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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
298 Nebraska R eports
ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
M ark A. Onstot, appellant and
cross-appellee, v.
M aria D. Onstot,
appellee and cross-appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed February 9, 2018. No. S-17-038.
1. Divorce: Child Custody: Child Support: Property Division: Alimony:
Attorney Fees: Appeal and Error. In an action for the dissolution of
marriage, an appellate court reviews de novo on the record the trial
court’s determinations of custody, child support, property division,
alimony, and attorney fees; these determinations, however, are initially
entrusted to the trial court’s discretion and will normally be affirmed
absent an abuse of that discretion.
2. Evidence: Appeal and Error. In a review de novo on the record, an
appellate court reappraises the evidence as presented by the record and
reaches its own independent conclusions on the matters at issue. When
evidence is in conflict, the appellate court considers and may give
weight to the fact that the trial judge heard and observed the witnesses
and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.
3. Divorce: Mental Health: Appeal and Error. An appeal involving sup-
port for a mentally ill spouse under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-362 (Reissue
2016) is reviewed de novo on the record and affirmed in the absence of
an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial judge.
4. Property Division. As a general rule, property which one party brings
into the marriage is excluded from the marital estate.
5. Property Division: Proof. The burden of proof to show that property is
a nonmarital asset remains with the person making the claim.
6. Affidavits: Records: Appeal and Error. In order to be considered on
appeal, any affidavit used on a motion before the trial court must have
been offered in evidence in the trial court and made part of the bill
of exceptions.
7. Records: Appeal and Error. The party appealing has the respon-
sibility of including within the bill of exceptions matters from the
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ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
record which the party believes are material to the issues presented
for review.
8. ____: ____. A bill of exceptions is the only vehicle for bringing evi-
dence before the Nebraska Supreme Court. Evidence which is not made
part of the bill of exceptions may not be considered.
9. Divorce: Mental Health: Alimony. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-362 (Reissue
2016) empowers the court to order the payment of such support and
maintenance to a mentally ill spouse as it may deem necessary and
proper, having due regard to the property and income of the parties.
10. ____: ____: ____. Reasonableness is the ultimate criterion to be applied
in testing whether support and maintenance is to be awarded a mentally
ill spouse under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-362 (Reissue 2016) and, if so, the
amount and duration thereof.
11. Divorce: Alimony: Public Policy: Legislature. The trial court cannot
condition the termination of spousal support upon cohabitation with
another person, because such matters are public policy issues for the
Legislature, not the courts, to decide.
12. Divorce: Alimony: Modification of Decree. Cohabitation, together
with a showing that such arrangement improved a former spouse’s
overall financial condition, might warrant a modification of spousal
support.
Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: William
B. Zastera, Judge. Affirmed in part as modified, and in
part vacated.
Thomas J. Anderson, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
Robin L. Binning, of Binning & Plambeck, for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, K elch, and
Funke, JJ.
K elch, J.
I. INTRODUCTION
Mark A. Onstot appeals, and Maria D. Onstot cross-
appeals, from the decree of dissolution entered by the district
court for Sarpy County, which dissolved the parties’ mar-
riage, divided their assets and debts, and awarded spousal
support for Maria. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm
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ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
the district court’s decree in part, as modified herein, and in
part vacate.
II. BACKGROUND
Mark and Maria were married in October 1999. Mark filed
a complaint for dissolution of marriage in July 2013, and the
matter proceeded to a bench trial in March and June 2016.
The contested issues at trial, as relevant to this appeal, were
(1) the equitable division of the house Mark owned prior to
the marriage and (2) the determination of appropriate spousal
support for Maria under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-362 (Reissue
2016).
1. M ark’s House
Prior to the marriage, Mark owned a house located on
Platte River Drive in Bellevue, Nebraska. Mark testified that
he purchased the house in 1990 for $58,800, and he believed
that the mortgage at the time of purchase was $48,000. He
made some improvements to the house over the following
years, including installing new siding, constructing a new
garage, and installing new windows and new flooring, all of
which was paid for with his own money prior to the marriage.
Mark testified that he believed the house was worth approxi-
mately $100,000 at the time of the parties’ marriage in 1999,
but there was no evidence presented regarding the balance on
the mortgage at that time. There was also no documentation
to confirm Mark’s testimony regarding the date of purchase,
the purchase price, the amount mortgaged, or the value of the
house at the time of the parties’ marriage. At the time of trial,
the house was appraised at $200,000 and had a loan balance
of $32,538.
Following a bench trial, the district court awarded the house
to Mark, subject to the remaining mortgage balance of approxi-
mately $32,500, for which Mark was ordered to be solely
responsible. It determined that the property was valued at
$200,000 and had equity in the amount of $167,500, which it
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298 Nebraska R eports
ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
ordered to be divided equally between the parties. It further
ordered Mark to refinance, sell, or otherwise remove Maria’s
financial responsibility for the mortgage, and to pay Maria
$83,746 for her share of the net equity in the property, within
60 days from the entry of the decree.
2. Spousal Support
After Mark filed his complaint for dissolution, Maria filed
a motion for the appointment of a guardian ad litem on the
basis of mental illness, pursuant to § 42-362. In support of the
motion, she submitted an affidavit from her psychologist, Dr.
Glenda L. Cottam, who stated that Maria exhibited anxiety
and mental illness to such a degree that her ability to think
clearly and engage in appropriate reality testing was compro-
mised and that she would not be able to act in her own best
interests, make appropriate decisions, or assist her lawyer in
preparing her case. The district court granted the motion and
appointed a guardian ad litem to represent Maria throughout
these proceedings.
Shortly thereafter, Maria filed a motion requesting tem-
porary support in the amount of $3,000 per month, again
pursuant to § 42-362. The motion itself did not include any
supporting documentation as to her income or expenses, and
the record on appeal does not contain a bill of exceptions
from the hearing. Mark filed an affidavit in resistance to the
motion for support, stating that Maria did not need $3,000 per
month and that he could not afford to pay that amount. The
district court awarded temporary spousal support of $1,500
per month, beginning on March 1, 2014. Because of the lack
of record on appeal, it is unclear what evidence the court con-
sidered in making this determination.
In August 2015, Mark filed an application to modify spousal
support, because he had just retired from his employment with
the railroad and his income had been reduced to only $3,034
per month in retirement benefits. The court denied his applica-
tion to modify.
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ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
The evidence at trial showed that Maria had been diagnosed
with a mood disorder with some transient psychotic features,
paranoia, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disor-
der. Regarding Maria’s symptoms, Dr. Cottam testified that
Maria becomes very agitated, has hallucinations, and disso-
ciates from reality. Dr. Cottam further explained that Maria
was very paranoid at times—she talked about conspiracies,
“stink bombs” being set off at her place of employment,
people that were out to get her, a particular woman that was
always following her, and lights being shone into her apart-
ment. She has been hospitalized on a number of occasions
because her anxiety and paranoia cause her blood pressure to
increase to a level that is medically dangerous. Her anxiety
causes other physical symptoms as well, including swell-
ing of her tongue, tingling in her fingers, heaviness in her
body, loss of her voice, ringing in her ears, changes in her
vision, and loss of coordination. Dr. Cottam opined that due
to Maria’s mental health issues, she was not competent to tes-
tify and was in need of a legal guardian. Because Maria was
unable to testify, her guardian ad litem testified in her place
at trial.
At the time of trial, the evidence showed that Maria’s
monthly income was $3,453, which included Social Security
disability benefits, spousal benefits from the railroad, and the
$1,500 temporary support payment from Mark. Her monthly
expenses were $3,721, and therefore exceeded her monthly
income even with Mark’s temporary support payment.
Mark’s monthly income at the time of trial included $3,602
in railroad retirement benefits, but he testified that he actu-
ally received only $3,100 per month after taxes. Mark also
received $750 per month in rental income, but he testified that
it was offset by mortgage payments and expenses for the rental
property. Mark’s monthly expenses were $3,954, although
he acknowledged that his food expense of $700 per month
and his gas expense of $400 per month were high due to his
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ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
preferences for eating out frequently and driving his truck
rather than his more gas-efficient car.
In its decree, the district court found that Maria was mentally
ill and entitled to protection under § 42-362. It awarded her
continuing spousal support in the amount of $700 per month,
beginning July 1, 2016, and continuing so long as she is men-
tally ill or until she remarries, the death of either party, or fur-
ther order of the court. Following the entry of the decree, Mark
filed a motion to alter or amend the decree, requesting that
his obligation to pay spousal support would cease in the event
Maria was cohabiting. The district court amended the decree to
reflect that Maria’s spousal support shall continue until Maria
is no longer mentally ill, the death of either party, or Maria’s
remarriage or cohabitation with a significant other.
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
On appeal, Mark assigns the district court erred (1) in
awarding any equity in his house to Maria or, alternatively, in
failing to grant him credit for the home’s value as of the date of
marriage, and in requiring him to sell the property if he did not
refinance or otherwise remove Maria’s financial responsibility
for the mortgage within 60 days and (2) in awarding excessive
temporary and permanent spousal support to Maria.
On cross-appeal, Maria assigns that the district court abused
its discretion in ordering that her spousal support would cease
upon her cohabitation with a significant other.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] In an action for the dissolution of marriage, an appellate
court reviews de novo on the record the trial court’s determi-
nations of custody, child support, property division, alimony,
and attorney fees; these determinations, however, are initially
entrusted to the trial court’s discretion and will normally be
affirmed absent an abuse of that discretion.1
1
Marshall v. Marshall, ante p. 1, 902 N.W.2d 223 (2017).
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ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
[2] In a review de novo on the record, an appellate court
reappraises the evidence as presented by the record and reaches
its own independent conclusions on the matters at issue.2
However, when evidence is in conflict, the appellate court
considers and may give weight to the fact that the trial judge
heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of
the facts rather than another.3
[3] An appeal involving support for a mentally ill spouse
under § 42-362 is reviewed de novo on the record and affirmed
in the absence of an abuse of discretion on the part of the
trial judge.4
V. ANALYSIS
1. M ark’s House
Mark claims the trial court erred in awarding any equity
in his house to Maria or, alternatively, in failing to grant him
credit for its value as of the date of marriage, and in requiring
him to sell the property if he does not refinance or otherwise
remove Maria’s financial responsibility for the mortgage within
60 days.
Mark purchased the residence located on Platte River Drive
in 1990, approximately 9 years prior to the marriage. He testi-
fied he paid $58,800 for the property and took out a mortgage
for the purchase in the amount of $48,000. He opined that
the residence had a value of $100,000 at the time of the mar-
riage in 1999. The district court found the entire equity in the
residence to be marital property and ordered that it be divided
equally between the parties.
[4,5] Because he purchased the residence prior to the mar-
riage, Mark claims that it is entirely premarital or, alternatively,
that the equity he had prior to the marriage is premarital. As a
2
Bergmeier v. Bergmeier, 296 Neb. 440, 894 N.W.2d 266 (2017).
3
Id.
4
See Black v. Black, 223 Neb. 203, 388 N.W.2d 815 (1986).
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ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
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general rule, property which one party brings into the marriage
is excluded from the marital estate.5 However, the burden of
proof to show that property is a nonmarital asset remains with
the person making the claim.6
We agree that the equity in the residence at the time of the
parties’ marriage in 1999 was a nonmarital asset which, if
established, should be set aside as Mark’s separate property.7
However, assuming Mark’s testimony established the value
of the residence at $100,000 at the time of the marriage, he
did not testify or supply any documentation as to whether the
residence was either encumbered or unencumbered at that time
and, if encumbered, to what extent. Because Mark has failed to
establish that there was any equity in the house at the time of
the parties’ marriage, he has failed to meet his burden of prov-
ing that the property is a nonmarital asset. We therefore con-
clude that the district court did not err in including the entirety
of the equity in the residence in the marital estate.
Mark further assigns that the district court erred in order-
ing him to refinance the residence and pay off Maria within
60 days of the decree. We acknowledge that the trial court has
discretion in the amount of time allowed to refinance prop-
erty. But, here, Mark’s ability to refinance promptly has been
impaired by his obligation to pay $700 per month in spousal
support, especially as a retiree with a monthly net income of
only $3,100. Therefore, we find that under these particular
circumstances, the district court’s requirement that Mark refi-
nance the mortgage within 60 days constituted an abuse of
discretion. We modify the decree to extend the time period for
Mark to refinance the residence and pay off Maria to 6 months
from the filing of the mandate in the district court.
5
See Heald v. Heald, 259 Neb. 604, 611 N.W.2d 598 (2000).
6
Id.
7
See Harris v. Harris, 261 Neb. 75, 621 N.W.2d 491 (2001). See, also,
Heald v. Heald, supra note 5.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
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ONSTOT v. ONSTOT
Cite as 298 Neb. 897
2. Spousal Support
(a) Temporary Support
[6] Mark claims the trial court erred in awarding temporary
spousal support in the amount of $1,500 per month under
§ 42-362. However, the record on appeal does not contain
any bill of exceptions in regard to the hearing for temporary
spousal support. The transcript does contain a document enti-
tled “Affidavit in Support of Application to Re-Set Support”
that was filed with the court. We have long held that an affi-
davit must be offered as an exhibit and must be made part of
the bill of exceptions in order to be considered on appeal.8 In
Peterson v. George,9 we stated:
The fact that an affidavit used as evidence in the district
court was filed in the office of the clerk of the district
court and made a part of the transcript is not important to
a consideration and decision of an appeal in the cause to
this court. If such an affidavit is not preserved in a bill of
exceptions, its existence or contents cannot be known by
this court.
Here, we have no record that the “Affidavit in Support of
Application to Re-Set Support” was received at any pretrial
hearing. Whether the district court reviewed the affidavit or
any evidence for purposes of Mark’s pretrial application to
reset spousal support is unknown.
[7,8] The party appealing has the responsibility of including
within the bill of exceptions matters from the record which the
party believes are material to the issues presented for review.10
A bill of exceptions is the only vehicle for bringing evidence
8
See, Altaffer v. Majestic Roofing, 263 Neb. 518, 641 N.W.2d 34 (2002);
Peterson v. George, 168 Neb. 571, 96 N.W.2d 627 (1959).
9
Peterson v. George, supra note 8, 168 Neb. at 577, 96 N.W.2d at 631.
10
See, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1140 (Reissue 2016); State v. Dunster, 262
Neb. 329, 631 N.W.2d 879 (2001); State v. Biernacki, 237 Neb. 215, 465
N.W.2d 732 (1991); State v. Schaneman, 235 Neb. 655, 456 N.W.2d 764
(1990); State v. Isikoff, 223 Neb. 679, 392 N.W.2d 783 (1986).
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before the Nebraska Supreme Court. Evidence which is not
made part of the bill of exceptions may not be considered.11
Without the benefit of a proper record, we will not consider
this alleged error.
(b) Continuing Support
Next, Mark claims the trial court erred in awarding continu-
ing spousal support in the amount of $700 per month until
either party dies, Maria remarries or cohabits with a signifi-
cant other, or she is no longer mentally ill.
An appeal involving support for a mentally ill spouse under
§ 42-362 is reviewed de novo on the record and affirmed in
the absence of an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial
judge.12 A judicial abuse of discretion exists when the reasons
or rulings of a trial judge are clearly untenable, unfairly depriv-
ing a litigant of a substantial right and denying just results in
matters submitted for disposition.13
Mark does not contest whether Maria suffers from a mental
illness. And the district court awarded spousal support pursuant
to § 42-362, which in relevant part provides:
When a marriage is dissolved and the evidence indicates
that either spouse is mentally ill, the court may, at the
time of dissolving the marriage or at any time thereaf-
ter, make such order for the support and maintenance of
such mentally ill person as it may deem necessary and
proper, having due regard to the property and income of
the parties, and the court may require the party ordered
to provide support and maintenance to file a bond or oth-
erwise give security for such support. . . . The order for
support may, if necessary, be revised from time to time on
like application.
11
See, State v. Manchester, 213 Neb. 670, 331 N.W.2d 776 (1983); State v.
Gingrich, 211 Neb. 786, 320 N.W.2d 445 (1982).
12
See Black v. Black, supra note 4.
13
Marshall v. Marshall, supra note 1.
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[9,10] Section 42-362 empowers the court to order the
payment of such support and maintenance as it may deem
necessary and proper, having due regard to the property and
income of the parties, and, to that extent, parallels the alimony
contemplated by Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-365 (Reissue 2016), but
provides an additional specific ground to be considered—the
mental illness of a spouse.14 Further, we have held that in deal-
ing with spousal support under the provisions of § 42-362,
reasonableness is the ultimate criterion to be applied in testing
whether support and maintenance is to be awarded and, if so,
the amount and duration thereof.15
The decree does not contain any findings as to why the
district court chose to award $700 per month in spousal sup-
port, which was not an amount requested by either party.
Mark’s gross retirement income was $3,602, but he testified
that after taxes, he received approximately $3,100. Although
Maria points out that Mark is now receiving $750 per month
in rental income, Mark testified this was offset by mortgage
payments and expenses for the rental property. Mark’s monthly
expenses after excluding the temporary spousal support pay-
ment and mortgage payments and expenses for the rental prop-
erty is approximately $2,000. In addition, Mark acknowledged
his food and gas expenses were high due to his particular
lifestyle. It appears the district court found Mark’s credible
monthly expenses to be less than his monthly income. On the
other hand, Maria had monthly income of $3,453 and monthly
expenses of $3,721.
Here, the court was faced with a long-term marriage, a men-
tally ill spouse who has no ability at present to work, and, as
in Black v. Black,16 a spouse who has needs above her income
which exceed the amount of support and maintenance awarded.
14
Stephens v. Stephens, 297 Neb. 188, 899 N.W.2d 582 (2017).
15
Black v. Black, supra note 4.
16
Id.
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Certainly, the $700 spousal support obligation, coupled with
Mark’s other monthly expenses, may place him at or near his
net income level. This is concerning and provides no flexibility
for Mark, but Maria is in an even more difficult financial posi-
tion. Sadly, when many couples divorce, there is not enough
money to satisfy the needs of both parties. But in this instance,
based upon the totality of the circumstances and evidence,
we cannot find the order of spousal support was an abuse
of discretion.
(c) Cross-Appeal
The district court initially entered a decree which awarded
Maria spousal support in the amount of $700 per month com-
mencing July 1, 2016, and continuing so long as Maria is
mentally ill or until she remarries, the death of either party, or
further order of the court. Following the entry of the decree,
the district court partially granted Mark’s motion to alter or
amend by ordering that the spousal support would further ter-
minate upon Maria’s cohabitating with a significant other. On
cross-appeal, Maria contends that it was improper to include
any provision terminating spousal support if she cohabitates
with another person. And, at oral argument, counsel for Maria
agreed that Maria’s cohabitation with another person was not
within the parties’ contemplation at the time of the entry of
the decree.
[11,12] Maria is correct in that we have previously held that
the trial court cannot condition the termination of spousal sup-
port upon cohabitation with another person, because such mat-
ters are public policy issues for the Legislature, not the courts,
to decide.17 However, cohabitation, together with a showing
that such arrangement improved a former spouse’s overall
financial condition, might warrant a modification of spousal
support.18 Accordingly, that part of the district court’s order
17
Else v. Else, 219 Neb. 878, 367 N.W.2d 701 (1985).
18
Id. See, also, Stephens v. Stephens, supra note 14.
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adding Maria’s cohabitation with a significant other to the list
of conditions terminating Mark’s spousal support obligation is
hereby vacated.
VI. CONCLUSION
We affirm in part the decree entered by the district court,
as modified to allow Mark 6 months following the date of
the mandate to refinance the residence and pay off Maria.
We vacate the portion of the district court’s order stating
that Mark’s support obligation would terminate upon Maria’s
cohabitation with a significant other.
A ffirmed in part as modified,
and in part vacated.
Wright, J., not participating.