Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
04/04/2018 12:20 AM CDT
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Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
K aren Simms, biological grandmother and
next friend of Megan M arie Friel et al.,
minor children, appellee, v.Jeffrey
A llen Friel, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed March 20, 2018. No. A-17-054.
1. Visitation: Appeal and Error. Determinations concerning grandparent
visitation are initially entrusted to the discretion of the trial judge, whose
determinations, on appeal, will be reviewed de novo on the record and
affirmed in the absence of abuse of the trial judge’s discretion.
2. Judges: Words and Phrases. A judicial abuse of discretion exists when
a judge, within the effective limits of authorized judicial power, elects
to act or refrain from action, but the selected option results in a deci-
sion which is untenable and unfairly deprives a litigant of a substantial
right or a just result in matters submitted for disposition through the
judicial system.
3. Judgments: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question
that does not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate
court as a matter of law, which requires the appellate court to reach a
conclusion independent of the lower court’s decision.
4. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Before reaching the legal issues
presented for review, it is the duty of an appellate court to determine
whether it has jurisdiction over the matter before it.
5. Jurisdiction: Final Orders: Appeal and Error. For an appellate court
to acquire jurisdiction of an appeal, there must be a final order entered
by the court from which the appeal is taken.
6. Final Orders: Appeal and Error. Among the three types of final orders
which may be reviewed on appeal is an order that affects a substantial
right made during a special proceeding.
7. Juvenile Courts: Parental Rights: Parent and Child: Time: Final
Orders. Whether a substantial right of a parent has been affected by
an order in juvenile court litigation is dependent upon both the object
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Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
of the order and the length of time over which the parent’s relationship
with the juvenile may reasonably be expected to be disturbed.
8. Moot Question: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Mootness does not
prevent appellate jurisdiction. But, because mootness is a justiciability
doctrine that operates to prevent courts from exercising jurisdiction,
appellate courts review mootness determinations under the same stan-
dard of review as other jurisdictional questions.
9. Moot Question. A case becomes moot when the issues initially pre-
sented in litigation cease to exist or the litigants lack a legally cogni-
zable interest in the outcome of the litigation.
10. Moot Question: Words and Phrases. A moot case is one which seeks
to determine a question which does not rest upon existing facts or rights,
in which the issues presented are no longer alive.
11. Moot Question. As a general rule, a moot case is subject to sum-
mary dismissal.
12. Moot Question: Appeal and Error. An appellate court may choose to
review an otherwise moot case under the public interest exception if it
involves a matter affecting the public interest or when other rights or
liabilities may be affected by its determination.
13. ____: ____. When determining whether a case involves a matter of pub-
lic interest, an appellate court considers the public or private nature of
the question presented, the desirability of an authoritative adjudication
for future guidance of public officials, and the likelihood of future recur-
rence of the same or similar problem.
14. Courts: Visitation. A district court has inherent authority to issue a
temporary order allowing visitation during the pendency of a proceeding
for grandparent visitation.
15. ____: ____. A district court must make specific findings as set forth in
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1802(2) (Reissue 2016) before granting grandpar-
ent visitation.
Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: Stefanie
A. M artinez, County Judge. Appeal dismissed.
Jeffrey A. Wagner, of Schirber & Wagner, L.L.P., for
appellant.
Aimee S. Melton, of Reagan, Melton & Delaney, L.L.P., for
appellee.
Moore, Chief Judge, and R iedmann, Judge, and Inbody,
Judge, Retired.
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Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
Moore, Chief Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Jeffrey Allen Friel appeals from an order entered by the
district court for Sarpy County which granted Karen Simms,
a grandparent to the minor children at issue, temporary visi-
tation. Because we find that Friel’s appeal is now moot, we
dismiss the appeal. However, under the public interest excep-
tion, we determine that a district court has inherent authority
to grant temporary grandparent visitation during the pend
ency of the proceeding. We further determine that a district
court must make specific findings as set forth in Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 43-1802(2) (Reissue 2016) before granting grandpar-
ent visitation.
II. BACKGROUND
In May 2016, Simms, the maternal grandmother of Friel’s
three minor children, filed a complaint for the establishment
of grandparent visitation pursuant to § 43-1802. Simms alleged
that her daughter, the mother of the children, had died from a
“sudden cardiac arrest” in February 2016 and that Friel had
since refused to allow Simms to see her grandchildren despite
her previous frequent contact with them. Simms alleged that at
the time of her daughter’s death, Friel and her daughter were
separated and there was a pending dissolution of marriage
action. In his answer, Friel denied, among other things, that it
would be in the best interests of the children to order grand-
parent visitation with Simms and he asked that the complaint
be dismissed.
Simms thereafter filed a motion to appoint an expert wit-
ness and/or guardian ad litem to make recommendations as
to the children’s best interests. A hearing was initially held
on August 22, 2016, and the order indicated that affidavits
and arguments were offered by both parties; however, our
record does not contain any affidavits. In an order entered on
September 16, the court ordered Friel to produce reports from
counselors, psychologists, or other therapists that have seen
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25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
the minor children since February 2016 and ordered the parties
to attend mediation.
On October 24, 2016, another hearing was held on Simms’
motion, at which time arguments were heard regarding the
necessity of an expert witness. Simms also made an oral motion
for “some temporary visitation” while the case was proceeding.
The court allowed the parties 10 days to submit affidavits in
regard to the oral motion. On November 10, the court entered
an order appointing an expert witness. On November 15, the
court entered an order on Simms’ oral motion for temporary
visitation. The court stated that it had considered the affidavits
filed and the arguments by both parties, but, again, our record
does not contain any affidavits. The court granted Simms visi-
tation with the children 1 day each month, from 9 a.m. to 5
p.m., from November 2016 through May 2017.
On November 18, 2016, Friel filed a motion to alter or
amend the judgment or, in the alternative, to vacate the
November 10 and 15 orders. The court denied the motion in an
order entered on December 23 in which it also denied Friel’s
oral motion for supersedeas bond. Friel appeals.
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Friel assigns, as summarized, that the district court erred in
ordering him to provide visitation to Simms because (1) the
statutes establishing grandparent visitation do not allow for
temporary orders and (2) the court did not make the required
statutory findings before ordering grandparent visitation.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1,2] Determinations concerning grandparent visitation are
initially entrusted to the discretion of the trial judge, whose
determinations, on appeal, will be reviewed de novo on the
record and affirmed in the absence of abuse of the trial judge’s
discretion. Hamit v. Hamit, 271 Neb. 659, 715 N.W.2d 512
(2006). A judicial abuse of discretion exists when a judge,
within the effective limits of authorized judicial power, elects
to act or refrain from action, but the selected option results in
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Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
a decision which is untenable and unfairly deprives a litigant
of a substantial right or a just result in matters submitted for
disposition through the judicial system. Id.
[3] A jurisdictional question that does not involve a factual
dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter of law,
which requires the appellate court to reach a conclusion inde-
pendent of the lower court’s decision. Al-Ameen v. Frakes, 293
Neb. 248, 876 N.W.2d 635 (2016).
V. ANALYSIS
1. Jurisdiction
The parties were previously ordered to address in their
appellate briefs the jurisdictional question of whether the tem-
porary order entered on November 15, 2016, was a final,
appealable order. Simms thereafter filed a motion to dismiss
the appeal, asserting that the order was not a final, appealable
order; that Friel failed to timely appeal from the order; and that
the appeal of the temporary visitation issue is now moot. We
overruled the motion without prejudice to consideration of the
jurisdiction issues raised in the motion following completion of
briefing and submission of the appeal.
[4] Before reaching the legal issues presented for review,
it is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether
it has jurisdiction over the matter before it. Al-Ameen v.
Frakes, supra.
(a) Final, Appealable Order
[5,6] For an appellate court to acquire jurisdiction of an
appeal, there must be a final order entered by the court from
which the appeal is taken. In re Interest of Cassandra B. &
Moira B., 290 Neb. 619, 861 N.W.2d 398 (2015). Among the
three types of final orders which may be reviewed on appeal is
an order that affects a substantial right made during a special
proceeding. Id. Therefore, we must consider whether the order
of the district court which granted Simms temporary visitation
affected a substantial right.
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Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
[7] There is no question that the parent-child relationship is
a constitutionally protected right and is entitled to protection
from intrusion into that relationship. See In re Guardianship
of D.J., 268 Neb. 239, 682 N.W.2d 238 (2004). Whether a
substantial right of a parent has been affected by an order in
juvenile court litigation is dependent upon both the object of
the order and the length of time over which the parent’s rela-
tionship with the juvenile may reasonably be expected to be
disturbed. In re Interest of Cassandra B. & Moira B., supra. In
In re Interest of Cassandra B. & Moira B., an order affecting
a parent’s educational rights to a juvenile that lasted approxi-
mately 6 months was found to be appealable as affecting a
substantial right.
In re Interest of Zachary W. & Alyssa W., 3 Neb. App. 274,
526 N.W.2d 233 (1994), was an appeal involving an order by
the juvenile court granting grandparent visitation for an inde-
terminate period of time until at least an upcoming adjudica-
tion hearing. This court found that the order being appealed
was of “sufficient importance and may reasonably be expected
to last a sufficiently long period of time that the order affects
a substantial right of [the parent].” Id. at 278, 526 N.W.2d
at 237.
We conclude that the November 15, 2016, order, granting
Simms grandparent visitation, affected a substantial right of
Friel and was a final, appealable order. And because this was
a final, appealable order, Friel’s motion to alter or amend the
judgment or, in the alternative, to vacate the judgment tolled
the time for filing the appeal. See, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1239
(Reissue 2016); Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1912(3) (Reissue 2016).
Friel’s notice of appeal was timely filed from the December 23
order overruling his motion.
(b) Mootness
Friel argues that because the last date covered by the tem-
porary order granting her grandparent visitation was May 25,
2017, the appeal has become moot. We agree that the order
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25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
granting temporary visitation expired by its terms in May 2017
and that thus, the issues presented by Friel in this appeal have
become moot.
[8-11] Mootness does not prevent appellate jurisdiction.
But, because mootness is a justiciability doctrine that operates
to prevent courts from exercising jurisdiction, appellate courts
review mootness determinations under the same standard of
review as other jurisdictional questions. Al-Ameen v. Frakes,
293 Neb. 248, 876 N.W.2d 635 (2016). A case becomes moot
when the issues initially presented in litigation cease to exist
or the litigants lack a legally cognizable interest in the out-
come of the litigation. Id. A moot case is one which seeks to
determine a question which does not rest upon existing facts
or rights, in which the issues presented are no longer alive.
Id. As a general rule, a moot case is subject to summary dis-
missal. Id.
[12,13] An appellate court may choose to review an oth-
erwise moot case under the public interest exception if it
involves a matter affecting the public interest or when other
rights or liabilities may be affected by its determination. Id.
This exception requires a consideration of the public or pri-
vate nature of the question presented, the desirability of an
authoritative adjudication for future guidance of public offi-
cials, and the likelihood of future recurrence of the same or
similar problem. Id.
Friel asserts that the district court did not have authority to
issue a temporary order for grandparent visitation as temporary
orders are not specifically provided for in the grandparent visi-
tation statutes. He also asserts that the district court failed to
make the requisite statutory findings regarding best interests of
the child.
Section 43-1802(2) provides as follows:
In determining whether a grandparent shall be granted
visitation, the court shall require evidence concerning the
beneficial nature of the relationship of the grandparent
to the child. The evidence may be presented by affidavit
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Nebraska Court of A ppeals A dvance Sheets
25 Nebraska A ppellate R eports
SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
and shall demonstrate that a significant beneficial rela-
tionship exists, or has existed in the past, between the
grandparent and the child and that it would be in the
best interests of the child to allow such relationship to
continue. Reasonable rights of visitation may be granted
when the court determines by clear and convincing evi-
dence that there is, or has been, a significant beneficial
relationship between the grandparent and the child, that
it is in the best interests of the child that such relation-
ship continue, and that such visitation will not adversely
interfere with the parent-child relationship.
We have found no reported appellate cases that address the
specific questions presented by this appeal: whether a district
court has authority to issue a temporary order of grandpar-
ent visitation and whether the court is required to make spe-
cific findings regarding the beneficial relationship between the
grandparent and child and the best interests of the child. We
therefore choose to apply the public interest exception to the
mootness doctrine to provide future guidance for the courts.
2. Temporary Grandparent
Visitation
Friel argues that the district court did not have authority to
issue a temporary order granting Simms grandparent visitation.
Friel points to the grandparent visitation statutes, Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 43-1801 et seq. (Reissue 2016), which do not contain a
specific reference to temporary orders.
In support of her argument that the district court had author-
ity to issue a temporary order for grandparent visitation,
Simms argues that Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1227(3) (Reissue
2016) defines “[c]hild custody determination” as an order
“providing for the legal custody, physical custody, or visitation
with respect to a child,” including a “permanent, temporary,
initial, and modification order.” (Emphasis supplied.) Section
43-1227 is part of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act. The act defines “[c]hild custody proceeding”
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SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
in § 43-1227(4) as a proceeding in which legal custody, physi-
cal custody, or visitation with respect to a child is an issue.
Section 43-1227 goes on to set forth the various proceedings
which are included in the definition, such as proceedings for
divorce, separation, neglect, abuse, dependency, guardianship,
paternity, termination of parental rights, and protection from
domestic violence. The definition does not include grandparent
visitation proceedings.
Moreover, the inclusion of visitation proceedings within
application of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act (and its reference to temporary orders) does
not lead to the conclusion that temporary orders are necessarily
allowed in grandparent visitation proceedings. In the context
of legal separation or divorce actions, the statutes specifically
provide for temporary orders during the pendency of a pro-
ceeding. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-357 (Reissue 2016). As
noted above, there is no such specific provision in the grand-
parent visitation statutes.
Nevertheless, we note that several grandparent visitation
cases have shown that a temporary order was issued during the
pendency of the proceeding. See, Hamit v. Hamit, 271 Neb.
659, 715 N.W.2d 512 (2006); Pier v. Bolles, 257 Neb. 120, 596
N.W.2d 1 (1999); Rust v. Buckler, 247 Neb. 852, 530 N.W.2d
630 (1995), overruled on other grounds, Raney v. Blecha, 258
Neb. 731, 605 N.W.2d 449 (2000). While the grandparent
visitation statutes do not include a specific provision regard-
ing temporary orders, a district court has inherent power to do
all things necessary for the administration of justice within the
scope of its jurisdiction. See, Putnam v. Scherbring, 297 Neb.
868, 902 N.W.2d 140 (2017); Charleen J. v. Blake O., 289
Neb. 454, 855 N.W.2d 587 (2014). Appellate review of a dis-
trict court’s use of inherent power is for an abuse of discretion.
Putnam v. Scherbring, supra.
[14] We conclude that a district court has inherent author-
ity to issue a temporary order allowing visitation during the
pendency of a proceeding for grandparent visitation.
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SIMMS v. FRIEL
Cite as 25 Neb. App. 640
3. Findings R equired
Under § 43-1802(2)
[15] For the sake of completeness, we address Friel’s argu-
ment that the district court is required to make specific findings
before granting grandparent visitation. We agree. As set forth
above, § 43-1802(2) provides in part:
Reasonable rights of visitation may be granted when the
court determines by clear and convincing evidence that
there is, or has been, a significant beneficial relationship
between the grandparent and the child, that it is in the
best interests of the child that such relationship continue,
and that such visitation will not adversely interfere with
the parent-child relationship.
Clearly, a district court must make specific findings as set forth
in § 43-1802(2) before granting grandparent visitation.
VI. CONCLUSION
Although Friel’s appeal of the order granting Simms tempo-
rary visitation with Friel’s children is now moot, we determine,
under the public interest exception, that a district court has
inherent authority to enter temporary orders of visitation in
grandparent visitation proceedings. We also determine that a
district court is required to make specific findings as set forth
in § 43-1802(2) before granting grandparent visitation.
A ppeal dismissed.