STATE OF VERMONT
SUPERIOR COURT — ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION
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In re Howard Center Renovation Permit } Docket No. 12-1-13 Vtec
(Appeal of So. Burlington School District) }
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Decision on Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment
HowardCenter, Inc. (HowardCenter or Applicant) seeks to open a methadone clinic at
364 Dorset Street, South Burlington in a building already permitted as a medical office. The
South Burlington Zoning Administrative Officer (ZAO) approved Applicant’s permit
application for interior renovations of the building and the continued use of the building as a
medical office. The South Burlington School District (the District) appealed that permit to the
South Burlington Development Review Board (DRB). The DRB denied the appeal and affirmed
the issuance of the permit. The District now appeals that decision to this Court. The District is
represented by its attorneys Pietro J. Lynn, Esq. and Sean M. Toohey, Esq. HowardCenter is
represented by Franklin L. Kochman, Esq.
Factual Background
For the purpose of putting the pending motions into context we recite the following facts
which are undisputed unless otherwise noted:
1. On August 6, 2012 HowardCenter submitted a zoning permit application for interior
renovation of an existing medical office located at 364 Dorset Street in the City of South
Burlington, Vermont.
2. 364 Dorset Street is one of several buildings located on a 2.2 acre parcel (the Property).
3. The building located at 364 Dorset Street is part of a multi-unit multi-use development
project that was originally approved as a Planned Unit Development (PUD) on August
1, 2000. The PUD has been amended multiple times. The PUD approvals include
approval for a medical office use.
4. Aside from the present appeal, there are no pending appeals of zoning permits, the
original PUD approval or subsequent amended PUD approvals, or other permits or
approvals relating to the Property.
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5. The City of South Burlington Land Development Regulations, originally adopted May
12, 2003 and as amended May 2012 (LDR or Regulations) apply to HowardCenter’s
permit application.
6. The Property is located within the Central District 2 (CD 2) Zoning District. “Office,
Medical” is a permitted use in the CD 2 district and “social services” are permitted in the
CD 2 district after conditional use review.
7. HowardCenter proposes to use the building for the medication assisted treatment of
patients suffering from opioid dependence. As part of this treatment physicians and
nurses will perform medical examinations and administer methadone or buprenorphine
to the patients.
8. Treatment will also include mandatory individual and group counseling sessions
addressing a variety of topics, including but not limited to, substance abuse counseling
and case management.
9. HowardCenter will employ at least one medical doctor, at least three nurses, several lab
technicians, at least 10 substance abuse clinicians, several clinical staff supervisors,
several case managers, a consulting psychiatrist, and a consulting psychologist.
10. A patient must be diagnosed with opioid addiction in order to receive any treatment at
the proposed HowardCenter clinic.
11. Opioid addiction is best described as a neurohumeral disorder of the brain.
12. According to the Vermont Agency of Human Resources, “medication assisted treatment
(MAT) is the use of medication, in combination with counseling and behavioral
therapies, to provide a whole-patient approach to the treatment of substance abuse
disorders.”
13. All patient care and treatment at the proposed clinic will be under the supervision and
direction of a physician.
Motions for Summary Judgment
The District moved for summary judgment on three of the issues presented in its
Statement of Questions: first, whether the Project is within the Traffic Overlay District, requiring
Applicant to perform a traffic analysis; second, whether the Project is a change from a permitted
use (medical office) to a conditional use (social services), requiring conditional use review; and
finally, whether the project is a change in use or expansion of use, requiring site plan review.
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The District asks the Court to remand to the ZBA for all three of these further reviews.
Applicant filed a cross motion for summary judgment, asking for judgment in its favor on these
three questions and for judgment in its favor on the remaining two questions presented.
Applicant notes that the only question left unresolved by the District’s motion relates to
the District’s safety concerns associated with the proposed methadone clinic and its close
proximity to the District schools. The District argues that there are disputed facts regarding the
proposal’s safety impacts and that those impacts should be considered before Applicant is
issued a permit. Applicant argues that if the project is a permitted use and not a change or
expansion of use, then the ZAO, the DRB, and this Court on appeal cannot consider safety as
there is no discretion to deny or condition the permit.
The court will grant summary judgment if a moving party demonstrates that “there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” V.R.C.P. 56(a); V.R.E.C.P. 5(a)(2). When considering cross-motions for summary
judgment, the court looks at each motion individually and gives the opposing party the benefit
of all reasonable doubts and inferences. City of Burlington v. Fairpoint Commc’ns, Inc., 2009
VT 59, ¶ 5, 186 Vt. 332. The court also accepts as true all factual allegations made in opposition
to a motion for summary judgment so long as they are supported by “specific citations to
particular parts of materials in the record . . . .” V.R.C.P. 56(c)(1)(A). Both parties have
submitted statements of undisputed material facts with supporting affidavits and other
evidence.
I. Change in Use or Expansion of Use Requiring Conditional Use or Site Plan Review
We first address whether the Project is a change in use. There are no material facts in
dispute regarding this question. A medical office is a permitted use in the CD 2 zoning district
and a social services use is only permitted subject to conditional use review. LDR Appendix C.
The District argues that the Project is a change from a medical office to a social services use, or,
alternatively, that it fits the definition of both, and therefore must obtain a conditional use
permit.
We interpret a zoning ordinance using the familiar rules of statutory construction. In re
Appeal of Trahan, 2008 VT 90, ¶ 19, 184 Vt. 262. We will “construe words according to their
plain and ordinary meaning, giving effect to the whole and every part of the ordinance.” Id.
Where the plain meaning of the ordinance is clear it must be enforced and no further
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interpretation is necessary. Vermont Alliance of Nonprofit Orgs. v. City of Burlington, 2004 VT
57, ¶ 6, 177 Vt. 47 (citing Hill v. Conway, 143 Vt. 91, 93 (1983)).
The Regulations define “use” as “[t]he specific purpose or activity for which a structure,
building, or land is or may be designed, arranged, designated, or intended or for which a
structure, building, or land is or may be occupied and maintained.” LDR § 2.02 at 2-39. The
prior use of the building was “Office, Medical” defined as “[a]ny establishment where human
patients are examined and treated by doctors, dentists or other medical professionals but not
hospitalized overnight. Medical office may include as an ancillary use the assembly, fitting,
testing and sale of products directly related to the medical service provided in the same
establishment.” Id. at 2-25. Social services are defined as “[e]stablishments providing
assistance and aid to those persons requiring counseling for psychological problems,
employment, learning disabilities, and/or physical disabilities. This includes organizations
soliciting funds for these and related services. May include on-site ancillary services, such as
child care, but shall not include accommodations for overnight stays.” Id. at 2-35. Finally, the
Regulations define “Change of Use” as “[t]he modification of a use of a building or land, or the
replacement of a use of a building or land with another use or uses, or the addition of a use or
uses to a building or land, or the cessation of a use or uses of a building or land.” Id. at 2-8.
Applying the plain language of these definitions to the proposed project, we conclude that
Applicant’s proposal is a Medical Office use and not a change of use.
HowardCenter applied for its permit as a “Medical use.” It is undisputed that
HowardCenter proposes to use the building for medication assisted treatment of patients
suffering from opioid dependence. As part of this treatment physicians and nurses will
perform medical examinations and administer methadone or buprenorphine to patients.
Treatment also includes mandatory individual and group counseling sessions. The counseling
is an essential part of the overall treatment of patients’ opioid dependence. As the District put
it, “the sum balance of the services provided at the methadone clinic are a combination of
medical and social services based on the nature of the treatment.” (Appellant’s Reply to Mem.
in Opp. to Mot. for Summary Judgment and Opp. to Applicant’s Cross-Motion for Summary
Judgment at 12, filed Sept. 30, 2013).
Even following the District’s description, the “specific purpose or activity” for which the
building will be occupied and maintained is the treatment of human patients for opioid
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dependence, and that purpose is met through both medicine (including regular examinations
and treatment by doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals) and counseling. As
Applicant points out, and the District has not disputed, unless a patient has been diagnosed
with opioid addiction and has voluntarily elected to undergo treatment, he cannot receive
counseling services at the proposed office. Thus, even under the District’s interpretation, the
specific purpose or activity is the medication assisted treatment of opioid dependence. Viewing
all of the facts in the light most favorable to the District and applying the plain meaning of the
LDR definitions, Applicant’s project is a medical office use. Therefore, conditional use review is
not required.1 We DENY the District judgment and GRANT HowardCenter judgment on
Question 2.
Under the Regulations, site plan review is required for “[a]ny new use, change of use, or
expansion of use in any district” unless specifically excluded from site plan review. LDR §
14.03(A). Importantly, “specifically excluded from the provisions [requiring site plan review]
are . . . [r]enovations that are one hundred percent (100%) internal to an existing building or
structure.” Id. at 14.03(B). It is undisputed that Applicant applied for a permit for 100% interior
renovations. Therefore, regardless of whether Applicant proposes a medical office use that is an
“expansion” of the prior medical office use, no site plan review is required. We therefore
DENY the District judgment and GRANT HowardCenter judgment on Question 3.
Question 4 of the District’s Statement of Questions is also resolved by a finding that
there is no change in use. Question 4 asks:
Whether as a result of the change in use, the proposed HowardCenter
methadone clinic at 364 Dorset Street is permitted under the terms of the August
1, 2000 Planned Unit Development (‘PUD’) without approval from the South
Burlington Development Review Board, and whether such approval is required
before a permit can be issued LDR § 17.02.
Because there is no change in use, no review of the PUD is necessary. Although the
Applicant did not specifically mention this Question in the cross-motion for summary
judgment, it did ask for summary judgment on all questions on appeal and asked us to dismiss
1 We also note that even if the project has multiple specific purposes, including social services, that any
ambiguity regarding which use designation applies to the project must be resolved in favor of
HowardCenter. See Appeal of Weeks, 167 Vt. 551, 555 (1998) (stating that zoning ordinances are in
derogation of property rights and ambiguities must be decided in favor of the property owner); see also
In re Toor, 2012 VT 63, ¶ 16, 192 Vt. 259 (noting that in finding a violation of zoning bylaws a decision
maker must “engage in narrow construction that will allow a landowner to know what is prohibited”).
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the appeal. Based on the clear language of the Question, and having found there is no change in
use, we find in Applicant’s favor on this question also. We therefore GRANT HowardCenter
judgment on Question 4.
II. Application of Traffic Overlay District and Traffic Study Requirements
Question 1 of the District’s Statement of Questions asks whether the project property is
located within the Traffic Overlay District and whether it therefore requires a traffic study
under the provisions of the LDR. The physical location or layout of the Property is undisputed.
The parties only dispute how the LDR applies. As such, resolution of this issue is appropriate
on summary judgment. The parties assert that the Regulations are ambiguous regarding
whether the subject parcel is within the TOD. The District argues that certain language
describing Zone 3 of the TOD clearly includes the subject parcel. Applicant argues that the
Overlay District Map clearly excludes the subject parcel from Zone 3 of the TOD.
Before determining whether the project lies within Zone 3 of the Traffic Overlay District
(TOD) we consider whether the proposed project triggers the requirements of the Traffic
Overlay District in the first place.
The purpose of the TOD is stated as follows:
It is the purpose of the Traffic Overlay District to provide a performance based
approach to traffic and access management associated with development and
redevelopment of properties in high traffic areas of the City. It is the further
purpose of the Traffic Overlay District to provide a means by which the
allowable uses and the arrangement and intensity of uses on a given parcel may
be regulated, above and beyond District regulations, based on traffic generated
and impacts on City access management goals. It is the further purpose of the
Traffic Overlay District to provide incentives to improve site design and access
management during the development and redevelopment process, in keeping
with the goals and objectives of the City's Comprehensive Plan.
LDR § 10.02(A). The LDR further states that no permit, whether for permitted or conditional
use, should be issued except in accordance with the requirements of the TOD. Id. at § 10.02(C)
& (D). The Regulations specifically pertaining to the TOD provide no express statement of how
the traffic review is triggered. The application before us does not seek new permitted or
conditional use approval nor does it require an amendment to the existing use approval.
Further, the application does not seek or require an amendment to the existing PUD
approval(s). Rather, the application seeks approval of interior renovations exceeding five
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thousand dollars in construction costs. Pursuant to the LDR, we conclude that a traffic study is
not required under these circumstances.
This conclusion is supported by the purpose of the TOD and its traffic review factors.
The TOD requires that the traffic generated by a project not exceed the maximum allowable
traffic (the traffic budget) for the specific overlay district. The traffic budget is calculated
without regard to the specific use, and therefore, even a change in use will not alter the traffic
budget. Rather, the traffic budget is calculated by multiplying the size of the lot by the
applicable traffic overlay district’s maximum traffic generation rate. Id. at § 10.02(F)(1).
In estimating the traffic generated by a project, the Regulations mandate that the Trip
Generation Manual published by the Institute for Traffic Engineers (ITE) be used. Id. at §
10.02(F)(2). The Regulations state that in using the ITE manual to estimate traffic one must
choose an “independent variable.” Id. at Appendix B.2.
The independent variable is the characteristic of the proposed project that is used
to estimate the project’s traffic generation. For many uses the ITE manual gives a
choice of independent variables that can be used. For instance, for office
buildings one can use the gross building floor area or the number of employees
as an independent variable. For the purposes of these land development
regulations it is recommended that a primary measurement be used as the
independent variable, not a derived measurement. For instance, for office
buildings the floor area is a primary measurement, whereas the number of
employees is generally an estimate based on the floor area. The independent
variable should be easily verifiable and should be related to the land use type,
not to the characteristics of the tenant/operator.
Id. The Regulations’ focus on easily verifiable primary measurements and specific disregard of
the characteristics of the tenant/operator indicate that the LDR drafters did not intend for the
TOD requirements to apply to interior renovations or tenant changes, absent a change in the
use. Under the Regulations, then, it is clear that without a change in lot size, an increase in the
gross building floor area or some other “primary measurement,” or a change in “land use type,”
there is no trigger for a traffic study. Where there is no proposed change in use, a permit for
100% interior renovations requires neither site plan review nor a showing of compliance with
the TOD requirements.2 We therefore conclude that a traffic study pursuant to the TOD is not
2 The fact that a traffic study under the TOD requirements was never done for this property is not before
the court. If the property is, in fact, within the TOD and no traffic study was performed, the time to
appeal the permit issuance for the construction of a medical office (as part of a Planned Unit
Development) in this location has long since passed. See 24 V.S.A. §§ 4465 & 4471. The underlying PUD
approval and permit for the existing medical office cannot now be challenged in this appeal. See 24 V.S.A
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required by the application before the Court. Because of our conclusion, the Court need not
resolve the alleged ambiguity in the Regulations regarding whether the property lies within
Zone 3 of the Traffic Overlay District.3 We GRANT judgment to HowardCenter on Question 1.
III. Consideration of General Safety Concerns
Applicant filed a cross-motion for summary judgment in its favor on the District’s final
Question: “Whether safety concerns relative to traffic, impaired driving, and crime relative to
the location of the proposed HowardCenter methadone clinic at 364 Dorset Street are
permissible considerations under the LDR and whether such issues must be reviewed and
considered before a permit can be issued LDR § 17.02.” This presents a question of law. The
District points out that there are significant factual disputes as to the proposed clinic’s impact
on area safety. We agree with Applicant, however, that if safety concerns are not permissible
considerations as a matter of law then the factual dispute is not material to the outcome of the
case, and therefore, summary judgment on this question is appropriate.
The extent to which the project will create any unsafe conditions for the District’s 1,400
students is highly contested by the parties. Both sides presented evidence to the DRB about
safety and filed affidavits and other evidence with us. Applicant argues that as with the
operations of its other facilities, the proposed project will not create any unsafe conditions. The
District argues that locating the methadone clinic so near the District’s two schools creates
safety risks pertaining to impaired drivers, increased crime, and inappropriate patient/student
contact. While we are not unsympathetic to the issues raised by the District, we find no legal
grounds for the DRB, or this Court on appeal, to consider these general safety concerns in
reviewing HowardCenter’s permit application for interior renovations.
By statute, the Zoning Administrative Officer “shall administer the bylaws literally and
shall not have the power to permit any land development that is not in conformance with those
bylaws.” 24 V.S.A. 4448(a); LDR § 17.01. Literal application of the zoning bylaws also requires
§ 4472(d) (providing that upon failure to appeal, all interested persons are bound by that decision and
shall not contest directly or indirectly that decision); See also In re Musty Permit, 2012 VT 42, ¶¶ 4–6, 191
Vt. 483 (citing 24 V.S.A. § 4472(a)) (holding that a party cannot collaterally attack an underlying permit
that was not appealed).
3 We also need not consider HowardCenter’s argument that application of the TOD to the parcel for the
first time under these circumstances would constitute unlawful discrimination under the Americans with
Disabilities Act, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the United States Constitution, and/or the Vermont
Constitution.
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that, absent a specific grant of authority from the regulations or statute, the administrator has
no discretion to deny or condition a permit for a project that is in conformance with all
regulatory requirements. Where an applicant proposes a permitted use and satisfies the specific
dimensional and other requirements of the zoning district, the ZAO must issue the permit. The
District makes no argument as to how the proposed office fails to satisfy the requirements of the
Regulations apart from the absence of the three additional levels of review discussed above
which we have concluded are inapplicable to the present application.
To treat the proposed methadone clinic differently from other medical office uses would
be to consider the identity of the operator beyond the type of land use. We have specifically
held that in considering land use applications the body administering the Regulations should
not consider the identity of the landowner. In re Twin Pines Housing Trust & Dismas of
Vermont Conditional Use, No. 95-7-11 Vtec, slip op. at 7 (Vt. Super. Ct. Envtl. Div. Apr. 26,
2012) (Walsh, J.); see also In re Sardi, 170 Vt. 623, 624 (2000) (noting that “permitting regulation
of property based solely on the ownership rather than the use of the land . . . is inconsistent with
the authority that the Legislature has granted to municipalities”). We therefore need not
consider Applicant’s argument that treating a methadone clinic differently from other medical
uses violates the American’s with Disabilities Act or the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as we find
that the principles of land use law do not permit consideration of the identity of the operator.
In adopting the LDR, the City determined that medical offices are permitted as of right
in the Central District 2 and defined “Office, Medical” broadly. The City could have
distinguished among types of medical offices based on the particular safety concerns they might
present, such as communicable disease or patient sedation. The City could have required
additional review of medical offices within a certain radius of schools or within the zoning
districts that contain the city schools. The Regulations, however, do none of this. The
Regulations plainly allow a medical office use as a matter of right in the Central District 2
zoning district. This legislative determination must be enforced according to its plain language
and meaning. As such, we agree with Applicant that the general safety concerns raised by the
District cannot be considered as part of Applicant’s permit application for 100% interior
renovations. We therefore GRANT judgment to HowardCenter on Question 5.
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Conclusion
For the reasons detailed above we conclude that the proposed methadone clinic is a
medical office use and therefore is not a change of use requiring conditional use approval. The
renovations are 100% internal and are therefore explicitly exempted from site plan review.
Moreover, no traffic study is required by the Regulations where there is no change in use or
physical expansion of the building. As there is no change in use of the existing medical office
building, review of the Planned Unit Development (PUD) approval is not necessary. Because a
medical office use is permitted as of right in the CD 2 zoning district and no further
development review is needed for the proposed project, the general safety concerns raised by
the District cannot be considered. Therefore, we DENY the South Burlington School District’s
motion for summary judgment on questions 1, 2, and 3 of its Statement of Questions and
GRANT summary judgment in favor of HowardCenter, Inc. on Questions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
A Judgment Order accompanies this opinion. This Decision concludes the pending
appeal.
Done at St. Albans, Vermont this 12th day of November, 2013.
Thomas G. Walsh, Environmental Judge
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