STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
April 19, 2018
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 337069
Ingham Circuit Court
CLIFFORD JAMES SLEEPER, LC No. 13-001113-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: MURPHY, P.J., and JANSEN and SWARTZLE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant was convicted of six counts of third-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-III),
MCL 750.520d(1)(a) (person between 13 and 15 years of age). Defendant was originally
sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 120 to 180 months. Defendant previously appealed his
conviction and his sentence to this Court. People v Sleeper, unpublished per curiam opinion of
the Court of Appeals, issued January 12, 2016 (Docket No. 323860). We affirmed defendant’s
convictions, but remanded for resentencing pursuant to People v Steanhouse, 313 Mich App 1;
880 NW2d 297 (2015) (Steanhouse I), rev’d 500 Mich 453; 902 NW2d 327 (2017) (Steanhouse
II). On remand, the trial court imposed the same sentence: concurrent prison terms of 120 to 180
months. Defendant again appeals as of right his sentences. We affirm.
I. REASONABLENESS OF SENTENCES
In his brief on appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court improperly engaged in
judicial fact-finding, and further imposed an unreasonable and disproportionate departure
sentence. We disagree.
We first address defendant’s judicial fact-finding argument. In People v Lockridge, 498
Mich 358; 870 NW2d 502 (2015), our Supreme Court held that Michigan’s sentencing
guidelines violated the Sixth Amendment to the extent that they “require judicial fact-finding
beyond facts admitted by the defendant or found by the jury to score offense variables (OVs) that
mandatorily increase the floor of the guidelines minimum sentence range . . . .” Lockridge, 498
Mich at 364. To correct this constitutional violation, our Supreme Court held that the guidelines
were advisory only. Id. at 365.
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As this Court explained in People v Biddles, 316 Mich App 145, 158; 896 NW2d 461
(2016),
[t]he constitutional evil addressed by the Lockridge Court was not judicial fact-
finding in and of itself, it was judicial fact-finding in conjunction
with required application of those found facts for purposes of increasing a
mandatory minimum sentence range, which constitutional violation was remedied
in Lockridge by making the guidelines advisory, not by eliminating judicial fact-
finding. [See also People v Jackson, 313 Mich App 409, 434; 884 NW2d 297
(2015) (emphasizing that “judicial fact-finding remains an important component
of Michigan's sentencing scheme post-Lockridge.”).]
Because the trial court was aware of the advisory nature of the sentencing guidelines, it
did not err by evaluating defendant’s sentences using a guidelines range based on judicially-
found facts.
Second, defendant argues that the trial court imposed an unreasonable and
disproportionate sentence when it upwardly departed from the minimum sentencing guidelines.
This Court reviews departure sentences for reasonableness using the principle of proportionality
articulated in People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990). See People v
Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 471-472; 902 NW2d 327 (2017) (Steanhouse II). As this Court
recently explained in People v Dixon-Bey, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2017)
(Docket No. 331499); slip op at 16:
“A sentence that departs from the applicable guidelines range will be reviewed by
an appellate court for reasonableness.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392;
870 NW2d 502 (2015). “[T]he standard of review to be applied by appellate
courts reviewing a sentence for reasonableness on appeal is an abuse of
discretion. [Steanhouse II, 500 Mich at 471.] In Steanhouse, the Michigan
Supreme Court clarified that ‘the relevant question for appellate courts reviewing
a sentence for reasonableness’ is ‘whether the trial court abused its discretion by
violating the principle of proportionality[.]’ [Id.] The principle of proportionality
is one in which
“a judge helps to fulfill the overall legislative scheme of criminal
punishment by taking care to assure that the sentences imposed
across the discretionary range are proportionate to the seriousness
of the matters that come before the court for sentencing. In
making this assessment, the judge, of course, must take into
account the nature of the offense and the background of the
offender.” [[Id. at 472], quoting Milbourn, 435 Mich [at 651].]
Under this principle, “ ‘[T]he key test is whether the sentence is proportionate to
the seriousness of the matter, not whether it departs from or adheres to the
guidelines’ recommended range.’ ” [Steanhouse II, 500 Mich at 472,] quoting
Milbourn, 435 Mich at 661. [Dixon-Bey, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 16.]
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The sentencing guidelines remain an “aid to accomplish the purposes of proportionality .
. . .” Id. at ___; slip op at 18. The sentencing guidelines “ ‘provide objective factual guideposts
that can assist sentencing courts in ensuring that the offenders with similar offense and offender
characteristics receive substantially similar sentences.’ ” Id., quoting People v Smith, 482 Mich
292, 309; 754 NW2d 284 (2008) (brackets omitted). Our Supreme Court has been clear that
while the sentencing guidelines are now merely advisory, they “remain a highly relevant
consideration in a trial court’s exercise of sentencing discretion . . . .” Lockridge, 498 Mich at
391. See also Steanhouse II, 500 Mich at 474-475. As this Court recently explained:
Because the guidelines embody the principle of proportionality and trial courts
must consult them when sentencing, it follows that they continue to serve as a
‘useful tool’ or ‘guideposts’ for effectively combating disparity in sentencing.
Therefore, relevant factors for determining whether a departure sentence is more
proportionate than a sentence within the guidelines range continue to include (1)
whether the guidelines accurately reflect the seriousness of the crime, People v
Houston, 448 Mich 312, 321-322; 532 NW2d 508 (1995), see also Milbourn, 435
Mich at 657, (2) factors not considered by the guidelines, Houston, 448 Mich at
322-324, see also Milbourn, 435 Mich at 660, and (3) factors considered by the
guidelines but given inadequate weight, Houston, 448 Mich at 324-325, see also
Milbourn, 435 Mich at 660 n 27. [Dixon-Bey, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at
18-19.]
Other factors to consider “include ‘the defendant’s misconduct while in custody, Houston, 448
Mich at 323, the defendant’s expressions of remorse, id., and the defendant’s potential for
rehabilitation, id.’ ” Dixon-Bey, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 19 n 9, quoting People v
Steanhouse (Steanhouse I), 313 Mich App 1, 46; 880 NW2d 297 (2015).
In Milbourn, our Supreme Court observed:
Even where some departure appears to be appropriate, the extent of the departure
(rather than the fact of the departure itself) may embody a violation of the
principle of proportionality. See People v McKinley, 168 Mich App 496, 512;
425 NW2d 460 (1988). (“We do not dispute that a prison sentence—even a
lengthy one—is in order. We conclude, however, that a fifteen-year minimum
sentence for the events that occurred here is disproportionate to the specific acts
committed and the danger involved. Too frequently reasons are given for a
sentence that apply equally to a lesser or greater sentence unless an explanation
is offered on the record for the specific sentence given. Such was the case here.”)
(Emphasis added.) [Milbourn, 435 Mich at 659-660 (footnote omitted).]
Therefore, “[w]hen making this determination and sentencing a defendant, a trial court must ‘
“justify the sentence imposed in order to facilitate appellate review,” ’ Steanhouse, [500 Mich at
470], quoting Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392, which ‘includes an explanation of why the sentence
imposed is more proportionate to the offense and the offender than a different sentence would
have been,’ Smith, 482 Mich at 311.” Dixon-Bey, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 19.
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Our first step in the reasonableness review is to determine whether there were
“ ‘circumstances that are not adequately embodied within the [offense] variables used to score
the guidelines.’ ” Steanhouse III, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 3, quoting Milbourn, 435
Mich at 659-660. Our analysis requires comparing “the stated reasons for exceeding the
guidelines with the scored offense variables (OVs) to determine whether those reasons were
already encompassed within the guidelines.” Steanhouse III, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 3.
The relevant inquiry becomes “whether the trial court abused its discretion by imposing a
departure sentence without articulating whether the guidelines adequately took into account the
conduct alleged to support the particular departure imposed.” Id.
Defendant’s minimum sentencing guidelines range was 51 to 85 months’ imprisonment:
the trial court sentenced defendant to 120 to 180 months’ imprisonment for each of defendant’s
six CSC III convictions. In choosing to upwardly depart from the minimum sentencing
guidelines range, the trial court considered the following factors: (1) defendant relentlessly
pursued the victim, despite being told multiple times to stay away from her and to stop
contacting her; (2) defendant engaged in more than the three penetrations scored under the
sentencing guidelines, and committed another sexual assault on a different victim that could not
be considered under the guidelines; (3) the vast age difference between the 8th grade victim and
defendant who was in his late 30s; (4) defendant bragged about his sexual relationship with the
victim; and (5) defendant had exploited and manipulated other minors by “providing them
cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana,” which was not considered by the guidelines, as the other
minors are not considered victims.
Two of the five reasons given by the trial court for imposing a departure sentence had
already been accounted for by the sentencing guidelines. First, defendant was assessed 15 points
for offense variable (OV) 10, MCL 777.40, which considers predatory conduct against a
vulnerable victim. In People v Hudson, 489 Mich 451, 457-468; 802 NW2d 261 (2011), our
Supreme Court concluded:
to assess 15 points for OV 10, a court must find that an offender engaged in
predatory conduct and exploited a vulnerable victim, using only the statutory
definition of “vulnerability.” Again, MCL 777.40(3)(c) defines “vulnerability” as
the “readily apparent susceptibility of a victim to injury, physical restraint,
persuasion, or temptation,” and such vulnerability may or may not arise from the
explicitly listed characteristics, relationships, and circumstances set forth in
subdivisions (b) and (c). The statute does not mandate that this “susceptibility” be
inherent in the victim. Rather, the statutory language allows for susceptibility
arising from external circumstances as well. [Huston, 489 Mich. at 466.]
Our Supreme Court further noted that MCL 777.40(3)(a) defines “predatory conduct” as
“preoffense conduct directed at a victim, or law enforcement officer posing as a potential victim,
for the primary purpose of victimization[.]” Huston, 489 Mich. at 459–460.
Here, defendant clearly engaged in predatory conduct directed at the victim for the sole
purpose of victimization. For example, defendant purchased gifts for the victim, wrote their
names on a railing at a park, and carved the victim’s name into his arm. After the victim
attempted to cut off contact with defendant, defendant repainted his racecar, changed the number
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from one to three, which was the victim’s favorite number, and painted the victim’s name on the
side of the car. Further, defendant used and exploited other minors for the sole purpose of
making contact with the victim. Defendant purchased cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana for
other minors, and in exchange, they agreed to pass notes to the victim. Defendant offered other
minors money if they could get the victim to agree to come to defendant’s house. Defendant
contacted other minors both in person and on social media. Based on defendant’s extensive
pursuit of the victim, we conclude that defendant’s predatory behavior was given inadequate
weight by the guidelines, and therefore, the extent of defendant’s predatory behavior was
appropriately considered by the trial court when departing from the minimum sentencing
guidelines. Dixon-Bey, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 18-19.
Second, defendant was assessed 25 points for OV 13, MCL 777.43(1)(c), which
considers whether the sentencing offense was part of a pattern of felonious criminal activity
involving three or more crimes against a person. Accordingly, the fact that defendant penetrated
the victim more than three times, and even engaged in a sexual relationship with another minor,
was properly considered by OV 13, and was not a valid consideration by the trial court when
determining whether to impose a departure sentence.
The remaining reasons articulated by the trial court were valid reasons to depart from the
sentencing guidelines because the sentencing guidelines do not account for those factors, and
they relate to the circumstances surrounding defendant and his crime. Steanhouse I, 313 Mich
App at 46. Specifically, the trial court appropriately considered the fact that defendant chose to
continue to pursue the victim even after the victim and her mother told him to stop, the fact that a
large age gap existed between defendant and the victim, the fact that defendant consistently
bragged about engaging in a sexual relationship with the victim, and the fact that victim
considered defendant, who was a family friend, to be “like a father figure because [she] didn’t
have one.”
We conclude that even absent the trial court’s erroneous consideration of facts already
properly considered by OV 13, it is clear from the record before us that the trial court would
have departed from the minimum sentencing guidelines. Likewise, we conclude that the trial
court adequately justified the extent of the departure sentence imposed. As this Court stated in
Steanhouse III, “it is necessary for a trial court to articulate its reasons for [ ] imposing a
departure sentence to permit appellate review of whether the court abided by the principle of
proportionality.” Steanhouse III, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 5, citing Milbourn, 435 Mich
at 659-660. Given the reasoning articulated by the trial court, as well as the record before us, we
cannot conclude that the extent of the departure was unreasonable, or that the trial court abused
its discretion. Steanhouse III, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 5, quoting Steanhouse II, 500
Mich at 476.
II. STANDARD 4 BRIEF
Defendant raises several arguments in his Standard 4 brief on appeal, including
ineffective assistance of counsel, judicial bias, and evidentiary challenges to the scoring of OV
10 and OV 4. However, all of defendant’s claims of error relate to his trial and first sentencing.
The only claim raised by defendant pertaining to the events occurring after the remand are
identical to the issues raised in his brief on appeal. This Court’s review of defendant’s second
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appeal is limited by the scope of the remand. See People v Jones, 394 Mich 434, 435-436; 231
NW2d 649 (1975) and People v Kincade (On Remand), 206 Mich App 477, 481; 522 NW2d 880
(1991) (“where an appellate court remands for some limited purpose following an appeal as of
right in a criminal case, a second appeal as of right, limited to the scope of the remand, lies from
the decision on remand.”) Defendant could have raised his ineffective assistance of counsel,
judicial bias, and evidentiary challenges to the scoring of his OVs in his previous appeal, but
chose not to. Additionally, the errors cited by defendant in his Standard 4 brief on appeal that
purportedly occurred on remand have been addressed supra.
This Court previously remanded this matter to the trial court pursuant to the procedures
outlined in Lockridge and Steanhouse I. Because the issues raised by defendant on appeal after
remand fall outside that scope, we decline to review them. Jones, 394 Mich at 435-436.
Affirmed.
/s/ William B. Murphy
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
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People of Michigan v. Clifford James Sleeper
Combined Opinion