MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Apr 20 2018, 8:35 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
J. Clayton Miller Ryan H. Cassman
Jordan Law, LLC Brandi A. Gibson
Richmond, Indiana Coots, Henke & Wheeler, P.C.
Carmel, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Adoption of A.S.C., April 20, 2018
N.L., Court of Appeals Case No.
68A05-1710-AD-2365
Appellant-Respondent,
Appeal from the Randolph Circuit
v. Court
The Honorable Jay L. Toney,
P.F. and S.F., Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
Appellees-Petitioners.
68C01-1608-AD-164
Mathias, Judge.
[1] The Randolph Circuit Court granted P.F. and S.F.’s petition (collectively “the
Petitioners”) to adopt A.S.C. over the biological mother’s (“N.L.”) objection
after concluding that her consent to the adoption was not required. N.L.
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appeals and argues that the trial court erred in granting the petition in several
respects. First, she argues that the trial court should not have granted the
adoption petition because S.F. has a felony conviction for non-support of a
dependent. N.L. also argues that the trial court erred when it found that her
consent was not required because she knowingly failed to support A.S.C. for
more than one year. Finally, N.L. contends that the adoption is not in A.S.C.’s
best interests.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] A.S.C. was born on October 23, 2009, to N.L., her biological mother, and
K.C., her biological father. P.F., who is married to S.F., is K.C.’s mother and
A.S.C.’s paternal grandmother. After A.S.C. was named a child in need of
services (“CHINS”) when she was thirteen months old, P.F. was named
A.S.C.’s guardian, and the CHINS proceedings were closed. In 2013, N.L. was
ordered to pay child support for A.S.C. in the amount of $43 per week.
[4] In order to modify or terminate the guardianship, N.L. was required to
complete a drug rehabilitation program, abstain from any illegal drug use or
substance abuse for six months immediately preceding a request for
modification or termination of the guardianship, maintain stable housing, and
complete an anger management program. N.L. never made any effort to satisfy
the requirements for modifying or terminating the guardianship.
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[5] In June 2012, a protective order was issued in favor of A.S.C. and against N.L.
N.L.’s parenting time with the child was suspended as a result. The protective
order expired in 2014, and supervised parenting time of one hour per week
resumed. N.L. did not always attend her parenting time. N.L.’s employment
history is sporadic, and she does not have custody of her other three children.
She also lacked stable housing and has lived with her mother, friends, and
boyfriends. N.L. has a long history of substance abuse and illegal drug use.
[6] N.L. has been incarcerated on multiple occasions since A.S.C.’s birth. On July
13, 2015, N.L. was charged with and later convicted of possession of
methamphetamine and theft in Wayne County, Indiana. In June 2016, she was
charged as a fugitive from justice in Darke County, Ohio. In that same month,
N.L. was charged with battery resulting in bodily injury and interference with
reporting a crime in Randolph County, Indiana. N.L. was convicted of the
battery charge. In August 2016, N.L. was charged with tampering with
evidence in Darke County, Ohio. In November 2016, she was charged with
telephone harassment and criminal damaging-endangering in Darke County,
Ohio. She was convicted of criminal damaging-endangering. And most
recently, she was charged and convicted of criminal damaging-endangering in
Darke County, Ohio in March 2017.
[7] N.L. made only six child support payments in 2013 and 2014. Her payments
coincided with the State seeking to enforce the child support order. N.L.’s last
child support payment was made on March 10, 2014. The child support order
remained in effect, but the Petitioners asked the State to cease its attempts to
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collect support because they did not want N.L. or their son K.C. to be
incarcerated for failing to pay child support. P.F. told N.L. that the prosecutor’s
office would no longer attempt to collect unpaid support, but that N.L. was still
obligated to pay child support. N.L. has not provided any child support for
A.S.C. since the last payment made in March 2014.
[8] On August 1, 2016, the Petitioners filed a petition to adopt A.S.C. with K.C.’s
consent. N.L., who was incarcerated at the time, filed a notice to contest the
adoption. A home study was completed, and it was recommended that the
Petitioners be allowed to adopt A.S.C.
[9] The trial court set a hearing on the petition for December 30, 2016. N.L. was
shot by her boyfriend the night before the hearing and requested a continuance.
The trial court granted her request and reset the final hearing for January 31,
2017. The court reset the final hearing date again because N.L. contacted the
court to request a court-appointed attorney. N.L. requested three additional
continuances and the final hearing was rescheduled to May 30, 2017.
[10] The final hearing was conducted on May 30 and July 5, 2017. The evidence
established that seven-year-old A.S.C. is a happy child who excels in school and
has many friends.
[11] N.L. admitted that she has not paid child support for A.S.C. since 2014, but
alleged that P.F. told her that she was no longer obligated to do so. N.L. also
testified that she had recently completed an anger management program. On
the date of the hearing, N.L. was living with her mother.
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[12] S.F. admitted that he was found in contempt multiple times for failing to
support his children from a prior marriage. And in 2005, S.F. was convicted of
felony nonsupport of a dependent child. S.F. acknowledged that his failure to
pay child support was entirely his fault. S.F. eventually paid the arrearage and
has maintained his relationship with his children.
[13] On September 13, 2017, the trial court issued a decree of adoption. The trial
court found that N.L.’s consent to the adoption was not required because she
failed to pay child support for at least forty-one months while under a court
order to do so. The trial court also found that N.L.’s consent to the adoption
was not required because N.L. is an unfit mother and the adoption was in
A.S.C.’s best interests. N.L. now appeals.
Standard of Review
[14] Pursuant to statute, a trial court shall grant a petition for adoption if the
adoption is in the child’s best interest, the petitioners are sufficiently capable of
rearing and supporting the child, and proper consent, if required, has been
given. Ind. Code § 31-19-11-1(a). We will not disturb a trial court’s ruling in an
adoption proceeding unless the evidence leads only to the conclusion opposite
that of the trial court. E.W. v. J.W., 20 N.E.3d 889, 894 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014),
trans. denied. “Appellate deference to the determinations of our trial court
judges, especially in domestic relations matters, is warranted because of their
unique, direct interactions with the parties face-to-face, often over an extended
period of time.” Best v. Best, 941 N.E.2d 499, 502 (Ind. 2011). We do not
reweigh evidence ,and we consider evidence most favorable to the decision
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together with reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence. E.W., 20 N.E.3d
at 894. Where, as here, an adoption petition is filed without the required
parental consent, the party seeking to adopt bears the burden to prove the
statutory criteria for dispensing with consent by “clear and convincing
evidence.” In re Adoption of M.A.S., 815 N.E.2d 216, 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).
[15] In this case, the trial court entered written findings of fact and conclusions of
law pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52(A). Therefore, we determine whether the
evidence supports the findings of fact and second, we determine whether the
findings support the judgment. In re Adoption of A.S., 912 N.E.2d 840, 851 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2009). Our court “shall not set aside the findings or judgment unless
clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial
court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” T.R. 52(A).
Discussion and Decision
[16] N.L. argues that the trial court erred when it issued the decree of adoption
because S.F. has a felony conviction for non-support of a dependent child and
the evidence does not support the trial court’s findings that she knowingly failed
to support A.S.C. for at least one year. N.L. also contends that the adoption is
not in A.S.C.’s best interests.
I. S.F.’s Felony Conviction
[17] First, we address N.L.’s argument that the trial court erred when it granted the
petition for adoption because S.F. has a prior felony conviction for nonsupport
of a dependent. Indiana Code section 31-19-11-1(c) provides in relevant part
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that “a conviction of a misdemeanor related to the health and safety of a child,
or a conviction of a felony not listed” in the subdivisions of the statute “by a
petitioner for adoption is a permissible basis for the court to deny the petition
for adoption.”1 It was therefore within the discretion of the trial court whether
to deny the petition for adoption after considering the fact that S.F. was
convicted of felony nonsupport of a dependent child in 2005.
[18] The trial court considered S.F.’s conviction and the fact that he was held in
contempt more than once for failing to pay child support for his dependent
children. Eventually, S.F. paid the child support owed and he expressed regret
for failing to pay child support. S.F. testified that he did not pay child support
because he was angry at his former wife and he would not make that mistake
again. The trial court acted within its discretion when it considered S.F.’s
conviction and testimony and decided that it would not deny the petition to
adopt due to S.F.’s prior conviction.
II. Was N.L.’s Consent to Adoption Required?
[19] The adoption of a minor child generally requires, among other things, the
written consent of the child’s mother, and, if the child is born out of wedlock,
the consent of the child’s father whose paternity has been established by law. In
re B.W., 908 N.E.2d 586, 590 (Ind. 2009); Ind. Code § 31-19-9-1. A.S.C.’s
1
A person who has been convicted of neglect of a dependent may not adopt a child. See Ind. Code § 31-19-
11-1(c); see also In re I.B., 32 N.E.3d 1164, 1172 (Ind. 2015). However, nonsupport of a dependent is not listed
as an offense that operates as a mandatory bar to adoption. See id.
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biological father consented to the adoption, but N.L. did not. The Petitioners
argued, and the trial court found, that N.L.’s consent was not required.
[20] Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8(a) provides that consent to adoption is not
required by
A parent of a child in the custody of another person if for a
period of at least one (1) year the parent . . . knowingly fails to
provide for the care and support of the child when able to do so
as required by law or judicial decree.
***
A parent if . . . a petitioner for adoption proves by clear and
convincing evidence that the parent is unfit to be a parent; and []
the best interests of the child sought to be adopted would be
served if the court dispensed with the parent’s consent.
It is well established that the provisions of Indiana Code section 31-19-9-8 are
disjunctive, and “as such, either provides independent grounds for dispensing
with parental consent.” In re Adoption of T.W., 859 N.E.2d 1215, 1218 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2006).
[21] The trial court found N.L.’s consent to the adoption was not required because
N.L. knowingly failed to provide support for A.S.C. for at least forty-one
months and N.L. was an unfit parent. The court also found that granting the
petition to adopt was in A.S.C.’s best interests.
[22] N.L. admitted that she failed to pay child support after her last payment in
March 2014, but she argues that she did not knowingly fail to pay support. She
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testified that she stopped paying support because P.F. told her she no longer
needed to do so. P.F. testified that she told N.L. that she withdrew her request
to the prosecutor to pursue the unpaid child support so that N.L. and K.C.
would not be incarcerated for their failure to pay. But, P.F. told N.L. she was
still ordered to pay child support due to the order issued in the guardianship
proceedings.
[23] The trial court credited P.F.’s testimony and concluded that N.L. failed to pay
court-ordered child support for at least forty-one months. The trial court also
found that N.L. had funds available to pay child support but used the money to
pay fees and fines imposed in her numerous criminal proceedings. And, on
appeal, N.L. does not claim that she lacked funds to pay child support.
Moreover, the petition to adopt A.S.C. alleged that N.L.’s consent was not
required, in part, because she had not contributed to the child’s support for the
last two years. N.L. did not attempt to contribute to the support of A.S.C. even
after she was served with the petition to adopt. This evidence supports the trial
court’s finding that N.L. knowingly failed to provide child support even though
she had money to do so, and therefore, N.L.’s consent to the adoption was not
necessary.
III. A.S.C.’s Best Interests
[24] Finally, N.L. does not challenge the trial court’s finding that she is an unfit
mother, but she argues that the adoption is not in A.S.C.’s best interests. N.L.
argues that P.F. is A.S.C.’s guardian which “sufficiently resolves A.S.C.’s
needs” and that she has a close bond with A.S.C. Appellant’s Br. at 9.
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[25] The primary concern in every adoption proceeding is the best interests of the
child. In re Adoption of M.L., 973 N.E.2d 1216, 1224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). Even
if a court determines that a natural parent’s consent is not required for an
adoption, the court must still determine whether adoption is in the child’s best
interests. See I.C. § 31-19-11-1(a)(1). In making this determination, the trial
court must consider “the totality of the evidence to determine the best interests
of a child.” In re Adoption of M.S., 10 N.E.3d 1272, 1281 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014).
“Relevant factors include, among others, a parent’s historical and current
inability to provide a suitable environment for the child; the recommendations
of the child’s case worker or guardian ad litem; and the child’s need for
permanence and stability.” Id. at 1281–82 (internal citations omitted).
[26] A.S.C. was raised and cared for by the Petitioners for over six years when the
adoption decree was issued. She is a happy child, does well in school, and has
many friends. The Petitioners have created a loving and stable home
environment for A.S.C.
[27] A.S.C. loves N.L. and N.L. loves her in return, but N.L. is not fit to parent
A.S.C. N.L.’s history of substance abuse and criminal activity speaks for itself.
Moreover, N.L.’s lack of commitment to A.S.C. is evident in this case. A.S.C.
was adjudicated a CHINS when she was thirteen months old and after P.F. was
named A.S.C.’s guardian, and the CHINS proceedings were closed. In addition
to failing to pay child support, N.L. never attempted to complete any of the
requirements that would have allowed her to seek modification or termination
of the guardianship.
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[28] For all of these reasons, we agree with the trial court that the adoption was in
A.S.C.’s best interests.
Conclusion
[29] The trial court did not err when it determined that N.L.’s consent to A.S.C.’s
adoption was unnecessary and that adoption was in A.S.C.’s best interests.
[30] Affirmed.
Najam, J., and Barnes, J., concur.
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