decision in Wal-Mart, which involved liability under Title VII:
IDEA requires the District to find and serve all children with disabilities as a
condition of its funding. Unlike Title VII liability, IDEA liability does not depend
on the reason for a defendant’s failure and plaintiffs need not show why their rights
were denied to establish that they were. They need only show that the District in
fact failed to identify them, failed to provide them with timely eligibility
determinations, or failed to ensure a smooth transition to preschool.
Id. at 725. Because each subclass alleged a discrete, common harm susceptible to common
proof—such as whether the District was systemically failing to determine whether children were
eligible for special education within 120 days of being referred for a disability evaluation—the
court held that the district court did not err in finding the requirement for commonality met.
As in D.L. II, liability here “does not depend on the reason for a defendant’s failure and
plaintiffs need not show why their rights were denied to establish that they were.” Id. Instead,
Plaintiffs need only prove that the District is systemically failing to process applications or to
issue recertification notices on time. The question the Court confronts is simply whether
applications are being timely processed or certification notices are being timely sent, not why
they are or are not. This question, as in D.L. II, is one that can be resolved with common
proof—for instance, statistics showing that a certain percentage of applications are not processed
12
on time, cf. id. at 724–25 (discussing plaintiffs’ statistical evidence showing a systemic failure to
comply with specific IDEA requirements). Consequently, any variations in the “why” do not
negate the commonality of the “whether.” Plaintiffs have therefore demonstrated that their
proposed classes meet the requirement of commonality.
3. Typicality
Next, the classes must meet the requirement of typicality: that “the claims or defenses of
the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
23(a)(3). Typicality seeks to assess whether the class representatives “have suffered injuries in
the same general fashion as absent class members.” Hoyte, 2017 WL 3208456, at *4 (citation
omitted). The facts and claims of each named representative need not be identical to those of the
absent class members; rather “typicality refers to the nature of the claims of the representative,
not the individual characteristics of the plaintiff.” Id. (citation omitted). This is because
typicality simply requires “sufficient factual and legal similarity between the class
representative’s claims and those of the class to ensure that the representative’s interests are in
fact aligned with those of the absent class members.” In re Navy Chaplaincy, 306 F.R.D. 33, 53
(D.D.C. 2014) (quoting 1 William B. Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions § 3:31 (5th ed.
2013)).
The District’s argument as to why typicality is not met is a variation on its argument on
commonality. It contends that “factual differences in the type of harm suffered by the putative
class members” render the named plaintiffs’ claims “atypical of the putative classes.” Class
Cert. Surreply at 8. In sum, the District maintains that the class cannot be certified “because any
purported delay in the processing of applications and recertifications, or the failure to provide
adequate notice, requires an individualized case-by-case inquiry.” Class Cert. Opp’n at 14.
13
This argument fails for the same reasons it failed as to commonality. See D.L. II, 860
F.3d at 725 (rejecting a similar argument on commonality). For one, the named plaintiffs all
allege the same injuries as the absent class members. The proposed representatives of Class
One—Shonice G. Garnett, Richard Messick, Jr., Linda Murph, and Kathryn Harris—all attest
that the District failed to process their initial or recertification applications for SNAP benefits
within the statutory timelines. Class Cert. Mot. Ex. 2, ¶¶ 7, 11 (Declaration of Shonice G.
Garnett); id. Ex. 3, ¶¶ 7–8 (Declaration of Richard Messick, Jr.); id. Ex. 4, ¶¶ 4, 6 (Declaration of
Linda Murph); Declaration of Kathryn Harris [ECF No. 27-6] ¶ 5. This is precisely the harm
alleged to have been suffered by the other members of Class One. See Class Cert. Mot. at 4.
The same is true for the proposed representatives of Class Two, James Stanley and Roderick
Gaines. Both Mr. Stanley and Mr. Gaines attest that their SNAP benefits were cut off without
notice in September 2017, that neither received a recertification notice, and that this failure to
recertify was likely the reason for the termination of benefits. Declaration of James Stanley
[ECF No. 27-2] ¶¶ 3–5; Declaration of Roderick Gaines [ECF No. 27-4] ¶¶ 3, 5. This is the
exact harm alleged by all of the members of Class Two. See Class Cert. Mot. at 4.
The District argues that this is nonetheless insufficient because the fact that the named
plaintiffs “suffered ‘the same harm’” does not mean that “an alleged District policy or practice
injured them and the putative class in the same manner.” Class Cert. Opp’n at 13–14. But the
District once again assumes that any differences in facts here lead to differences in legal theories
or a different manner of injury—which, as discussed above, is not so. Rather, Plaintiffs present a
single legal injury, a single legal theory, and a single means of injury: the District has
systemically failed to process applications or issue recertification notices on time and
14
consequently violated Plaintiffs’ statutory rights under the SNAP Act. As in D.L. II, any factual
variations does not undermine typicality. See 860 F.3d at 725–26.
4. Adequacy
The final of the four preliminary requirements is adequacy: that “the representative
parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(4). The
D.C. Circuit recognizes two criteria for determining adequacy: (1) that the named plaintiffs
“must not have antagonistic or conflicting interests with the unnamed members of the class” and
(2) that the named representatives “must appear able to vigorously prosecute the interests of the
class through qualified counsel.” Hoyte, 2017 WL 3208456, at *4 (quoting Twelve John Does v.
District of Columbia, 117 F.3d 571, 575 (D.C. Cir. 1997)).
The District argues that the second requirement is not met. While the District takes no
position on adequacy of class counsel, Class Cert. Opp’n at 17; Class Cert. Surreply at 9 n.2, it
argues that the named plaintiffs do not have sufficient knowledge and information to adequately
represent the absent class members. But adequacy “does not require either that the proposed
class representatives have legal knowledge or a complete understanding of the representative’s
role in class litigation.” Thorpe v. District of Columbia, 303 F.R.D. 120, 151 (D.D.C. 2014); see
also 1 William B. Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions § 3:67 (5th ed. 2013) (“Adequacy is
satisfied . . . if the plaintiff has some rudimentary knowledge of her role as a class representative
and is committed to serving in that role in litigation.”). Instead, courts typically decline
certification only in “flagrant cases, where the putative class representatives display an alarming
unfamiliarity with the suit, display an unwillingness to learn about the facts underlying their
claims, or are so lacking in credibility that they are likely to harm their case.” Howard v.
Liquidity Services Inc., 322 F.R.D. 103, 135 (D.D.C. 2017) (citation omitted). Here, the named
15
plaintiffs have all attested that their lawyers informed them of the responsibilities of a class
representative and that they are willing to protect the class’s interests, and their declarations
demonstrate an awareness of the facts of this case.9 That is sufficient to make them adequate
representatives.
C. Requirements of Rule 23(b)(2)
In addition to the four preliminary requirements in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a),
a proposed class must meet one of the three requirements of Rule 23(b). Plaintiffs contend they
meet the requirements of Rule 23(b)(2), namely that “the party opposing the class has acted or
refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or
corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” In other words,
Rule 23(b)(2) requires that “a single injunction or declaratory judgment would provide relief to
each member of the class.” Wal-Mart, 564 U.S. at 360.
The District’s argument to the contrary is a continued variation on the theme of its
arguments on commonality and typicality: factual differences mean that plaintiffs “have not
established the ‘similar grounds’ required to justify certification . . . nor is there any ‘single
injunction or declaratory judgment’ that could provide relief to the class as a whole.” Class Cert.
Opp’n at 18.
The Court disagrees. Plaintiffs here present a single practice causing each class’s
injury—namely, the District’s systemic failure to meet the timelines in the SNAP Act for
processing applications and issuing recertification notices. How or why the District may be
9
See Class Cert. Mot. Ex. 2, ¶¶ 14–15 (Declaration of Shonice G. Garnett); id. Ex. 3,
¶¶ 18–19 (Declaration of Richard Messick, Jr.); id. Ex. 4, ¶¶ 8–9 (Declaration of Linda Murph);
Declaration of Kathryn Harris [ECF No. 27-6] ¶¶ 8–9; Declaration of James Stanley [ECF No.
27-2] ¶¶ 9–10; Declaration of Roderick Gaines [ECF No. 27-4] ¶¶ 10–11.
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doing so is irrelevant; all that matters, as already explained, is whether the District is missing the
deadlines. If it is, that injury can be remedied by a single injunction ordering the District to
comply with the statutory timelines.
Once again, this case is more akin to D.L. II than the cases that the District relies on. The
district court in D.L. II entered an order requiring, among other things, that the District attain a
95% compliance rate with statutory time limits for evaluating children for disability services and
for providing transition services for children, along with annual improvement rates. D.L. II, 860
F.3d at 720. On appeal, the D.C. Circuit again rejected a similar argument from the District as
here, noting that a single injunction was able to provide relief to each class member, particularly
since the district court’s order “d[id] just that.” Id. at 726. Like the district court in D.L. II, this
Court could enter an order requiring the District meet certain levels of compliance with the
statutory timelines and requiring improvement. And as in D.L. II, this order would remedy
Plaintiffs’ injuries. Thus, the requirements of Rule 23(b)(2) are met here.
IV. Conclusion
The District’s primary argument against class certification—made with slight variations
as to the requirements of commonality, typicality, and Rule 23(b)(2)—is that Plaintiffs’ claims
are too factually diverse and their legal theory too broadly defined to sustain a class action. But
the statutory scheme provides the requisite level of specificity: it sets clear timelines for handling
SNAP benefit applications and recertification notices and clearly mandates that States follow
them. See 7 U.S.C. § 2020(e)(3), (9). And Plaintiffs present a single legal theory: the District
has systemically failed to comply with the requirements under the statute for processing SNAP
benefit applications and issuing recertification notices. Finally, the statute gives no indication
that the reason why the District failed to process a particular application or issue a particular
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recertification notice within the relevant timeframe has any bearing on whether it violated the
statute. Consequently, as in the D.C. Circuit’s decision in D.L. II, any factual variations are not
fatal to class certification.
The Court’s conclusion that the requirements for class certification are met here is further
buttressed by the fact that other district courts have certified similar classes in SNAP benefit
cases. See, e.g., Briggs v. Bremby, 2013 WL 1987237, at *6 (D. Conn. May 13, 2013)
(certifying a class of all Connecticut residents whose applications for SNAP benefits were not
timely processed); Reynolds v. Giuliani, 118 F. Supp. 2d 352, 392 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (certifying a
class of all New York residents that sought to apply for SNAP benefits in a case alleging, in part,
a failure to adhere to the SNAP statutory time frames). This is not surprising: as the D.C. Circuit
has stated, “Rule 23(b)(2) exists so that parties and courts, especially in civil rights cases like
this, can avoid piecemeal litigation when common claims arise from systemic harms that demand
injunctive relief.” D.L. II, 860 F.3d at 726; see also In re District of Columbia, 792 F.3d 96, 102
(D.C. Cir. 2015) (“Rule 23(b)(2) was intended for civil rights cases.”). Accordingly, the Court
concludes that Plaintiffs have demonstrated that their proposed classes meet the requirements for
certification and will grant their motion.
However, the Court will certify three, rather than two, classes. Because the statutory
scheme is slightly different with regards to the processing of recertification as opposed to initial
applications, in an abundance of caution and to avoid any possible conflicts of interest the Court
will subdivide the first proposed class into two classes: one of residents whose initial
applications were not processed on time and one of residents whose recertification applications
were not processed on time. The Court may, of course, revisit certification or class definitions as
the litigation progresses.
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***
For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that [2] Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification is GRANTED. The Court
will certify three classes with the following named representatives.
Class 1:
Definition: All District of Columbia residents since June 1, 2016: (1) who have
applied, are applying, or will apply for SNAP benefits, through an initial
application; and (2) who have had or will have the processing of such application
delayed beyond the timeframes mandated by law.
Class representatives: Shonice G. Garnett, Richard Messick, Jr.
Class 2:
Definition: All District of Columbia residents since June 1, 2016: (1) who have
applied, are applying, or will apply for SNAP benefits, through a recertification
application; and (2) who have had or will have the processing of such application
delayed beyond the timeframes mandated by law.
Class representatives: Kathryn Harris, Linda Murph
Class 3:
Definition: All District of Columbia SNAP recipients since June 1, 2016: (1) who
have been or will be required to submit a recertification application to maintain
SNAP benefits; (2) as to whom the Defendant has failed or will fail to issue notice
of the need to recertify; and (3) who have been or will be terminated from
participation in SNAP due to Defendant’s failure to issue such notice.
Class representatives: James Stanley, Roderick Gaines
SO ORDERED.
CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER
United States District Judge
Date: March 28, 2018
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