People v. Robinson

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Appellate Court Date: 2018.03.26
12:34:26 -05'00'

People v. Robinson, 2017 IL App (1st) 161595

Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption RYISHIE ROBINSON, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. First District, Fourth Division
Docket No. 1-16-1595

Filed December 14, 2017

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 10-CR-2330; the
Review Hon. Thomas J. Byrne, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed; fines and fees order corrected.

Counsel on Michael J. Pelletier, Patricia Mysza, and Rebecca I. Levy, of State
Appeal Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
Annette Collins, Mary P. Needham, and Veronica Calderon Malavia,
Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

Panel JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Presiding Justice Burke and Justice Ellis concurred in the judgment
and opinion.
 OPINION

¶1 On January 14, 2010, defendant was arrested after the victim, Eugene Witherspoon,
discovered defendant in Witherspoon’s apartment attempting to remove a television set. After
a bench trial, defendant was convicted of both residential burglary and aggravated battery of
Witherspoon. 720 ILCS 5/19-3(a), 12-4(a) (West 2008). Defendant filed a pro se posttrial
motion for a new trial claiming ineffective assistance of trial counsel, which the trial court
denied after conducting a preliminary inquiry pursuant to People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181,
189 (1984). Defendant’s trial counsel also filed a posttrial motion for a new trial with
numerous claims, which was also denied. After hearing arguments on aggravation and
mitigation, the trial court sentenced defendant to 30 years with the Illinois Department of
Corrections (IDOC) for residential burglary and 7 years for aggravated battery, to run
concurrently.
¶2 On direct appeal, both defendant and the State agreed that the fines and fees order should
be modified, and we corrected the “Order Assessing Fines, Fees, and Costs,” such that the total
fees and costs due from defendant was $365. We also found that his extended-term sentence on
the lesser offense of aggravated battery was not warranted, and we corrected the mittimus to
reflect a five-year sentence for that offense. However, we did not find persuasive defendant’s
claims (1) that the State’s evidence was insufficient to prove residential burglary and
aggravated battery or (2) that his sentence for residential burglary was excessive.
¶3 In addition, we remanded for a new Krankel hearing before a different judge, finding that
“the State’s participation changed the preliminary Krankel hearing from an objective or neutral
inquiry into an adversarial inquiry.” People v. Robinson, 2015 IL App (1st) 130837, ¶ 81.
Since we determined that the preliminary Krankel hearing was not properly conducted, we did
not consider at that time “the merits of the trial court’s Krankel findings.” Robinson, 2015 IL
App (1st) 130837, ¶ 82.
¶4 On remand, a different trial judge conducted a new preliminary Krankel hearing and again
denied defendant’s pro se motion for a new trial based on his trial counsel’s alleged
ineffectiveness. Defendant now appeals, claiming (1) that the trial court should have appointed
new counsel at the conclusion of the new preliminary Krankel inquiry and (2) that defendant’s
fines and fees order must be corrected again. The State agrees that the fines and fees order
should be corrected again, and we so order it, as we detail below. However, we do not find
defendant’s Krankel arguments persuasive and affirm his conviction and sentence.

¶5 BACKGROUND
¶6 I. Evidence at Trial
¶7 We provided a detailed description of the evidence at trial in our prior opinion, and we
incorporate that opinion by reference. Robinson, 2015 IL App (1st) 130837, ¶¶ 6-25. In sum,
the State’s evidence at trial established that, on January 14, 2010, Eugene Witherspoon, a
security guard and resident of an apartment building located on East 46th Street in Chicago,
was outside talking to a number of employees from a security company about installing
security cameras in the building. His wife, Mary Johnson, was asleep in their second-floor
apartment. While outside discussing the installation of security cameras, Witherspoon heard a
noise from inside the building and ran to the third floor, where he believed the noise originated

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 from. He then descended to the second floor, where he observed a woman exiting his
apartment with his laptop. Rather than follow this woman, Witherspoon entered his apartment
to check on his wife and observed defendant in his apartment wrapping an unplugged
television cord around Witherspoon’s television set. While defendant and Witherspoon
testified to differing versions of the events that followed, it is undisputed that a physical
altercation between defendant and Witherspoon ensued and that, during this altercation,
defendant bit off part of Witherspoon’s lower lip. Witherspoon testified that he and defendant
fought in Witherspoon’s living room for 5 to 10 minutes before the fight moved to the hallway
and then down the stairs. By contrast, defendant testified that the fight began in the hallway of
the building, after Witherspoon hit defendant from behind several times in the head with a gun.
¶8 The State’s evidence at trial consisted of the testimony of four witnesses: (1) Eugene
Witherspoon, the victim; (2) Mary Johnson, Witherspoon’s wife, who was asleep in the
apartment at the time of the incident; (3) police officer John Thill, one of the arresting officers;
and (4) police officer Thomas Ellerbeck, one of the evidence technicians who processed the
crime scene. The parties also stipulated to the testimony of Michael Cox, the Illinois State
Police crime lab fingerprint examiner who reviewed fingerprints from the crime scene.
¶9 The parties stipulated that Cox, a senior fingerprint examiner for the Illinois State Police
crime lab, would testify that, in Cox’s opinion, based upon a reasonable degree of scientific
certainty, one of the two latent prints recovered at the crime scene belonged to defendant.
¶ 10 After the State rested in its case-in-chief, defendant testified that, on January 14, 2010,
defendant was walking to work when he was approached by a woman he recognized because
she frequented the restaurant where he worked. The woman, who defendant knew as “Wanda,”
asked defendant to help her move. Defendant had 45 minutes before he needed to be at work,
and he agreed to help her. Defendant followed her to an apartment building on East 46th Street
where Wanda opened the door to an apartment and led defendant inside.
¶ 11 Defendant testified that, once they were inside the apartment, Wanda indicated that
defendant should take the television set, which was already on the floor. Then Witherspoon
opened the apartment door, observed defendant and Wanda, and yelled “Wanda, what the f***
is you doing?” Wanda responded that she was retrieving her belongings and she began arguing
with Witherspoon. Defendant moved into the hallway, unsure of what was happening. Wanda
walked into the hallway of the building, telling defendant that she would have to retrieve her
belongings at another time. Defendant began to follow Wanda down the stairs when
Witherspoon hit defendant from behind several times in the head with a gun. Defendant and
Witherspoon began to wrestle and, at one point during the ensuing fight, Witherspoon yanked
defendant toward him, and defendant bit Witherspoon’s lip. After defendant bit Witherspoon’s
lip, Witherspoon released defendant, and Wanda and defendant started to leave. As Wanda
held the door open for defendant to leave, Witherspoon used his gun to shoot the front door of
the building, shattering the glass in the door.
¶ 12 Defendant testified that two men then entered the building to ask what was happening.
Witherspoon told the men that defendant had tried to rob his apartment. The men calmed
Witherspoon down, and defendant and Witherspoon sat in the hallway until the police arrived.
When the police arrived, they questioned one of the men who was still in the hallway, and this
man informed the police officer that he was unsure of what had happened. The police
transported defendant to the police station and then to Provident Hospital. At the hospital,

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 defendant received medical attention, which included eight staples in three different locations
on the back of his head.
¶ 13 On cross-examination defendant admitted that a jacket, hat, glove, cigarette butt, pocket
knife, and cell phone found in the hallway of the building belonged to him. However,
defendant denied owning a flathead screwdriver that was also found in the hallway and denied
possessing a Phillips-head screwdriver found in his pocket when he was transported to the
police station. Defendant further testified that, when he arrived at the apartment building,
Wanda opened the door to the building without a key and without needing to be buzzed into the
building. While walking up the stairs of the building, defendant was “two or three stairs”
behind Wanda and did not observe if she used a key to open the door to the apartment. The
door was already open, and Wanda was entering the apartment when defendant reached the top
of the stairs. Defendant also testified that he never observed a computer in the apartment and
that Wanda did not have a bag or a computer when she exited the apartment building.
¶ 14 During cross-examination, defendant did not acknowledge specifically meeting with an
assistant State’s Attorney (ASA), but he did acknowledge that “a woman” tried to talk to him
while defendant was at the police station. Defendant denied talking to this woman or to any
other individual at the police station.
¶ 15 After cross-examination, the defense moved into evidence the medical records from
Provident Hospital that detailed defendant’s injuries. The State did not object, and the trial
court admitted the medical records into evidence.
¶ 16 After the defense rested, the State introduced in rebuttal a stipulation which stated that if a
certain ASA were called to testify, she would testify to the contents of a postarrest statement
made by defendant. Similar to defendant’s trial testimony, the statement described how
defendant was helping a woman named Wanda move her things out of an apartment when a
physical altercation occurred between defendant and Witherspoon.

¶ 17 II. Conviction and Posttrial Motions
¶ 18 At the close of the bench trial on December 3, 2012, the trial court found that
Witherspoon’s testimony and Johnson’s testimony were credible and defendant’s testimony
was not. The trial court then found defendant guilty of (1) residential burglary, (2) aggravated
battery by great bodily harm, (3) aggravated battery by permanent disfigurement, and (4) home
invasion. On January 4, 2013, defense counsel filed a posttrial motion for a new trial.
¶ 19 On January 10, 2013, at the hearing on defense counsel’s posttrial motion for a new trial,
defendant stated that he was making a pro se motion for a new trial based on his trial counsel’s
ineffective assistance. The notice of service for the pro se motion, the pro se motion itself, and
defendant’s affidavit in support of his motion had each been stamped “received” on January 4
but had not been filed with the clerk of the court. The trial court gave defendant leave to file
them.
¶ 20 Defendant’s pro se motion alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective (1) for failing to
hold meaningful conferences, (2) for not conducting a proper investigation to find Wanda, who
defendant claims was the woman whom Witherspoon observed exiting Witherspoon’s
apartment and who would have testified that she had a relationship with Witherspoon, (3) for

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 failing to interview the defense investigator, Jane Doe, 1 who previously interviewed
Witherspoon, (4) for failing to contact the medical physician who treated defendant’s wounds,
(5) for failing to investigate the crime scene, (6) for failing to request the trial court to vacate
the home invasion count,2 (7) for failing to file pretrial motions to quash or suppress evidence,
(8) for agreeing to the stipulation regarding the ASA, (9) for failing to adequately
cross-examine Witherspoon, (10) for failing to adequately cross-examine Officer Ellerbeck,
the evidence technician, and (11) for failing to subpoena any of the arresting officers.3
¶ 21 The trial court then questioned defendant about these claims. Defendant claimed that the
physician who treated defendant could have impeached Witherspoon’s testimony that
Witherspoon hit defendant once. The trial court replied, “He said one to two times, but go
ahead.” Defendant did not provide an affidavit from the physician.
¶ 22 The trial court then asked defendant how defense counsel’s investigation of the crime
scene would have helped defendant when the photos of the apartment, submitted into evidence,
showed the subject area. Defendant claimed that defense counsel would have been able to
provide the court, “in the mind’s eye,” a better measurement of the distances in the apartment
and the impossibility of the fight as described by Witherspoon.
¶ 23 The trial court did not address the allegation of failing to vacate the home invasion count,
stating that, because defense counsel had not yet made arguments for mitigation in sentencing,
the trial court would hold that allegation in abeyance.
¶ 24 The trial court asked defendant to clarify who the investigator, Jane Doe, was. Defendant
could not, and defense counsel clarified that defendant was referring to an investigator, Ms.
Stewart, who had been asked by defendant’s previous public defender to interview
Witherspoon. The trial court then asked defendant how the investigator’s testimony would
have helped defendant’s case. Defendant could not remember the specifics from the
investigator’s interview but claimed that it would have impeached Witherspoon’s testimony
that Witherspoon and Wanda did not engage in a verbal exchange. Defendant did not produce
an affidavit from Investigator Stewart.
¶ 25 The trial court then asked defendant if he had an affidavit from Wanda, which defendant
had not obtained. Defendant claimed that Wanda would be able to verify that she invited
defendant to the apartment and that defense counsel could have tried to locate her because
defendant had told defense counsel the area that Wanda frequented. Upon questioning by the
trial court, defendant was not able to provide Wanda’s last name, birth date, or address.
¶ 26 The trial court then asked defendant why he thought the screwdriver recovered by the
police from defendant’s pocket should have been suppressed. Defendant responded that it
could have been challenged because the officer did not feel it during the pat-down search at the
crime scene but recovered it later at the police station.
¶ 27 The trial court then asked defendant about his claim to suppress the statement that the ASA
would have testified to. Defendant reiterated his claim that he never spoke to an ASA.

1
The investigator was later identified through a last name by defense counsel but no first name was
provided.
2
The trial court vacated defendant’s conviction for home invasion prior to sentencing. Infra ¶ 33.
3
One of the arresting officers, John Thill, did testify at trial.

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¶ 28 Defendant claimed that defense counsel failed to adequately question Witherspoon about
an alleged discrepancy concerning the number of people in the “apartment” versus the
“residence.” Defendant also claimed that defense counsel failed to adequately cross-examine
Officer Ellerbeck about his photos of the evidence found at the crime scene. The trial court
responded to both claims by observing that defense counsel had cross-examined the witnesses
and raised the very same claims regarding credibility that defendant was now claiming were
not made.
¶ 29 After the trial court allowed defendant to explain his claims, the trial court asked defense
counsel if he would like to respond. Defense counsel responded that he never received any
information with which to find Wanda. Defense counsel stated that he vigorously
cross-examined witnesses and that he asked defendant at trial if there were any other questions
defendant wanted him to ask, and he then asked the witnesses the questions that defendant
requested. Defense counsel stated that he had visited the crime scene but was unable to enter
the building and that there was not anything he could do about that. Defense counsel stated that
he did not call the physician as a witness because there was nothing the physician could add
that was not already in the medical records. Further, defense counsel noted that, in closing
arguments, he specifically pointed the trial court’s attention to the page of the medical report in
the record showing that there were three separate lacerations on defendant’s head. Defense
counsel noted that he had raised at trial concerns about a discrepancy in Witherspoon’s
testimony about the number of people in the apartment on January 14, 2010, and the potential
problems with the photographs taken by Officer Ellerbeck. Defense counsel stated that he
asked Stewart, the defense investigator, to be ready to be called as a witness but that there was
nothing in Stewart’s interview of Witherspoon that could have been used to impeach
Witherspoon. Defense counsel stated that he stipulated only to what the ASA would have
testified to but that he had not stipulated to the truthfulness of the statement.
¶ 30 After defense counsel ended his reply, the trial court invited the State to respond. The State
noted that defendant’s allegations “fly in the face of everything that was done over this
multi-day trial.” The State argued that defense counsel would not have been able to suppress
the screwdriver found on defendant’s person because “the officer said he did a patdown [sic]
and didn’t feel it” and the fact that “it was later recovered is not a basis, as Your Honor is well
aware, of a motion to quash arrest or suppress evidence.” In regard to the stipulation
concerning the ASA, the State argued that the statement and defendant’s testimony were
“generally the same” and that defendant’s argument to suppress the ASA’s testimony “when
he testified to those exact facts flies in the face of common sense.” The State noted that
Witherspoon’s testimony would not have been impeached by Investigator Stewart’s testimony.
Citing relevant legal authority,4 the State then argued that the trial court is not required to
appoint new counsel every time a defendant files a pro se motion claiming ineffective
assistance of counsel and that the court can make a finding either by asking the defendant
questions about the claim or by relying on the court’s personal knowledge of defense counsel’s
performance at trial. The State then requested that the trial court deny defendant’s pro se
posttrial motion for a new trial.
¶ 31 The trial court denied defendant’s pro se motion, stating that it had observed defense
counsel asking defendant during trial if there were any more questions to ask witnesses.

4
The relevant legal authority is discussed later in this opinion. Infra ¶¶ 83-84.

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 Defense counsel had then directed defendant’s questions to the witnesses. Defense counsel had
further “hit the points that should have been hit for your defense.” As to Wanda, the trial court
observed that defense counsel did not have enough information to find her and there was no
proof that she would have corroborated defendant’s story. The trial court finished by noting
that none of defendant’s claims would have affected the outcome at trial. The trial court then
denied both posttrial motions.

¶ 32 III. Sentencing
¶ 33 On January 22, 2013, the trial court sentenced defendant. First, the court vacated the
conviction of home invasion, stating, “And I did review my notes about your arguments,
Counsel, about the fact that [defendant] was trying to leave but was stopped by Mr.
Witherspoon. So I am going to revisit that issue and vacate my finding of Count 1, the home
invasion, based on my reading of that ruling.” During the aggravation phase of sentencing, the
trial court considered defendant’s burglary conviction on September 23, 2003, and defendant’s
eight burglary convictions on October 13, 2006. On January 14, 2010, the date of the offense,
defendant was still on mandatory supervised release for eight burglary convictions from
October 13, 2006. All nine prior convictions were Class 2 offenses. As a result of the prior
convictions, and the violent nature of this residential burglary, defendant was sentenced as a
Class X offender. Defendant stated that he had reviewed the presentencing investigation
report, and the defense did not object to the prior convictions. The trial court considered that
defendant caused serious bodily harm to Witherspoon and that the trial court had observed at
trial how this bodily harm caused Witherspoon to suffer a speech impediment. Furthermore,
the injury caused Witherspoon severe pain, and Witherspoon’s lip would, on occasion, become
discolored and peel. In mitigation, defense counsel stated that defendant’s mother had died at a
young age, that defendant’s father was not involved in his life and that, as a result, defendant
had to take care of himself from a young age. Defense also noted that defendant had been
employed for the past 10 years.
¶ 34 On the count of residential burglary, the trial court sentenced defendant to 30 years in
IDOC, followed by 3 years of mandatory supervised release. On the count of aggravated
battery by great bodily harm, the trial court sentenced defendant to a seven-year extended term
sentence, to run concurrently.5 On the same day, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to
reconsider sentence. The trial court granted defendant a credit of $5 per day for the 1104 days
defendant was in custody. The trial court calculated the fines and fees as totaling $445 and
stated, “I will give you credit of $5 a day toward each day you serve [sic] toward those fines.”
The direct appeal followed, which led, as we already described, to a remand for a new
preliminary Krankel hearing before a different trial judge. Supra ¶¶ 3-4.

¶ 35 IV. New Preliminary Krankel Hearing
¶ 36 On April 19, 2016, a new preliminary Krankel hearing was held before a different trial
judge. At the start, the trial court stated that it had reviewed defendant’s pro se motion, filed

5
The trial court did not state that it was merging the count of aggravated battery by permanent
disfigurement into the count of aggravated battery by great bodily harm. However, the mittimus reflects
only convictions and sentences for (1) residential burglary and (2) aggravated battery by great bodily
harm.

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 January 14, 2013, and that both defendant and the court had copies of it in front of them. The
trial court then asked defendant about each of his claims in turn, as we detail below.

¶ 37 A. Counsel’s Conferences With Defendant
¶ 38 The trial court noted that, in his motion, defendant claimed that his attorney failed to hold
any meaningful conferences with him. Defendant responded that he had informed the prior
trial judge “early on” that his family could no longer afford to pay defendant’s privately
retained counsel, and that the prior trial judge had “ignored that issue.” As a result of the lack
of payment, defendant believed that his counsel had no “incentive to help [defendant] the best
he could.” The trial court asked whether counsel had said “anything to that effect,” and
defendant responded, “I can’t say that he did.” Nonetheless, it was “a feeling” defendant had,
because his counsel always said that he had left his file somewhere else, in his vehicle or in his
home, when he came to visit defendant. Defendant stated that his counsel visited him three or
four times in jail, but would then say that he did not have his file and would see defendant in
court. On court dates, counsel would simply inform defendant that he had obtained a
continuance.

¶ 39 B. Locating Wanda
¶ 40 In addition to failing to hold meaningful conferences, defendant claimed that his counsel
did not attempt to locate Wanda. Defendant stated that he asked his counsel to find Wanda and,
specifically, to speak to the manager of the restaurant where defendant worked and which
Wanda frequented. Defendant stated, “Yeah, the restaurant, yes, sir. And he never went. I have
an affidavit from them saying that they was waiting on him to come, but he never came.”
Defendant explained that the restaurant had “been there over 25 years” and “[t]hey know
everybody from the surrounding neighborhood.”
¶ 41 Defendant stated that he was “in contact with the people at the restaurant” regarding
Wanda and “they say the only thing they knew [was] that she stayed between 46 and 47th”
Streets and Indiana Avenue. However, they did not know her last name. Defendant stated that,
closer to the time of the offense, “we had a better chance of trying to find her.”
¶ 42 Defendant stated that he asked his sister, who is not from the same neighborhood and is
from the suburbs, to go to the restaurant and talk to them. His sister went and asked defendant’s
manager, but she was not able to obtain a last name or address for Wanda. Defendant argued
that his counsel “never even tried to go out there,” and Wanda was “basically key to
[defendant’s] whole case.” Defendant argued that Wanda’s testimony would have been that
she had “some kind of relationship” with Witherspoon and “[i]t wasn’t no we just broke in
here.” When the trial court pointed out that Wanda fled, defendant responded that Witherspoon
“pulled out his gun, now she’s gone.”
¶ 43 Defendant claimed later at the inquiry that his counsel stated, “I did not go out and
investigate because, quite frankly, I don’t think she exists.” Then defendant argued, “How can
you be an attorney and take a case [where] you don’t believe in your client. That is not
possible.”

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¶ 44 C. Public Defender’s Investigator
¶ 45 1. Witherspoon’s Question to Wanda
¶ 46 Defendant also claimed that his counsel failed to subpoena an investigator who had been
asked by defendant’s prior counsel, an assistant public defender, to interview Witherspoon.
Defendant argued that “the statement that [Witherspoon] gave [the investigator] and the
testimony that he gave at trial, even from the police reports and preliminary hearing, they were
all different.” The trial court asked, “Didn’t your lawyer *** have [the investigator] under
subpoena in *** case *** Mr. Witherspoon testified contrary to his interview with her? Isn’t
that what the strategy was?” Defendant agreed that was the strategy. However, defendant
believed that Witherspoon “did testify contrary,” while his counsel believed that it was not
contrary. As an example of a contradiction, defendant stated that Witherspoon testified at trial
that he did not say anything to the woman exiting his apartment, whereas to the investigator
Witherspoon stated that he asked the woman where she was going.

¶ 47 2. A Third Man
¶ 48 Defendant also argued that there was a discrepancy between the investigator’s report and
Witherspoon’s trial testimony as to how many people were in his apartment. However,
defendant acknowledged that his counsel brought out that discrepancy by relying on
Witherspoon’s testimony at the preliminary hearing rather than Witherspoon’s statement to the
investigator.
¶ 49 During cross-examination at trial, defense counsel tried to impeach Witherspoon’s trial
testimony that there were only two people inside his apartment, noting Witherspoon’s prior
testimony at a preliminary hearing that there were three people inside his “residence”:
defendant, the woman, and a “lookout guy.” Upon further questioning, Witherspoon explained
that defendant and the woman were in Witherspoon’s apartment, while a possible male
“lookout” was standing immediately outside of the building.

¶ 50 D. Defendant’s Treating Physicians
¶ 51 Defendant also claimed that his counsel failed to contact defendant’s treating physicians.
Defendant explained that the purpose of calling the physicians was to describe defendant’s
injuries and to specify how he sustained them. Defendant stated that he received three different
injuries in three different locations. The trial court asked, “Isn’t that what your attorney argued
though, that Witherspoon hit you more than once; right?” Defendant acknowledged that his
counsel argued that, but defendant responded that the State had alleged that defendant’s
injuries were sustained when he and Witherspoon tumbled down carpeted stairs. Defendant
argued that a doctor’s “professional opinion on how this [sic] injuries was sustained” would
have supported his argument that the injuries were the result of blows by a blunt object rather
than the result of a fall down carpeted stairs.
¶ 52 The trial court reminded defendant that his counsel admitted his medical records in
evidence, which included a diagram of the patient showing three injuries to the head, and that
his counsel argued that these injuries were inconsistent with the State’s theory of a fall down
the stairs. Defendant responded that counsel’s argument would have been more effective if
there had been testimony from “a medical professional there who say, look, I’ve been in this

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 field for many years, this injury didn’t happen from a fall down some stairs.”

¶ 53 E. Apartment Visit
¶ 54 Defendant also claimed that his counsel was ineffective for failing to visit Witherspoon’s
apartment. Defendant admitted that there were photos of the areas where the confrontation
occurred that were taken shortly after the incident. However, defendant argued that
measurements would have showed the impossibility of the fight as described by Witherspoon.
Defendant stated that Witherspoon was 6 feet, 7 inches tall, and the area was 3 feet by 3 feet.
Defendant argued that it was impossible for “me and him wailing around in this 3 feet by 3 feet
area for ten minutes, and nothing gets knocked over.” Defendant stated that “actual
measurements” would have bolstered his case.
¶ 55 The trial court then examined the photographs that had been introduced into evidence at
trial and observed that they “show exactly what the space looked like after the altercation” and
“the relative position of the furniture in the room, the proximity to the walls, the door.” The
court then asked defendant if his position was “that actual measurements, feet and inches,
would be more persuasive.” Defendant stressed how tall Witherspoon was, and the trial court
observed that Witherspoon had been in court during the trial, thus implying that the original
trial court was well aware of his height.

¶ 56 F. Suppression Motions
¶ 57 Defendant claimed that his counsel failed to file a pretrial motion to suppress a screwdriver
in defendant’s pocket. When the trial court asked defendant for the “legal basis that you
envisioned for filing a motion to quash that screwdriver,” defendant explained that the basis
was the length of time that he had been in custody before the police claimed to have found it.
¶ 58 Defendant also claimed that his attorney failed to file a motion to suppress a statement by
him to the ASA, on the ground that it was never made. The trial court responded that his
counsel did not stipulate to the truth of the statement but rather that, if called, this would be the
ASA’s testimony. Defendant replied that his counsel did not even ask him whether he had
made the statement before stipulating.

¶ 59 G. Cross-Examination
¶ 60 Defendant claimed that his counsel failed to adequately cross-examine Witherspoon, the
victim. The trial court asked, “you conferred with him *** about questions to ask Mr.
Witherspoon; is that accurate?” Defendant agreed and stated, “These questions was more or
less to remind [defense counsel] about the inconsistencies between the police report,
investigative report, and the testimony [Witherspoon] was giving and the preliminary
hearing.” The court observed that his counsel’s cross-examination concerned “the layout of the
apartment, the size of Mr. Witherspoon, your size, how long the fight went, and the
undisturbed furniture,” and defendant replied, “[c]orrect.”
¶ 61 Defendant also claimed that his counsel failed to adequately cross-examine Ellerbeck, the
evidence technician, with respect to pry marks on the victim’s apartment door, particularly
about the lack of shavings on the carpet below the door. When the trial court observed that his
counsel did bring out the lack of shavings on cross, defendant responded that he was “not sure

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 we asked about the shavings.”6

¶ 62 H. Arresting Officers
¶ 63 Defendant also claimed that his counsel failed to call or subpoena the arresting officers,7
who could have impeached the evidence technician and also Witherspoon, concerning where
items were when the officers arrived. The trial court then observed that the layout was
established by a photograph that his counsel introduced into evidence. Defendant then stated
that there were inconsistencies in Witherspoon’s accounts, namely: Witherspoon’s preliminary
hearing testimony, the police report, and his trial testimony all indicated that defendant was the
only person in the living room, whereas the defense investigator’s report indicated that Wanda
and defendant were exiting the apartment door and Wanda was heading down the stairs.

¶ 64 I. Defense Counsel’s Response
¶ 65 Defendant’s trial counsel was present for the inquiry and responded, as follows to each of
the issues raised above. First, with respect to communication, counsel stated that he met three
times with defendant in jail, bringing his “travel file” rather than the entire “30-pound file.” In
addition, they also met on court dates, and defendant “called the office on dozens of occasions”
and spoke with counsel’s associate.
¶ 66 Second, with respect to Wanda, counsel stated, “Wanda was a phantom. [Defendant] had
no information on Wanda other than her name *** No date of birth. No where she hung out. I
don’t even know if there is a Wanda, Judge. *** He never told me to talk to anybody at the
restaurant about Wanda. *** He wasn’t even sure that was her real name.”
¶ 67 Third, with respect to the public defender’s investigator, counsel stated that he had
subpoenaed her, and she was present in the hall outside the courtroom. However,
Witherspoon’s trial testimony was consistent with his statement to the investigator so there
was no point in calling her. Counsel tried to impeach Witherspoon with his preliminary hearing
transcript, and there was much discussion at trial about the meaning of the words “residence”
versus “apartment” and about whether there was a possible lookout outside the building.
However, Witherspoon’s trial testimony was consistent with his statement to the investigator.
¶ 68 Fourth, as to defendant’s treating physician, counsel stated that, in his experience,
physicians are “usually reluctant to give opinions as to how an injury was sustained unless it’s
a gunshot wound.” Thus, “as a strategic point,” counsel thought it was better to rely on
defendant’s medical records, which showed three distinct injuries, since Witherspoon testified
that he hit defendant once.
¶ 69 Fifth, as to the lack of an apartment visit, counsel stated that the photographs showed what
a “confined area” there was for “a wrestling match” and the fact that items were undisturbed,
thus impeaching Witherspoon’s trial testimony about the plausibility of a fight taking place in
the living room. In addition, counsel did visit the building, but he was not able to enter it.

6
In fact, Ellerbeck testified on direct that he observed pry marks on the apartment door and
photographed them; and then, on cross, he admitted that he did not observe any wood shavings on the
floor near the door.
7
As we already observed, one of the arresting officers, John Thill, did testify at trial.

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¶ 70 Sixth, as to the lack of suppression motions, counsel explained his strategy. With respect to
stipulating to the ASA’s testimony, counsel stated that he stipulated as to what she would say,
not as to whether it was true; and counsel believed that it would be “less painful to put it in as a
paper transcript than to have her actually get on the stand and say this is what happened.” Prior
to stipulating, counsel spoke to both defendant and the ASA. In addition, counsel believed that
defendant’s statement to the ASA “wasn’t really an incriminating statement. It was pretty
much what he testified to on the stand.” With respect to the screwdriver found in defendant’s
pocket, counsel did not believe there was a basis for a suppression motion.
¶ 71 Seventh, with respect to the cross-examination of Witherspoon, counsel stated that he
vigorously cross-examined Witherspoon concerning some minor discrepancies but that
Witherspoon’s accounts were fairly consistent. With respect to the cross-examination of
Ellerbeck, the evidence technician, counsel believed that he thoroughly cross-examined him
about the differences among photographs and whether the technician had moved items.
¶ 72 Lastly, with respect to not calling the arresting officers, counsel stated that he had been a
defense lawyer for 32 years and that his experience showed that “members of the Chicago
Police Department, as much I respect them, are not usually all that willing to try to help the
defense out in a case.” In addition, “[i]t did not seem like they had anything to add” because
they arrived “after the fact.”

¶ 73 J. Trial Court’s Ruling
¶ 74 After hearing from both defendant and his counsel, the trial court denied defendant’s
Krankel motion for new counsel, stating that it “is really clear to me that the trial proceeded
just as you and [counsel] intended, for you to get up and tell that story and explain that Wanda
gave you the right to be there and that Mr. Witherspoon overreacted with beating you on the
back of the head, and you bit his lip off.”
¶ 75 The trial court found that all the “points of impeachment” that defendant sought, such as
“the lack of disruption inside the apartment” and “the three cuts on the back of [his] head,”
were brought out by counsel. Counsel’s “trial strategy to temper the State’s Attorney’s
testimony by stipulating to it rather than hav[ing] her come to the courtroom and testify seemed
sound to” the trial court. In sum, the trial court found that defendant “was well represented”
and that his allegations were “without merit.”
¶ 76 After the trial court denied defendant’s motion for new counsel, defendant filed a timely
notice of appeal, and this appeal followed.

¶ 77 ANALYSIS
¶ 78 On this appeal, defendant claims (1) that the trial court should have appointed counsel after
the new preliminary Krankel inquiry and (2) that defendant’s fines and fees order must be
corrected again. The State agrees that the fines and fees order should be corrected, and we so
order it, as we detail below. However, we do not find defendant’s Krankel arguments
persuasive and thus affirm his conviction and sentence.

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¶ 79 I. Defendant’s Krankel Claim
¶ 80 Defendant claims that the trial court erred by not appointing new counsel because, at the
new preliminary Krankel inquiry, defendant “show[ed] possible neglect of the case.” People v.
Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 78 (2003).

¶ 81 A. Krankel and Related Precedent
¶ 82 Through Krankel and its progeny, the Illinois Supreme Court has provided our trial courts
with a clear blueprint for handling posttrial pro se claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
People v. Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶¶ 1, 11; Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77-82 (discussing Krankel and
its progeny); People v. Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d 186, 227-31 (2000) (same); People v. Johnson,
159 Ill. 2d 97, 124 (1994) (same).
¶ 83 A trial court is not automatically required to appoint new counsel any time a defendant
claims ineffective assistance of counsel. Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 11; People v. Jolly, 2014 IL
117142, ¶ 29; Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77; Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d at 230; Johnson, 159 Ill. 2d at
124; People v. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d 82, 134 (1991). Instead, the trial court must first conduct a
preliminary inquiry to examine the factual basis underlying a defendant’s claim. Ayres, 2017
IL 120071, ¶¶ 11, 24; Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77-78; Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d at 230; Johnson, 159
Ill. 2d at 124; Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d at 134.
¶ 84 A trial court may base its preliminary Krankel decision on (1) the trial counsel’s answers
and explanations, (2) a “brief discussion between the trial court and the defendant,” or (3) “its
knowledge of defense counsel’s performance at trial and the insufficiency of the defendant’s
allegations on their face.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78-79; see also Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 12;
Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 30; Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d at 228-31; People v. Tolefree; 2011 IL App
(1st) 100689, ¶ 22; People v. Peacock, 359 Ill. App. 3d 326, 339 (2005). “If [a] trial court
determines that the claim lacks merit or pertains only to matters of trial strategy, then the court
need not appoint new counsel and may deny the pro se motion.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78; see
also Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 11; Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29; Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d at 230;
Johnson, 159 Ill. 2d at 124. A claim lacks merit if it is “ ‘ “conclusory, misleading, or legally
immaterial” or do[es] “not bring to the trial court’s attention a colorable claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel.” ’ ” Tolefree, 2011 IL App (1st) 100689, ¶ 22 (quoting People v. Burks,
343 Ill. App. 3d 765, 774 (2003), quoting Johnson, 159 Ill. 2d at 126).
¶ 85 However, if a defendant’s claims “show possible neglect of the case,” the trial court must
appoint new counsel. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78; see also Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 11; Jolly,
2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29; People v. Ramey, 152 Ill. 2d 41, 52 (1992); Chapman, 194 Ill. 2d at 230;
Johnson, 159 Ill. 2d at 124. The claim then proceeds to “the second stage of the Krankel
proceeding” (Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 44), when defendant is represented by new counsel at an
“evidentiary hearing.” Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶¶ 43-44; Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78 (“The new
counsel would then represent the defendant at the hearing on the defendant’s pro se claim of
ineffective assistance.”). “The appointed counsel can independently evaluate the defendant’s
claim and would avoid the conflict of interest that trial counsel would experience if trial
counsel had to justify his or her actions contrary to defendant’s position.” Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at
78.

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¶ 86 B. Standard of Review
¶ 87 On appeal, our standard of review for Krankel claims varies, depending on whether the
trial court employed the proper procedure and whether it made a determination on the merits.
Tolefree, 2011 IL App (1st) 100689, ¶ 25.
¶ 88 We review de novo the procedure the trial court used to conduct the preliminary Krankel
inquiry. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 28; Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 75. De novo consideration means
we perform the same analysis that a trial judge would perform. Tolefree, 2011 IL App (1st)
100689, ¶ 25 (citing Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011)). If we find
that the trial court committed an error in procedure, we will reverse the outcome of the inquiry,
unless the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 40; Moore,
207 Ill. 2d at 80. Thus, for example, our supreme court in Jolly reversed the outcome of a
preliminary Krankel inquiry, where the trial court allowed the State to participate in it, because
the trial court’s “error in this case” was not “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jolly, 2014
IL 117142, ¶ 40. Similarly, we did the same in the case at bar when we remanded for a new
preliminary Krankel inquiry. Robinson, 2015 IL App (1st) 130837, ¶¶ 81-83.
¶ 89 On this appeal, defendant does not allege a procedural error but instead claims that, after
conducting the preliminary inquiry, the trial court should have appointed new counsel and
failed to do so. If a trial court should have appointed new counsel and failed to do so, we will
reverse the trial court’s Krankel ruling unless the error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 80 (“A trial court’s failure to appoint new counsel to argue a
defendant’s pro se posttrial motion claiming ineffective assistance of counsel can be harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.”); Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d at 135 (“we agree with the State that the trial
court’s failure to appoint new counsel was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”).
¶ 90 However, if the trial court properly conducted the entire Krankel inquiry and reached a
determination on the merits, we will reverse only if the trial court’s action was manifestly
erroneous. See Tolefree, 2011 IL App (1st) 100689, ¶ 25; People v. McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d
919, 941 (2008). “ ‘Manifest error’ is error that is clearly plain, evident, and indisputable.”
Tolefree, 2011 IL App (1st) 100689, ¶ 25 (citing People v. Morgan, 212 Ill. 2d 148, 155
(2004)).

¶ 91 C. Strickland and Ineffectiveness of Counsel
¶ 92 In his pro se posttrial motion, defendant claimed that his trial counsel was ineffective.
¶ 93 Both the United States and Illinois Constitutions guarantee criminal defendants the right to
the effective assistance of counsel. People v. Hale, 2013 IL 113140, ¶ 15 (citing U.S. Const.,
amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. 1, § 8). In determining whether defendant was denied
effective assistance of counsel, we apply the familiar two-prong test established in Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in People v.
Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504 (1984). People v. Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 24. Under the
Strickland test, a defendant must show both that counsel’s performance was objectively
unreasonable under prevailing professional norms and that there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. Cherry, 2016 IL 117934, ¶ 24. Since a defendant must satisfy both prongs of the
Strickland test, the failure to establish either prong bars his claim. People v. Peterson, 2017 IL
120331, ¶ 79; Cherry, 2016 IL 118728, ¶ 24.

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¶ 94 As for the first prong in a claim of ineffectiveness, counsel’s performance “must be
evaluated based on the entire record.” People v. Kirklin, 2015 IL App (1st) 131420, ¶ 114;
People v. Flores, 128 Ill. 2d 66, 107 (1989) (“[C]ounsel’s performance must be evaluated on
the basis of the entire record, and not upon isolated instances of alleged incompetence called
into question by the defendant.”). As we explain below, based on our evaluation of the entire
record including the new preliminary Krankel inquiry, we find that counsel’s performance was
objectively reasonable.

¶ 95 D. The Trial Court’s Krankel Inquiry
¶ 96 Although defendant argued a number of instances of alleged neglect at the Krankel inquiry,
on appeal defendant raises only two: (1) that his trial counsel failed to look for Wanda, the
woman whom defendant testified led him into the victim’s apartment and (2) that his trial
counsel failed to interview the arresting officers concerning whether Witherspoon, the victim,
referred to Wanda by name when relating to them what happened immediately after the
offense. Defendant argues that, if his trial counsel had located Wanda, she would have
corroborated his testimony and that, if Witherspoon had used Wanda’s name, his knowledge of
her name would have impeached Witherspoon’s testimony that he did not know the woman
leaving his apartment. For the following reasons, we do not find defendant’s arguments
persuasive.

¶ 97 1. Looking for Wanda
¶ 98 Defendant argues, first and foremost, that his counsel showed neglect of his case by not
making any attempt to locate Wanda.
¶ 99 A defense counsel has a professional duty to conduct a reasonable investigation or make a
reasonable decision that a particular investigation is not necessary. People v. Domagala, 2013
IL 113688, ¶ 38. However, any lack of investigation is judged against a standard of
reasonableness, given “all the circumstances” and “applying a heavy measure of deference to
counsel’s judgments.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Guest, 166 Ill. 2d 381, 400
(1995); People v. Viramontes, 2017 IL App (1st) 160984, ¶ 56.
¶ 100 In the case at bar, there is no question that there was a woman with defendant during the
offense. Both defendant and Witherspoon, the victim, agreed on that fact during their
respective trial testimony. There is also no question that she fled the scene, apparently never to
be heard from again by anyone involved in this case.
¶ 101 At the Krankel inquiry, defendant claimed that he asked his counsel to look for Wanda and,
specifically, to speak to the manager of the restaurant where defendant had worked and that
Wanda frequented. By contrast, counsel denied that defendant had asked him to talk to
someone at the restaurant. However, defendant admitted that his sister had visited the
restaurant but was still unable to obtain a last name or address for Wanda.
¶ 102 At the inquiry, defendant admitted that the only information that he had for Wanda was her
first name, a physical description, and that “she stayed between 46th and 47th Streets and
Indiana Avenue.” Counsel denied that defendant informed him where Wanda “hung out.”
However, both defendant and counsel agreed that they lacked Wanda’s last name, address, or
date of birth.

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¶ 103 Defendant argued, not only that Wanda would have testified, but that she would have
corroborated his testimony by admitting to removing items from Witherspoon’s apartment and
to having had a relationship with Witherspoon. However, as even defendant observed at the
Krankel inquiry, Witherspoon “pulled out his gun, now she’s gone.” Whether due to
Witherspoon’s gun or the possibility of criminal charges or both, her headlong flight is
undisputed.
¶ 104 In light of the paucity of information that counsel had about Wanda, her headlong flight
from the scene, and her incentives not to be found, we cannot find, given all the circumstances,
that counsel’s decision not to investigate further was unreasonable or showed possible neglect
of the case. See Guest, 166 Ill. 2d at 400.

¶ 105 2. Interviewing Arresting Officers
¶ 106 Second, defendant argues that his trial counsel was ineffective by failing to interview the
arresting officers about whether Witherspoon, the victim, used Wanda’s name when relating to
them what happened immediately after the offense.
¶ 107 As we noted above, defense counsel has a duty to conduct a reasonable investigation or
make a reasonable decision that investigation is not necessary (Domagala, 2013 IL 113688,
¶ 38), and any lack of investigation is judged against a standard of reasonableness. Guest, 166
Ill. 2d at 400; Viramontes, 2017 IL App (1st) 160984, ¶ 56.
¶ 108 In addition, “the decision whether to call a certain witness for the defense is a matter of trial
strategy, left to the discretion of counsel after consultation with the defendant.” Peterson, 2017
IL 120331, ¶ 80. As a result, “such decisions will not ordinarily support a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel.” Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 80. Even “a mistake in trial strategy” will
not, by itself, “render representation constitutionally defective.” Peterson, 2017 IL 120331,
¶ 80. However, at this stage, we are considering not whether defendant’s claim rises to a level
of constitutional defectiveness, but only whether defendant’s claim showed “possible neglect
of the case,” thus necessitating appointment of new counsel for a second-stage Krankel
inquiry. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 78.
¶ 109 Defendant argues, based on the police report, that Witherspoon may have used the name
“Wanda” with the arresting officers. The police report stated, in relevant part:
“This is an arrest by the Second District Tact Team *** responding to a call of ‘Man
Shot’[.] Arrived to discover Ryishie Robinson (offender) lying in the doorway of apt.
building with the glass of building door shattered and Eugene Witherspoon (victim and
complainant) lying on stairs leading to 2nd fl residence bleeding from the face. Eugene
Witherspoon (victim and complainant) related that he is building manager and was
working security for building owner when he went outside of building to inspect for
possible security camera locations. Victim related that when he went back into
building, he discovered [Ryishie] Robinson (offender) and ‘Wanda’ Unk (offender)
leaving his residence through the front door with property belonging to him and his
wife (Mary Johnson (victim and complainant). When Eugene Witherspoon (victim and
complainant) confronted offenders, [Ryishie] Robinson (offender) began to fight
victim in an attempt to escape. During the struggle with offender, Eugene Witherspoon
(victim and complainant) was bit on the lower lip by [Ryishie] Robinson (offender)
removing a large piece of lip. Victim then produced a handgun which discharged and

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 shattered the front door glass. ‘Wanda’ Unk (offender) made good her escape[.]”
(Emphases added.)
The police report was authored by Officer John Sonley, while the arresting officer who
testified at trial was his partner, Officer John Trill.
¶ 110 Based on the above quote, defendant argues that Witherspoon may have “related” to the
officers that the woman’s name was Wanda, thereby indicating that he knew her, which would
contradict his trial testimony.
¶ 111 However, the above quote does not suggest that Witherspoon knew Wanda, any more than
it suggests that he knew defendant. Although the report states that the “Victim related,” it then
states defendant’s full name, which no one claims that Witherspoon knew prior to the offense.
If we were to take the above report as evidence that Witherspoon may have known Wanda’s
name, then we would have to accept, by the same logic, that he knew defendant’s full name and
that he “related” to the officers that Wanda was also “Unk” or unknown.
¶ 112 At the Krankel inquiry, defense counsel explained that he made a strategic decision not to
call the arresting officers at trial because officers are “not usually all that willing to try to help
the defense out” and “[i]t did not seem like they had anything to add.” We do not find
persuasive defendant’s argument that the above-quoted report shows possible neglect by
counsel of the case.
¶ 113 If defendant produced an affidavit from an officer that he recalled Witherspoon providing
the name, that could make a difference. Anything less than that would be a “ ‘fishing
expedition.’ ” People v. Malone, 2017 IL App (3d) 140165, ¶ 10. “ ‘[T]here is no showing of
the existence of any facts or evidence on which such affidavits could have been founded.
Absent a showing of available material for supporting affidavits, a failure to present affidavits
obviously cannot be considered a neglect by the attorney.’ [Citation.] Counsel is not required
to go on a ‘fishing expedition’ to find facts and evidence outside the record that might support
the defendant’s claims.” Malone, 2017 IL App (3d) 140165, ¶ 10.

¶ 114 II. Defendant’s Fines-and-Fees Claims
¶ 115 Defendant claims that the fines and fees order must be corrected again, and the State
agrees.
¶ 116 In our prior opinion, we observed that defendant received a credit of $5 a day for the 1104
days he was incarcerated while awaiting trial, and that this credit should have been applied to
the $50 in fines reflected in the “Order Assessing Fines, Fees, and Costs.” Robinson, 2015 IL
App (1st) 130837, ¶ 115. We also observed that the trial court incorrectly applied a $5
electronic citation fee, which should have been removed. Robinson, 2015 IL App (1st) 130837,
¶ 115; 705 ILCS 105/27.3e (West 2012) (electronic citation fee applies only to “traffic,
misdemeanor, municipal ordinance, or conservation case[s]”). Finally, the initial calculation of
the fines and fees showed $370 in fees and costs and $50 in fines, which comes to a total of
$420. However, the order listed a total of $445 owed by defendant instead of $420. After
removing the $5 electronic citation fee, applying defendant’s credit to the fines, and correctly
adding the fines and fees, our prior opinion found that the total amount of fines and fees due
from defendant should be $365. Robinson, 2015 IL App (1st) 130837, ¶ 115. The State agreed
with this calculation, and we corrected the original “Order Assessing Fines, Fees, and Costs” to
reflect that the fines and fees due from defendant was $365 rather than $445.

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¶ 117 On this appeal, defendant claims, and the State does not dispute, that the amount owed by
defendant is only $285, not $365 as ordered in our prior opinion. Robinson, 2015 IL App (1st)
130837, ¶ 115. Defendant claims that upon remand, the trial court made the corrections that
this court ordered. However, the trial court also imposed an additional $20 violent crime
victims assistance fine and an additional $100 violent crime victims assistance fine, neither of
which were imposed when defendant was initially sentenced on January 22, 2013, and both of
which were not authorized by the statutes in effect on the date of the offense. Additionally,
defendant claims that he is entitled to a $5 per day presentence custody credit against both his
$15 state police operations fine and his $50 court system fine. Thus, defendant argues that this
court should vacate the improperly imposed fines and offset the remaining fines by his
per diem credit, thus reducing the total amount that he owes to $285. For the following reasons,
we agree.

¶ 118 A. Violent Crime Victims Assistance Fine
¶ 119 1. $20 Fine
¶ 120 On remand, defendant was assessed a $20 Violent Crime Victims Assistance Fund fine
under section 10 of the Violent Crime Victims Assistance Act (Act) (725 ILCS 240/10(c)(1),
(2) (West 2010)).8 The preprinted form used by the trial court on remand was entitled “Order
Assessing Fines, Fees and Costs” and it stated, in relevant part, “Violent Crime Victim
Assistance, 725 ILCS 240/10/(c)(1) or (2) where no other fine is imposed.” (Emphasis added.)
Next to this preprinted line was a handwritten notation of “$20.”
¶ 121 Defendant is correct that he cannot be assessed this $20 fine under the version of the statute
in effect on January 14, 2010, the date of the offense. 725 ILCS 240/10(c)(1), (2) (West 2010).
Section 10 then stated in relevant part:
“When any person is convicted in Illinois on or after August 28, 1986, of an offense
listed below, or placed on supervision for such an offense on or after September 18,
1986, and no other fine is imposed, the following penalty shall be collected by the
Circuit Court Clerk:
(1) $25, for any crime of violence as defined in subsection (c) of Section 2 of the
Crime Victims Compensation Act; and
(2) $20, for any other felony or misdemeanor, excluding any conservation offense.”
(Emphasis added.) 725 ILCS 240/10(c)(1), (2) (West 2010).9
Since defendant was assessed other fines, such as the $10 mental health court fine, the $5
youth/peer court fine, the $5 drug court fine, and the children’s advocacy center fine, the
above-quoted section did not authorize the imposition of a $20 fine. See People v. Jamison,
229 Ill. 2d 184, 191 (2008) (“Section 10(c) of the Act provides for a ‘penalty’ to be collected

8
The 2010 Illinois Compiled Statutes contains the version of section as amended effective January
1, 2010, which is two weeks before the offense date. Thus, this is the version that applies.
9
In addition, defendant could not be assessed this fine under the version of the statute in effect at the
time of either his original sentencing or the remand to the trial court. The provision for this $20 fine was
eliminated altogether by the time of defendant’s initial sentencing on January 22, 2013 (725 ILCS
240/10 (West 2012)), and it similarly did not exist at the time the trial court entered the fines and fees
order on remand on January 7, 2016 (725 ILCS 240/10 (West 2016)).

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 when ‘no other fine is imposed.’ ” (Emphasis added.) (quoting 725 ILCS 240/10(c) (West
2004))).
¶ 122 The State agrees that this $20 fine must be vacated, and we hereby order it vacated.

¶ 123 2. $100 Fine
¶ 124 In addition, defendant argues that, on January 14, 2010, the date of his offense, the
subsection authorizing the $100 Violent Crime Victims Assistance Fund fine did not yet exist.
On remand, the trial court imposed the $100 fine pursuant to section 10(b) of the Act which
stated, in relevant part:
“(b) When any person is convicted in Illinois of an offense listed below, or placed on
supervision for that offense on or after July 1, 2012, the court shall impose the
following fines:
(1) $100 for any felony[.]” 725 ILCS 240/10(b)(1) (West 2012).
¶ 125 Defendant argues, and the State agrees, that since the legislature did not add this $100 fine
to section (b) of the statute until years after his offense, ex post facto considerations prohibit its
imposition.
¶ 126 Both the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution prohibit the enactment of
ex post facto laws. U.S. Const., art. I, § 9; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 16. A criminal law violates
this prohibition if a legislative change is retroactively applied to a criminal defendant, and it
“ ‘alters the definition of criminal conduct or increases the penalty by which a crime is
punishable.’ ” Hadley v. Montes, 379 Ill. App. 3d 405, 409 (2008) (quoting California
Department of Corrections v. Morales, 514 U.S. 499, 506 n.3 (1995)). It is well established
that fines are subject to the prohibition against ex post facto laws. People v. Dalton, 406 Ill.
App. 3d 158, 163-64 (2010); People v. Prince, 371 Ill. App. 3d 878, 880 (2007); People v.
Bishop, 354 Ill. App. 3d 549, 561-62 (2004).
¶ 127 In addition, “[t]he imposition of a fine that does not become effective until after a
defendant commits an offense violates ex post facto principles.” People v. Devine, 2012 IL
App (4th) 101028, ¶ 10. See also People v. Smith, 2014 IL App (4th) 121118, ¶ 61 (since a
“fine took effect on January 1, 2010, after the date of defendant’s offense, *** [its] imposition
would violate the prohibition against ex post facto laws”). In the case at bar, section 10, quoted
above, was amended by Public Act 97-816 to increase the fine to $100, effective July 16, 2012.
See Pub. Act 97-816 (eff. July 16, 2012) (amending 725 ILCS 240/10). By contrast,
defendant’s offense occurred over two years earlier on January 14, 2010. Accordingly, we
vacate the trial court’s imposition of this $100 fine.

¶ 128 B. Presentencing Credit Applied to Fines
¶ 129 Defendant’s next claim is that the trial court failed to apply his presentencing credit to two
fines that should have been offset by it. A defendant is entitled to a credit against his fines of $5
for each day he spent incarcerated prior to sentencing. 725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2010). At
defendant’s sentencing on January 22, 2013, the trial court found that defendant was entitled to
a total credit of 1104 days, and $5 times 1104 results in a presentencing credit of $5520.
¶ 130 On remand, the preprinted form, utilized by the trial court, stated that the following fines
were to be offset: (1) the $10 mental health court fine, (2) the $5 drug court fine, (3) the $5

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 youth diversion/peer court fine, and (4) the $30 children’s advocacy center fine. These four
fines totaled $50.
¶ 131 On this appeal, defendant argues, in addition, that the $15 state police operations fee (705
ILCS 105/27.3a(1.5) (West 2010)) and the $50 court systems fee (55 ILCS 5/5-1101(c)(1)
(West 2010)) are actually fines and are therefore also subject to the $5 per diem offset. This
would result in an additional $65 offset, for a total offset of $65 plus $50, or $115. On the
preprinted form, these two charges appear under a heading that states, “Fees and Costs Not
Offset by the $5 per-day pre-sentence incarceration credit.”
¶ 132 Under section 110-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, the presentencing credit
applies only against fines. Section 110-14 states:
“(a) Any person incarcerated on a bailable offense who does not supply bail and
against whom a fine is levied on conviction of such offense shall be allowed a credit of
$5 for each day so incarcerated upon application of the defendant. However, in no case
shall the amount so allowed or credited exceed the amount of the fine.” (Emphases
added.) 725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2010).
¶ 133 Whether an assessment is a fine or a fee is a matter of statutory interpretation that this court
reviews de novo. People v. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d 569, 580 (2006).
¶ 134 The Illinois Supreme Court has articulated the difference between a “fee” and a “fine,” as
follows:
“ ‘A “fine” is a pecuniary punishment imposed as part of a sentence on a person
convicted of a criminal offense. [Citation.] A “cost” is a charge or fee taxed by a court
such as a filing fee, jury fee, courthouse fee, or reporter fee. [Citation.] Unlike a fine,
which is punitive in nature, a cost does not punish a defendant in addition to the
sentence he received, but instead is a collateral consequence of the defendant’s
conviction that is compensatory in nature. [Citation.] A “fee” is a charge for labor or
services, especially professional services. [Citation.]’ ” (Emphasis removed.) Jones,
223 Ill. 2d at 581 (quoting People v. White, 333 Ill. App. 3d 777, 781 (2002)).
Later, the supreme court explained that, “under Jones, 223 Ill. 2d at 600, the most important
factor” in finding that a charge is a fee “is whether the charge seeks to compensate the state for
any costs incurred as the result of prosecuting the defendant.” People v. Graves, 235 Ill. 2d
244, 250 (2009).
¶ 135 The appellate court has previously, and repeatedly, held that both the $15 state police
operations fee and the $50 court systems fee are actually fines, and the State agrees that this
precedent applies. People v. Jones, 2017 IL App (1st) 143766, ¶ 52 (court systems fee and state
police operations fee); People v. Blanchard, 2015 IL App (1st) 132281, ¶ 22 (court systems
fee); People v. Ackerman, 2014 IL App (3d) 120585, ¶ 30 (court systems fee); People v.
Moore, 2014 IL App (1st) 112592, ¶ 46 (state police operations fee); People v. Wynn, 2013 IL
App (2d) 120575, ¶ 13 (state police operations fee); Wynn, 2013 IL App (2d) 120575, ¶ 17
(court systems fee); People v. Smith, 2013 IL App (2d) 120691, ¶ 16 (state police operations
fee); Smith, 2013 IL App (2d) 120691, ¶ 17 (court systems fee); People v. Millsap, 2012 IL
App (4th) 110668, ¶ 31 (state police operations fee). Thus, we order that defendant’s
presentencing credit must be applied against these two charges.

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¶ 136 C. Total Due
¶ 137 We recapitulate here exactly what defendant does, and does not, owe.
¶ 138 First, the fines and fees order, entered on January 7, 2016, lists four fines, totaling $50,
which are offset against the sentencing credit. Since they are offset, they do not count toward
the amount owed by defendant.
¶ 139 Second, the 2016 order lists $120 in fines that are not offset. However, as we explained
above, these violent crime victims assistance fines do not apply to defendant.
¶ 140 Third, the 2016 order lists six fees that are not offset. However, as we explained above, two
of these charges—the $15 state police operations fee and the $50 court systems fee—are fines
that should be offset and, thus, these two charges do not count toward the amount that
defendant owes. The remaining four fees, which are not offset, total $285, which is the amount
that defendant now owes.
¶ 141 If you compare this amount against what this court ordered previously, you will see that
there is a discrepancy. Previously, this court ordered defendant to pay $365. Robinson, 2015 IL
App (1st) 130837, ¶ 115. Today we reduced what we previously ordered by $65 (the $15 state
police operations fee, plus the $50 court systems fee). Therefore, one would expect that
defendant now owes $300, rather than $285. The $15 difference can be explained by the fact
that, on remand, the trial court did not reenter a $15 document storage fee (705 ILCS 105/27.3c
(West 2010)) on the new fines and fees order.10 Since the State does not argue on appeal that
this was in error, defendant now owes only a total of $285.

¶ 142 CONCLUSION
¶ 143 For the foregoing reasons, we do not find persuasive defendant’s Krankel argument, but we
correct the fines, fees, and costs due from defendant to $285.

¶ 144 Affirmed; fines and fees order corrected.

10
In fact, on the fines and fees order entered on January 7, 2016, the document storage fee was
written in by hand and then crossed out by hand.

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