Manafort v. U. S. Department of Justice

81,7('67$7(6',675,&7&2857 )257+(',675,&72)&2/80%,$ BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB  3$8/-0$1$)257-5   3ODLQWLII    Y  &LYLO$FWLRQ1R $%-   86'(3$570(172)-867,&( et al.   'HIHQGDQWV  BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB  0(025$1'8023,1,21  3ODLQWLII3DXO-0DQDIRUW-UZKRKDVEHHQLQGLFWHGLQWZRFULPLQDOFDVHVEURXJKWE\WKH 2IILFH RI 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO ILOHG D FLYLO FRPSODLQW DJDLQVW WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI -XVWLFH ³'2-´  6SHFLDO&RXQVHO5REHUW60XHOOHU,,,DQG$FWLQJ$WWRUQH\*HQHUDO5RG-5RVHQVWHLQDOOHJLQJ WKDWWKH'HSDUWPHQWH[FHHGHGLWVDXWKRULW\ZKHQLWLVVXHGWKHRUGHUDSSRLQWLQJWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHO WKH³$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHU´ DQGWKDWWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOH[FHHGHGKLVDXWKRULW\DVZHOO&RPSO >'NW@0DQDIRUWKDVUHILQHGKLVFODLPVVLQFHWKHFDVHZDVRULJLQDOO\ILOHGDQGLQWKLVFLYLO FDVHKHLVRQO\DVNLQJWKH&RXUWWRHQMRLQIXWXUHDFWLRQVDJDLQVWKLPXQGHUWKH$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHU %XWDVWKH'&&LUFXLWKDVPDGHFOHDU³>S@URVSHFWLYHGHIHQGDQWVFDQQRWE\EULQJLQJDQFLOODU\ HTXLWDEOHSURFHHGLQJVFLUFXPYHQWIHGHUDOFULPLQDOSURFHGXUH´Deaver v. Seymour )G  '&&LU 7KHUHIRUHGHIHQGDQWV¶PRWLRQWRGLVPLVVWKHFRPSODLQWZLOOEHJUDQWHG  &RXQW,RIWKHFRPSODLQWEURXJKWDJDLQVW'2-DQGWKH$FWLQJ$WWRUQH\*HQHUDODOOHJHV WKDW WKH $FWLQJ $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO LVVXHG DQ $SSRLQWPHQW 2UGHU WKDW GLG QRW FRPSRUW ZLWK WKH DSSOLFDEOH'2-UHJXODWLRQSee &RPSOˆˆ± &)5†7KHUHIRUHDFFRUGLQJWR 0DQDIRUWWKHJUDQWRIDXWKRULW\WRWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOZDVDQultra vires DFWLRQRQWKHSDUWRIWKH $FWLQJ $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO LQ YLRODWLRQ RI WKH $GPLQLVWUDWLYH 3URFHGXUH $FW ³$3$´   See &RPSOˆˆ±  &RXQW ,, EURXJKW RQO\ DJDLQVW WKH 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO DOOHJHV WKDW HYHQ LI WKH $SSRLQWPHQW2UGHUZDVYDOLGWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOH[FHHGHGWKHVFRSHRIWKHDXWKRULW\KHZDV JLYHQZKHQKHLQGLFWHG0DQDIRUWEHFDXVHWKHFKDUJHVGLGQRWDULVHRXWRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWR WKHSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQDQGWKHDOOHJDWLRQVRI5XVVLDQLQWHUIHUHQFHLQWKHHOHFWLRQId.ˆˆ±   3ODLQWLII VHHNV GHFODUDWRU\ DQG LQMXQFWLYH UHOLHI  7KH FRPSODLQW UHTXHVWV ³DQ RUGHU DQG MXGJPHQWVHWWLQJDVLGHWKH$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHUDQGGHFODULQJLWLQYDOLG´DQGLWDVNVIRU³DQRUGHU DQG MXGJPHQW GHFODULQJ ultra vires DQG VHWWLQJ DVLGH DOO DFWLRQV WDNHQ DJDLQVW 0U 0DQDIRUW SXUVXDQW WR WKH $SSRLQWPHQW 2UGHU´ ZKLFK ZRXOG LQFOXGH WKH SHQGLQJ FULPLQDO LQGLFWPHQWV &RPSODW ³3UD\HUIRU5HOLHI´ see also id. ˆ ³0U0XHOOHU¶VDFWLRQVPXVWEHVHWDVLGH´   2Q)HEUXDU\GHIHQGDQWVILOHGDPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVWKHFLYLOFDVHSXUVXDQWWR)HGHUDO 5XOHRI&LYLO3URFHGXUH E  'HIV¶0RWWR'LVPLVV>'NW@ ³'HIV¶0RW´ 'HIV¶0HP LQ6XSSRI'HIV¶0RW>'NW@ ³'HIV¶0HP´ 7KH\DUJXHILUVWWKDW0DQDIRUWPD\QRW EULQJDIHGHUDOFLYLODFWLRQWRLQWHUIHUHZLWKKLVRQJRLQJFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQ'HIV¶0HPDW± 1H[WWKH\FRQWHQGWKDW&RXQW,VKRXOGEHGLVPLVVHGIRUWKUHHUHDVRQV  WKH$3$PD\RQO\ EHLQYRNHGE\FODLPDQWVZKRGRQRWKDYHDQDGHTXDWHUHPHG\DWODZDQG0DQDIRUWKDVVXFKD UHPHG\LQWKH)HGHUDO5XOHVRI&ULPLQDO3URFHGXUH  WKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOUHJXODWLRQVGRQRW FUHDWHOHJDOULJKWVWKDWFDQEHHQIRUFHGWKURXJKDQ\ODZVXLWLQFOXGLQJDFLYLOVXLWEURXJKWXQGHU WKH$3$DQG  WKHUHKDVEHHQQRILQDODJHQF\DFWLRQIRUSXUSRVHVRIWKH$3$Id.DW± 'HIHQGDQWV DOVR DUJXH WKDW &RXQW ,, IDLOV WR VWDWH D MXVWLFLDEOH FODLP XQGHU WKH 'HFODUDWRU\   -XGJPHQW$FWEHFDXVHWKH$FWVWDQGLQJDORQHGRHVQRWSURYLGHDEDVLVIRUIHGHUDOFRXUWVWRH[HUFLVH VXEMHFWPDWWHUMXULVGLFWLRQXQGHU$UWLFOH,,,RIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQSee id.DW± ,QWKHPHDQWLPHWKH&RXUWVHWDPRWLRQVVFKHGXOHLQWKHFULPLQDOFDVHDQGRQ0DUFK  0DQDIRUW ILOHG D PRWLRQ SXUVXDQW WR )HGHUDO 5XOHV RI &ULPLQDO 3URFHGXUH  E   DQG  E  WRGLVPLVVWKHLQGLFWPHQWRQWKHVDPHWZRJURXQGV  EHFDXVHWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRIWKH 6SHFLDO&RXQVHOZDVDQultra vires DFWE\WKH$FWLQJ$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOWKDWZDVFRQWUDU\WRWKH WHUPVRIWKH'2-6SHFLDO&RXQVHOUHJXODWLRQVDQG  EHFDXVHWKHLQGLFWPHQWH[FHHGVWKHVFRSH RI WKH DXWKRULW\ JUDQWHG WR WKH 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO LQ WKH $SSRLQWPHQW 2UGHU  United States v. Manafort1RFU ''& 'HI¶V0RWWR'LVPLVVWKH6XSHUVHGLQJ,QGLFWPHQW >'NW@DW±$QGRQ0DUFK0DQDIRUWILOHGDVLPLODUPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVWKH LQGLFWPHQWSHQGLQJLQWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI9LUJLQLDSee United States v. Manafort 1R FU ('9D 'HI¶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³DURVHIURPWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ´LQWR WKHHOHFWLRQDQGDOOHJHGFROOXVLRQZLWKWKH5XVVLDQJRYHUQPHQW%\ LJQRULQJWKHERXQGDULHVRIWKHMXULVGLFWLRQJUDQWHGWRWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOLQ   3ODLQWLIIRSSRVHGWKHPRWLRQRQ)HEUXDU\3O¶V0HPRI/DZLQ2SSWR'HIV¶ 0RW>'NW@ ³3O¶V2SS 2Q0DUFKGHIHQGDQWVILOHGDUHSO\'HIV¶5HSO\0HP LQ6XSSRI'HIV¶0RW>'NW@ ³'HIV¶5HSO\´    WKH $SSRLQWPHQW 2UGHU 0U 0XHOOHU DFWHG EH\RQG WKH VFRSH RI KLV DXWKRULW\0U0XHOOHU¶VDFWLRQVPXVWEHVHWDVLGH  &RPSO ˆ  LQWHUQDO HGLWV RPLWWHG  see also 3UD\HU IRU 5HOLHI ˆ E VHHNLQJ ³DQ RUGHU DQG MXGJPHQWVHWWLQJ DVLGH DOO DFWLRQV WDNHQ DJDLQVW 0U 0DQDIRUW SXUVXDQW WR WKH $SSRLQWPHQW 2UGHU´ %XWLQDIRRWQRWHWRKLVRSSRVLWLRQWRGHIHQGDQWV¶PRWLRQWRGLVPLVVSODLQWLIIVWDWHG³>W@R WKHH[WHQWWKH>F@RPSODLQWFDQEHUHDGWRVHHNGLVPLVVDORIWKHLQGLFWPHQWLQWKHSHQGLQJFULPLQDO FDVHLQWKLV&RXUW0U0DQDIRUWH[SUHVVO\ZDLYHVDQ\VXFKFODLPIRUUHOLHILQWKLVFLYLOFDVH´3O¶V 2SSDWQ$WWKHKHDULQJRQWKHPRWLRQKHOGRQ$SULOSODLQWLIIGLVDYRZHGDQ\IXUWKHU LQWHUHVWLQDQRUGHUVHWWLQJDVLGHWKHLQGLFWPHQWVsee 7URI3URFHHGLQJV+HOGRQ$SU>'NW@ ³7U´ DW±id. DW±id. DW±DQGZLWKWKDWKHDEDQGRQHG&RXQW,,Id.DW ± ³7KH&RXUW6RWKDWPHDQV\RX¶UHZLWKGUDZLQJ&RXQW7ZR"0U'RZQLQJ:HDUH 'NW@ ³$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHU´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±WKH$GPLQLVWUDWLYH3URFHGXUH$FW±WKDW DFODLPDQWPD\RQO\VHHNUHOLHIXQGHUWKH$FWLIKHODFNVDQDGHTXDWHUHPHG\DWODZ3ODLQWLII¶V FODLPVDERXWWKHOHJLWLPDF\RIWKH$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHUFDQEHDGGUHVVHGLQKLVFULPLQDOFDVHVLQ DFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH)HGHUDO5XOHVRI&ULPLQDO3URFHGXUHVRWKH&RXUWVKRXOGQRWUHDFKWKHPHULWV RIWKRVHFODLPVKHUH0RUHRYHUJLYHQWKHZD\SODLQWLIIKDVUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDQGDOWHUHGKLVFLYLO FRPSODLQWWRRYHUFRPHWKHVHREVWDFOHVWRWKH&RXUW¶VH[HUFLVHRILWVMXULVGLFWLRQLWLVQRWDWDOOFOHDU WKDWWKHUHLVDQ\ULSHMXVWLFLDEOHFRQWURYHUV\OHIWLQWKLVODZVXLWIRUWKH&RXUWWRUHVROYHDQGWKHUH DUHFHUWDLQO\QRDOOHJDWLRQVRILPSHQGLQJLUUHSDUDEOHKDUPWKDWZRXOGMXVWLI\LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI %$&.*5281'  , 5HJXODWRU\)UDPHZRUN  $VDJHQHUDOPDWWHUOLWLJDWLRQRQEHKDOIRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLV³UHVHUYHGWRRIILFHUVRIWKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI -XVWLFH XQGHU WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO´   86& †   %XW &RQJUHVV KDV H[SUHVVO\ DXWKRUL]HG WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO WR DSSRLQW 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO 6HFWLRQ D RI7LWOHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RGHSURYLGHV 7KH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDORUDQ\RWKHURIILFHURIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFHRU DQ\DWWRUQH\VSHFLDOO\DSSRLQWHGE\WKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDOXQGHUODZPD\ ZKHQ VSHFLILFDOO\ GLUHFWHG E\ WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO FRQGXFW DQ\ NLQG RI OHJDO SURFHHGLQJ FLYLO RU FULPLQDO   ZKLFK 8QLWHG 6WDWHVDWWRUQH\VDUH DXWKRUL]HGE\ODZWRFRQGXFW  86&† D   '2- KDV SURPXOJDWHG D VHW RI UHJXODWLRQV WKDW RXWOLQH FLUFXPVWDQFHV XQGHU ZKLFK WKH $WWRUQH\*HQHUDOPD\DSSRLQWD6SHFLDO&RXQVHODQGWKHSURFHGXUHIRUGRLQJVR7KHUHJXODWLRQV   DOVRGHVFULEHWKHVFRSHRID6SHFLDO&RXQVHO¶VDXWKRULW\DQGWKHQDWXUHRIWKHRQJRLQJUHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQD6SHFLDO&RXQVHODQG'2-See &)5††±,QKLVFRPSODLQW0DQDIRUW SRLQWVWRRQHRIWKHVHUHJXODWLRQVLQSDUWLFXODU  7KH UHJXODWLRQ WKDW IRUPV WKH EDVLV IRU WKLV ODZVXLW SURYLGHV WKDW WKH 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO¶V RULJLQDOMXULVGLFWLRQ³VKDOOEHHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDO´&)5† D DQGWKDW WKH ³6SHFLDO &RXQVHO ZLOO EH SURYLGHG ZLWK D VSHFLILF IDFWXDO VWDWHPHQW RI WKH PDWWHU WR EH LQYHVWLJDWHG´Id.7KH³RULJLQDOMXULVGLFWLRQ´RIWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHODOVRLQFOXGHV³WKHDXWKRULW\ WRLQYHVWLJDWHDQGSURVHFXWHIHGHUDOFULPHVFRPPLWWHGLQWKHFRXUVHRIDQGZLWKLQWHQWWRLQWHUIHUH ZLWKWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHO¶VLQYHVWLJDWLRQ´Id.   8QGHUWKHWHUPVRIWKLVUHJXODWLRQWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOPD\VHHN³DGGLWLRQDOMXULVGLFWLRQ´ IURPWKH$WWRUQH\*HQHUDO³EH\RQGWKDWVSHFLILHGLQKLVRUKHURULJLQDOMXULVGLFWLRQ´LIWKH6SHFLDO &RXQVHO FRQFOXGHV WKDW LW ³LV QHFHVVDU\ LQ RUGHU WR IXOO\ LQYHVWLJDWH DQG UHVROYH WKH PDWWHUV DVVLJQHGRUWRLQYHVWLJDWHQHZPDWWHUVWKDWFRPHWROLJKWLQWKHFRXUVHRIKLVRUKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQ´ Id. †  E   $W WKDW SRLQW WKH $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO ³ZLOO GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WR LQFOXGH WKH DGGLWLRQDOPDWWHUVZLWKLQWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHO¶VMXULVGLFWLRQRUDVVLJQWKHPHOVHZKHUH´Id ,, )DFWXDO%DFNJURXQG   7KH FRPSODLQW DOOHJHV WKDW E\ ³HDUO\  '2- KDG SXEOLFO\ UHYHDOHG WKDW LW ZDV LQYHVWLJDWLQJ DOOHJDWLRQV WKDW 3UHVLGHQW 7UXPS¶V FDPSDLJQ FROOXGHG ZLWK 5XVVLDQ JRYHUQPHQW RIILFLDOV DQGRU UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV WR VZD\ WKH RXWFRPH RI WKH  SUHVLGHQWLDO HOHFWLRQ´ &RPSOˆ    7KH'LUHFWRURIWKH)%,DWWKHWLPH-DPHV%&RPH\WHVWLILHGDERXWWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQD KHDULQJEHIRUHWKH+RXVH3HUPDQHQW6HOHFW&RPPLWWHHRQ,QWHOOLJHQFHRQ0DUFK+H VWDWHG ,KDYHEHHQDXWKRUL]HGE\WKH'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFHWRFRQILUPWKDWWKH)%, DV SDUW RI RXU FRXQWHULQWHOOLJHQFH PLVVLRQ LV LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH 5XVVLDQ JRYHUQPHQW¶VHIIRUWVWRLQWHUIHUHLQWKHSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQDQGWKDW LQFOXGHV LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH QDWXUH RI DQ\ OLQNV EHWZHHQ LQGLYLGXDOV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH 7UXPS FDPSDLJQ DQG WKH 5XVVLDQ JRYHUQPHQW DQG ZKHWKHU WKHUH ZDV DQ\ FRRUGLQDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH FDPSDLJQ DQG 5XVVLD¶V HIIRUWV  -DPHV%&RPH\HPSCI Hearing Titled Russian Active Measures Investigation)%,JRY 0DUFK    KWWSVZZZIELJRYQHZVWHVWLPRQ\KSVFLKHDULQJWLWOHGUXVVLDQDFWLYHPHDVXUHV LQYHVWLJDWLRQOD\RXWBYLHZ )RUPHU 'LUHFWRU &RPH\ DOVR VSHFLILFDOO\ LQIRUPHG WKH &RPPLWWHH WKDW ³>D@V ZLWK DQ\ FRXQWHULQWHOOLJHQFH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WKLV ZLOO DOVR LQFOXGH DQ DVVHVVPHQW RI ZKHWKHUDQ\FULPHVZHUHFRPPLWWHG´Id. %XWKHH[SODLQHG³>E@HFDXVHLWLVDQRSHQRQJRLQJ LQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGLVFODVVLILHG,FDQQRWVD\PRUHDERXWZKDWZHDUHGRLQJDQGZKRVHFRQGXFWZH DUHH[DPLQLQJ´Id.  2Q0DUFK$WWRUQH\*HQHUDO-HII6HVVLRQVUHFXVHGKLPVHOIIURPWKHPDWWHUDQG 'HSXW\ $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO 5RG - 5RVHQVWHLQ EHFDPH WKH KLJKHVWUDQNLQJ '2- RIILFLDO ZLWK DXWKRULW\RYHUWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ&RPSOˆˆ±2Q0D\$FWLQJ$WWRUQH\*HQHUDO 5RVHQVWHLQ DSSRLQWHG 5REHUW 6 0XHOOHU ,,, WR VHUYH DV 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO IRU WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI -XVWLFHId. ˆ   ,QHYDOXDWLQJWKHVXIILFLHQF\RIWKHFRPSODLQWWKH&RXUWPD\FRQVLGHU³WKHIDFWVDOOHJHG LQWKHFRPSODLQWDQ\GRFXPHQWVHLWKHUDWWDFKHGWRRULQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHFRPSODLQWDQGPDWWHUVRI ZKLFK>WKHFRXUW@PD\WDNHMXGLFLDOQRWLFH´EEOC v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch.)G   '& &LU    7KDW LQFOXGHV WKH &RXUW¶V DELOLW\ WR WDNH MXGLFLDO QRWLFH RI ³SXEOLF UHFRUGLQIRUPDWLRQ´Jankovic v. Int’l Crisis Grp.)G '&&LU see also Al-Aulaqi v. Panetta)6XSSG± ''&     7KH$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHUVWDWHV %\ YLUWXH RI WKH DXWKRULW\ YHVWHG LQ PH DV $FWLQJ $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO LQFOXGLQJ  86& ††   DQG  LQ RUGHU WR GLVFKDUJH P\ UHVSRQVLELOLW\WRSURYLGHVXSHUYLVLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI -XVWLFH DQG WR HQVXUH D IXOO DQG WKRURXJK LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH 5XVVLDQ JRYHUQPHQW¶VHIIRUWVWRLQWHUIHUHLQWKHSUHVLGHQWLDOHOHFWLRQ,KHUHE\ RUGHUDVIROORZV D 5REHUW60XHOOHU,,,LVDSSRLQWHGWRVHUYHDV6SHFLDO&RXQVHOIRU WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFH E  7KH 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO LV DXWKRUL]HG WR FRQGXFW WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FRQILUPHGE\WKHQ)%,'LUHFWRU-DPHV%&RPH\LQWHVWLPRQ\EHIRUH WKH+RXVH3HUPDQHQW6HOHFW&RPPLWWHHRQ,QWHOOLJHQFHRQ0DUFK LQFOXGLQJ L DQ\OLQNVDQGRUFRRUGLQDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH5XVVLDQJRYHUQPHQW DQGLQGLYLGXDOVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFDPSDLJQRI3UHVLGHQW'RQDOG 7UXPSDQG LL  DQ\ PDWWHUV WKDW DURVH RU PD\ DULVH GLUHFWO\ IURP WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQDQG LLL DQ\RWKHUPDWWHUVZLWKLQWKHVFRSHRI&)5† D  F ,IWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOEHOLHYHVLWLVQHFHVVDU\DQGDSSURSULDWHWKH 6SHFLDO&RXQVHOLVDXWKRUL]HGWRSURVHFXWHIHGHUDOFULPHVDULVLQJIURP WKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHVHPDWWHUV G 6HFWLRQVWKURXJKRI7LWOHRIWKH&RGHRI)HGHUDO 5HJXODWLRQVDUHDSSOLFDEOHWRWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHO $SSRLQWPHQW2UGHU  $VSDUWRIWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHO¶VLQYHVWLJDWLRQSODLQWLII0DQDIRUWZDVLQGLFWHGRQ2FWREHU LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUWIRUWKH'LVWULFWRI&ROXPELDDQGKHZDVFKDUJHGZLWK WZHOYH FRXQWV  &RPSOˆ see also ,QGLFWPHQW ([ % WR &RPSO >'NW@  $ ILYH FRXQW VXSHUVHGLQJLQGLFWPHQWZDVILOHGRQ)HEUXDU\United States v. Manafort 1RFU  ''& 6XSHUVHGLQJ,QGLFWPHQW>'NW@0DQDIRUWKDVDOVREHHQLQGLFWHGLQ WKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUWIRUWKH(DVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI9LUJLQLDDQGFKDUJHGZLWKWKLUW\WZR   FRXQWVSee United States v. Manafort1RFU ('9D 6XSHUVHGLQJ,QGLFWPHQW >'NW@ 67$1'$5'2)5(9,(: ³7R VXUYLYH D >5XOH  E  @ PRWLRQ WR GLVPLVV D FRPSODLQW PXVW FRQWDLQ VXIILFLHQW IDFWXDOPDWWHUDFFHSWHGDVWUXHWRVWDWHDFODLPWRUHOLHIWKDWLVSODXVLEOHRQLWVIDFH´Ashcroft v. Iqbal  86     LQWHUQDO TXRWDWLRQ PDUNV RPLWWHG  accord Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly86  :KHQFRQVLGHULQJDPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVXQGHU5XOH E   WKH&RXUWLVERXQGWRFRQVWUXHDFRPSODLQWOLEHUDOO\LQWKHSODLQWLII¶VIDYRUDQGLWVKRXOGJUDQWWKH SODLQWLII³WKHEHQHILWRIDOOLQIHUHQFHVWKDWFDQEHGHULYHGIURPWKHIDFWVDOOHJHG´Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns Corp.)G '&&LU 1HYHUWKHOHVVWKH&RXUWQHHGQRWDFFHSW LQIHUHQFHV GUDZQ E\ WKH SODLQWLII LI WKRVH LQIHUHQFHV DUH XQVXSSRUWHG E\ IDFWV DOOHJHG LQ WKH FRPSODLQWQRUPXVWWKH&RXUWDFFHSWSODLQWLII¶VOHJDOFRQFOXVLRQVSee id. Browning v. Clinton )G '&&LU ,QUXOLQJXSRQDPRWLRQWRGLVPLVVIRUIDLOXUHWRVWDWHDFODLP D FRXUW PD\ FRQVLGHU ³WKH IDFWV DOOHJHG LQ WKH FRPSODLQW DQ\ GRFXPHQWV HLWKHU DWWDFKHG WR RU LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ WKH FRPSODLQW DQG PDWWHUV RI ZKLFK >WKH FRXUW@ PD\ WDNH MXGLFLDO QRWLFH´  St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch.)GDW 6XEMHFW PDWWHU MXULVGLFWLRQ LV DOVR DQ LVVXH LQ WKLV FDVH DQG WKH SDUW\ LQYRNLQJ IHGHUDO MXULVGLFWLRQ EHDUV WKH EXUGHQ RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ LW  Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife  86      6LQFH WKH HOHPHQWV RI VWDQGLQJ ³DUH QRW PHUH SOHDGLQJ UHTXLUHPHQWV EXW UDWKHU DQ LQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUWRIWKHSODLQWLII VFDVHHDFKHOHPHQWPXVWEHVXSSRUWHGLQWKHVDPHZD\DVDQ\ RWKHUPDWWHURQZKLFKWKHSODLQWLIIEHDUVWKHEXUGHQRISURRI´Id. “$WWKHSOHDGLQJVWDJHJHQHUDO IDFWXDODOOHJDWLRQVRILQMXU\UHVXOWLQJIURPWKHGHIHQGDQW¶VFRQGXFWPD\VXIILFH´VLQFHWKHFRXUW ³SUHVXPHVWKDWJHQHUDODOOHJDWLRQVHPEUDFHWKRVHVSHFLILFIDFWVWKDWDUHQHFHVVDU\WRVXSSRUWWKH   FODLP´  Id. TXRWLQJ Lujan v. Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n  86    . ,Q FRQVLGHULQJ MXULVGLFWLRQ WKH &RXUW ³FDQ HOLFLW LQIRUPDWLRQ RXWVLGH WKH SOHDGLQJV  7KLV SHUPLWV WKH FRXUW WR XQGHUWDNH DQ LQGHSHQGHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ WR DVVXUH LWVHOI RI LWV RZQ VXEMHFW PDWWHU MXULVGLFWLRQ´ Haase v. Sessions)G '&&LU  $1$/<6,6 , 3ODLQWLIIPD\QRWXVHDFLYLODFWLRQDVDYHKLFOHWRDWWDFNDFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQ  ,QYounger v. Harris 86   WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWLQYRNHGWKHORQJVWDQGLQJ SXEOLFSROLF\DJDLQVWIHGHUDOFRXUWLQWHUIHUHQFHLQVWDWHFRXUWSURFHHGLQJVDQGLWKHOGWKDWDWKUHDW RIFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQGRHVQRWULVHWRWKHOHYHORIKDUPWKDWFRXOGMXVWLI\LQMXQFWLYHUHOLHI³7KH LPPLQHQFHRIVXFKDSURVHFXWLRQHYHQWKRXJKDOOHJHGWREHXQDXWKRUL]HGDQGKHQFHXQODZIXOLV QRW DORQH JURXQG IRU UHOLHI LQ HTXLW\ ZKLFK H[HUWV LWV H[WUDRUGLQDU\ SRZHUV RQO\ WR SUHYHQW LUUHSDUDEOHLQMXU\WRWKHSODLQWLIIZKRVHHNVLWVDLG´Id. DWTXRWLQJBeal v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Corp. 86   7KH &RXUW UHFLWHG WKH UHDVRQV EHKLQG WKH SROLF\ ³>R@QH LV WKH EDVLF GRFWULQH RI HTXLW\ MXULVSUXGHQFH WKDW FRXUWV RI HTXLW\ VKRXOG QRW DFW DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ VKRXOG QRW DFW WR UHVWUDLQ D FULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQZKHQWKHPRYLQJSDUW\KDVDQDGHTXDWHUHPHG\DWODZDQGZLOOQRWVXIIHU LUUHSDUDEOHLQMXU\LIGHQLHGHTXLWDEOHUHOLHI´Id. DW±6HFRQGWKH&RXUWREVHUYHGWKDW³>W@KLV XQGHUO\LQJUHDVRQIRUUHVWUDLQLQJFRXUWVRIHTXLW\IURPLQWHUIHULQJZLWKFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQVLV UHLQIRUFHGE\DQHYHQPRUHYLWDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHQRWLRQRIµFRPLW\¶WKDWLVDSURSHUUHVSHFWIRU VWDWHIXQFWLRQV´Id. DW :KLOHWKHYounger GHFLVLRQZDVWKXVDQLPDWHGLQSDUWE\FRQVLGHUDWLRQVRIIHGHUDOLVP DQGWKHQRWLRQWKDWVWDWHFRXUWVVKRXOGUHYLHZVWDWHVWDWXWHVLQWKHILUVWLQVWDQFHsee 86DW   LQWKHHQGWKH&RXUWHPSKDVL]HG³RXUKROGLQJUHVWVRQWKHDEVHQFHRIWKHIDFWRUVQHFHVVDU\ XQGHUHTXLWDEOHSULQFLSOHVWRMXVWLI\IHGHUDOLQWHUYHQWLRQ´Id. DW 7KH'&&LUFXLWKDVVLQFHDSSOLHGWKLVUHDVRQLQJWRKROGWKDWLQOLJKWRIWUDGLWLRQDOHTXLWDEOH SULQFLSOHVDQGFRQFHUQVDERXWILQDOLW\WKHVXEMHFWRIDFULPLQDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQPD\QRWEULQJDFLYLO DFWLRQWRDWWDFNDQLPSHQGLQJIHGHUDOSURVHFXWLRQHLWKHUDQGWKRVHSUHFHGHQWVJRYHUQWKLVFDVH ,Q Deaver v. Seymour D IRUPHU :KLWH +RXVH RIILFLDO ZKR ZDV WKH VXEMHFW RI DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQEHLQJSXUVXHGE\DQLQGHSHQGHQWFRXQVHODSSRLQWHGXQGHUWKH(WKLFVLQ*RYHUQPHQW $FW ZDV LQIRUPHG WKDW WKH LQGHSHQGHQW FRXQVHO ZDV DERXW WR DVN WKH JUDQG MXU\ WR UHWXUQ DQ LQGLFWPHQW   )G   '& &LU    7KH QH[W GD\ KH EURXJKW D FLYLO DFWLRQ IRU GHFODUDWRU\ DQG LQMXQFWLYH UHOLHI WKDW ZRXOG VWD\ WKH SURVHFXWLRQ ZKLOH KH FKDOOHQJHG WKH FRQVWLWXWLRQDOLW\RIWKHLQGHSHQGHQWFRXQVHO¶VDXWKRULW\Id. DW±7KHWULDOFRXUWGHQLHGWKH PRWLRQIRUDSUHOLPLQDU\LQMXQFWLRQDQGWKH'&&LUFXLWDIILUPHGId. DW7KH&RXUWVDLG ³>H@YHQZHUHZHGLVSRVHGWRDJUHHHQWLUHO\ZLWKDSSHOODQW¶VFRQVWLWXWLRQDODUJXPHQWZHWKLQNKH KDVQRULJKWWRDQLQMXQFWLRQUHVWUDLQLQJDSHQGLQJLQGLFWPHQWLQDIHGHUDOFRXUW´Id. 7KH &RXUW TXRWHG WKH KROGLQJ LQ Younger v. Harris ³WKDW WKH µFRVW DQ[LHW\ DQG LQFRQYHQLHQFHRIKDYLQJWRGHIHQGDJDLQVWDVLQJOHFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQ¶DUHQRWUHFRJQL]HGDV LUUHSDUDEOHLQMXULHVMXVWLI\LQJDQHTXLWDEOHUHPHG\´Deaver )G DWTXRWLQJYounger 86DW,WREVHUYHGWKDW³>D@OWKRXJKLWLVVXUHO\WUXHWKDWDQLQQRFHQWSHUVRQPD\VXIIHU JUHDWKDUPWRKLVUHSXWDWLRQDQGSURSHUW\E\EHLQJHUURQHRXVO\DFFXVHGRIDFULPHDOOFLWL]HQV PXVWVXEPLWWRDFULPLQDOSURVHFXWLRQEURXJKWLQJRRGIDLWKVRWKDWODUJHUVRFLHWDOLQWHUHVWVPD\EH SUHVHUYHG´Id. 7KH&RXUWZHQWRQWRH[SODLQWKDWLWZDVIRUWKRVHUHDVRQVWKDW³WKH6XSUHPH&RXUW KDV XSKHOG IHGHUDO LQMXQFWLRQV WR UHVWUDLQ VWDWH FULPLQDO SURFHHGLQJV RQO\ ZKHUH WKH WKUHDWHQHG SURVHFXWLRQFKLOOHGH[HUFLVHRI)LUVW$PHQGPHQWULJKWV´Id.    7KH QH[W TXHVWLRQ WR EH UHVROYHG WKHQ ZDV ZKHWKHU WKH Younger SULQFLSOH VKRXOG EH DSSOLHGLQDIHGHUDOFDVHLQYROYLQJDIHGHUDOSURVHFXWLRQSee Deaver )G DW 7KH&RXUW DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDWLWKDGUHFHQWO\VWDWHGLQJuluke v. Hodel )G± '&&LU  WKDWWKHYounger GRFWULQHGLGQRWQHFHVVDULO\FRQWUROLQWKDWVLWXDWLRQDeaver )GDW %XWLWGLGQRWYLHZWKHREVHUYDWLRQLQJuluke DVDQLPSHGLPHQWWRGLVPLVVLQJ'HDYHU¶VFDVH 7KH&RXUWUHSRUWHGWKDWLWFRXOGILQGQRSULRUFDVHLQZKLFKDIHGHUDOFRXUWKDGHQMRLQHGDIHGHUDO SURVHFXWRU¶V LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RU SUHVHQWPHQW RI DQ LQGLFWPHQW  Id.  0RUH LPSRUWDQW WKH &RXUW UHFRJQL]HGWKDWDIHGHUDOGHIHQGDQWZLOOEHDIIRUGHGDQRSSRUWXQLW\XQGHU)HGHUDO5XOHRI&ULPLQDO 3URFHGXUH E WRPRYHWRGLVPLVVDQLQGLFWPHQWEDVHGRQGHIHFWVLQWKHSURVHFXWLRQId. DW ,WIRXQGWKDWWKHYHU\H[LVWHQFHRIWKHUXOHVXJJHVWHGWKDW'HDYHU¶VFKDOOHQJH³LVQRWWREHUDLVHG LQDSUHLQGLFWPHQWFLYLOLQMXQFWLYHDFWLRQ´Id. 7KLV LPSOLFDWLRQ LV VWUHQJWKHQHG E\ WKH WUDGLWLRQDO UHOXFWDQFHRI DQ HTXLW\ FRXUW WR LQWHUIHUH ZLWK FULPLQDO SURFHHGLQJV  $QG ZH WKLQN WKH OLPLWHG DSSHDODELOLW\ RI GLVWULFW FRXUW RUGHUV GHQ\LQJ SUHWULDO PRWLRQV LQ FULPLQDO FDVHV PDNHV WKH LPSOLFDWLRQ WKDW 'HDYHU FDQQRW EULQJ WKLV 5XOH  E  W\SHFODLPWRRXUFRXUWLQHVFDSDEOH Id. )RUDOORIWKHVHUHDVRQVWKH'&&LUFXLWFDPHWRDFOHDUDQGXQHTXLYRFDOFRQFOXVLRQ &RQJUHVV KDV HVWDEOLVKHG D FRPSUHKHQVLYH VHW RI UXOHV JRYHUQLQJ IHGHUDO FULPLQDO SURVHFXWLRQV ± WKH )HGHUDO 5XOHV RI &ULPLQDO 3URFHGXUH 7KHVH UXOHV SURYLGH DGHTXDWH DOWKRXJK OLPLWHG RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU GHIHQGDQWV WR FKDOOHQJH VKRUWFRPLQJV LQ SURVHFXWRULDO DXWKRULW\  :H FDQQRW DOORZ 'HDYHUWRDYRLGWKHVHUXOHV±DQGWKHUHE\HQFRXUDJHDIORRGRIGLVUXSWLYH FLYLOOLWLJDWLRQ±E\EULQJLQJKLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDOGHIHQVHLQDQLQGHSHQGHQW FLYLOVXLW Id. DW 0DQDIRUW¶VVLWXDWLRQIDOOVVTXDUHO\ZLWKLQWKHVFRSHRIWKLVUXOLQJSDUWLFXODUO\VLQFHKHKDV GLVDYRZHGDQ\LQWHUHVWLQVHHNLQJWKHGLVPLVVDORIWKHSHQGLQJLQGLFWPHQWVWKURXJKWKLVDFWLRQ /LNH'HDYHUKHLVVHHNLQJLQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIWRVWRSDQRQJRLQJLQYHVWLJDWLRQEDVHGRQDFRQFHUQ   WKDWKHPD\VXIIHUUHSXWDWLRQDOKDUPRUEHIRUFHGWRH[SHQGUHVRXUFHVLQKLVRZQGHIHQVHLQWKH IXWXUH  See id. DW ± 3O¶V 6XSSO 0HP RI /DZ 5HJDUGLQJ 6XEMHFW0DWWHU -XULVGLFWLRQ >'NW@ ³3O¶V6XSSO0HP´ DW ³:LWKRXWWKHUHOLHIVRXJKWE\&RXQW,0U0DQDIRUWZLOO FRQWLQXHWRIDFHWKHEUXQWRIWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHO¶Vultra vires DXWKRULW\LQFOXGLQJDGGLWLRQDOVHDUFK ZDUUDQWV VXESRHQDV DQG SRVVLEOH LQGLFWPHQWV 3RVWSRQLQJ UHYLHZ ZLOO WKXV UHVXOW LQ RQHURXV KDUGVKLSVIRU0U0DQDIRUW´ $QGDVLQDeaver SODLQWLII¶VUHTXHVWIRUUHOLHILVSUHGLFDWHGRQD FKDOOHQJHWRWKHOHJDOLW\RIWKHJUDQWRIDXWKRULW\WRWKHSURVHFXWRUSee Deaver)GDW &RPSOˆ0DQDIRUWGRHVQRWDOOHJHWKDWKLVDELOLW\WRH[HUFLVHDQ\FRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWZLOOEH LQIULQJHG ZKLOH DQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ SURFHHGV VR WKHUH LV QR EDVLV WR LQYRNH DQ H[FHSWLRQ WR WKH Younger SULQFLSOHSee Deaver )GDW $QGDUXOLQJRQWKHOHJLWLPDF\RIWKHSURVHFXWLRQ LQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKLVFLYLOFDVHZRXOGJLYHULVHWRWKHVDPHFRQFHUQVDERXWILQDOLW\DUWLFXODWHGE\ WKHDeaver &RXUW 0DQDIRUWDUJXHVWKDWKHLVPRUHVLPLODUWRWKHSODLQWLIIVZKRVHFDVHVZHQWIRUZDUGLQJuluke WKDQKHLVWR'HDYHU,QJuluke WKHUHZHUHWKUHHFDVHVFRQVROLGDWHGIRUUHYLHZE\WKH&RXUWRI $SSHDOVVHSDUDWHDSSHDOVE\WZRLQGLYLGXDOVZKRZHUHFULPLQDOO\FRQYLFWHGRIYLRODWLQJIHGHUDO UHJXODWLRQVJRYHUQLQJGHPRQVWUDWLRQVLQIURQWRIWKH:KLWH+RXVHDQGDQDSSHDORIDGLIIHUHQW WULDO FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ WR GHQ\ D WHPSRUDU\ UHVWUDLQLQJ RUGHU DQG HQWHU MXGJPHQW DJDLQVW WKRVH LQGLYLGXDOV DQG WZR RWKHUV LQ D FLYLO DFWLRQ VHHNLQJ WR HQMRLQ WKH HQIRUFHPHQW RI WKH VDPH UHJXODWLRQV LQ WKH IXWXUH   )G DW   7KH JRYHUQPHQW WRRN WKH SRVLWLRQ WKDW Younger VXSSOLHGJURXQGVIRUWKHGLVPLVVDORIWKHDSSHDORIWKHFLYLOFDVHUHO\LQJRQWKHJHQHUDOSULQFLSOH WKDWWKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHUHJXODWLRQVFRXOGEHGHFLGHGLQWKHFULPLQDOFDVHId.%XWWKH'&&LUFXLW UHMHFWHGWKDWDSSURDFKGLVWLQJXLVKLQJWKHFDVHEHIRUHLWIURPRQHLQYROYLQJDQDWWHPSWWRHQMRLQ DQRQJRLQJSURVHFXWLRQ   >7@KLVLVQRWWKHUHOLHIWKDWWKH>DSSHOODQWV@VRXJKW7KHDSSHOODQWVZLVKHG WR FRQWLQXH WKHLU GHPRQVWUDWLRQ RQ WKH :KLWH +RXVH VLGHZDON EXW IDFHG DOPRVWFHUWDLQSURVHFXWLRQLQWKHIXWXUHLIWKH\ZHUHWRGRVR7KXVWKH\ VRXJKWWRHQMRLQfuture DUUHVWVIRUYLRODWLRQVRIWKHUHJXODWLRQV7KH\ QHYHUVRXJKWWRHQMRLQWKHH[LVWLQJSURVHFXWLRQV1RUFRXOGDGMXGLFDWLRQRI WKHFULPLQDOFDVHVDIIRUGWKHPDGHTXDWHUHOLHI )GDW HPSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO 7KXVWKH&RXUWIRXQGWKDWLWZDVDSSURSULDWHIRUWKH ORZHUFRXUWWRFRQVLGHUWKHFODLPVIRULQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIDWOHDVWDVWRWKHWZRSURWHVWHUVZKRZHUH QRWDOUHDG\FULPLQDOO\FKDUJHGId.  7KHIDFWWKDW0DQDIRUWKDVQDUURZHGKLVDSSURDFKWRIRFXVRQO\RQ IXWXUH LQYHVWLJDWLYH VWHSVE\WKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOGRHVQRWFXUHWKHSUREOHPZLWKKLVFLYLOFRPSODLQWRUDOLJQKLPZLWK WKHJuluke FODLPDQWVSODQQLQJIXWXUHGHPRQVWUDWLRQV8QOLNHWKRVHLQGLYLGXDOV0DQDIRUWGRHVQRW DOOHJHWKDWKHIDFHVDFHUWDLQULVNLIKHHQJDJHVLQ IXWXUHFRQGXFWDQGKHFHUWDLQO\GRHVQRWDOOHJH WKDWKHZLOOIDFHSURVHFXWLRQLIKHHQJDJHVLQFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\SURWHFWHGFRQGXFW+LVFDVHLQYROYHV DQ DWWHPSW WR UHVWUDLQ WKH IXWXUH DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH SURVHFXWRU VR LW LV QRW DW DOODQDORJRXV WR WKH Juluke VLWXDWLRQ 0DQDIRUW DOVR GLUHFWV WKH &RXUW WR ODQJXDJH LQ WKH Juluke RSLQLRQ WKDW HPSKDVL]HV WKH LPSRUWDQFHRIFRQFHUQVRIIHGHUDOLVPWRWKHYounger GHFLVLRQ3O¶V2SSDWFLWLQJJuluke  )GDW ³Younger DWLWVFRUHLVDFDVHDERXWWKHSURSHUUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQIHGHUDODQG VWDWHFRXUWV´ %XWWKHJuluke RSLQLRQSUHGDWHGWKHDeaver RSLQLRQWKHDeaver &RXUWZDVSODLQO\ DZDUH RI WKRVH REVHUYDWLRQV see  )G DW  DQG VLQFH Deaver WKH '& &LUFXLW KDV EHHQ FRQVLVWHQWLQLWVWHDFKLQJWKDWYounger PD\EHDSSOLHGHYHQZKHUHQRLVVXHVFRQFHUQLQJVWDWHV¶ ULJKWVDUHDWVWDNH ,QJarkesy v. SEC)G '&&LU WKH&RXUWDIILUPHGWKHGLVPLVVDORID FLYLOODZVXLWVHHNLQJWRWHUPLQDWHDSHQGLQJ6(&DGPLQLVWUDWLYHHQIRUFHPHQWDFWLRQEURXJKWXQGHU WKH&RQVWLWXWLRQDQGWKH$GPLQLVWUDWLYH3URFHGXUH$FW7KH&RXUWZURWH   7UXHYoungerDEVWHQWLRQLVJURXQGHGLQFRQVLGHUDWLRQVRIIHGHUDOLVPQRW LPSOLFDWHG KHUH  %XW WKH UXOH GHULYHV IURP ³WKH EDVLF GRFWULQH RI HTXLW\ MXULVSUXGHQFHWKDWFRXUWVRIHTXLW\VKRXOGQRWDFWDQGSDUWLFXODUO\VKRXOG QRW DFW WR UHVWUDLQ D FULPLQDO SURVHFXWLRQ ZKHQ WKH PRYLQJ SDUW\ KDV DQ DGHTXDWHUHPHG\DWODZDQGZLOOQRWVXIIHULUUHSDUDEOHLQMXU\´ Id.DWTXRWLQJYounger 86DW±$QGLQIn re Al-Nashiri )G± '& &LU   cert. denied  6 &W    WKH &RXUW DIILUPHG WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V GHFLVLRQ WR GHQ\ D KDEHDV SHWLWLRQHU¶V PRWLRQ WR SUHOLPLQDULO\ HQMRLQ KLV XSFRPLQJ WULDO DV DQ ³HQHP\FRPEDWDQW´EHIRUHDPLOLWDU\FRPPLVVLRQDQGWRKROGKLVSHWLWLRQLQDEH\DQFHXQWLOWKH FULPLQDOWULDOZDVFRPSOHWH 7KH&RXUWTXRWHGDeaver DQGJarkesy DQGFRQFOXGHG³>W@KXVZKHUH WKHLVVXHWKHSHWLWLRQHUFKDOOHQJHVFDQEHOLWLJDWHGLQSUHWULDOPRWLRQVDQGUDLVHGDVDGHIHQVHDW WULDOIHGHUDOFRXUWVW\SLFDOO\UHTXLUHWKHSHWLWLRQHUWRQDYLJDWHWKDWSURFHVVLQVWHDGRIVNLUWLQJLW´ )GDW0DQDIRUWKDVSURYLGHGQRUHDVRQIRUWKH&RXUWWRGHYLDWHIURPWKHVHSULQFLSOHV VRKLVFLYLOFDVHZLOOEHGLVPLVVHG ,, &RXQW,XQGHUWKH$3$PXVWEHGLVPLVVHGVLQFHSODLQWLIIKDVDQDGHTXDWHUHPHG\DW ODZ  (YHQLIRQHIRFXVHVVROHO\RQWKHVWDWXWRU\EDVLVIRUSODLQWLII¶VFODLPUDWKHUWKDQHTXLWDEOH SULQFLSOHV&RXQW,IDLOVIRUYHU\VLPLODUUHDVRQV 7KH FULPLQDO PRWLRQV DQG WKH FLYLODFWLRQ VHHNGLIIHUHQW UHOLHI  WKH LQYDOLGDWLRQ RI SDVW DFWLRQ±WKHLQGLFWPHQW±RQWKHRQHKDQGDQGDEDURQIXWXUHDFWLRQRQWKHRWKHU%XWERWKDVN WKH&RXUWWRPDNHSUHFLVHO\WKHVDPHGHWHUPLQDWLRQWKDWWKHSURYLVLRQLQWKH$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHU DXWKRUL]LQJWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOWRSXUVXH³DQ\PDWWHUVWKDWDURVHRUPD\DULVHGLUHFWO\IURPWKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ´LVLQYDOLGDQGWKDWWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOKDVQRSRZHUWRLQYHVWLJDWH0DQDIRUWXQGHU WKDWSURYLVLRQ7KXVDVWKH&RXUWRI$SSHDOVREVHUYHGLQDeaver)GDW0DQDIRUWKDV   7KHYounger DEVWHQWLRQGRFWULQHZDVDOVRH[WHQGHGE\WKH6XSUHPH&RXUWWRWKHFRQWH[W RIPLOLWDU\FRXUWPDUWLDOSURFHHGLQJVLQSchlesinger v. Councilman 86±  QRWZLWKVWDQGLQJWKHDEVHQFHRIIHGHUDOLVPFRQFHUQV   DQ DGHTXDWHUHPHG\DWODZLQWKHIRUPRIKLV SHQGLQJPRWLRQVWR GLVPLVV RU IXWXUHPRWLRQVWR GLVPLVV DQG WKH ORQH UHPDLQLQJ FRXQW LQ WKH FLYLO FRPSODLQW ZLOO EH GLVPLVVHG EDVHG RQ WKLV HVVHQWLDOUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH$3$LQDGGLWLRQWRWKHYounger GRFWULQH 7KH$GPLQLVWUDWLYH3URFHGXUH$FWSURYLGHVIRUMXGLFLDOUHYLHZRI³ILQDODJHQF\DFWLRQ´ RQO\ZKHQ³WKHUHLVQRRWKHUDGHTXDWHUHPHG\LQDFRXUW´86&†7KLVVHFWLRQRIWKH $3$ ³UHIOHFWV &RQJUHVV¶ MXGJPHQW WKDW µWKH JHQHUDO JUDQW RI UHYLHZ LQ WKH $3$¶ RXJKW QRW µGXSOLFDWHH[LVWLQJSURFHGXUHVIRUUHYLHZRIDJHQF\DFWLRQ¶RUµSURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOMXGLFLDOUHPHGLHV LQVLWXDWLRQVZKHUH&RQJUHVVKDVSURYLGHGVSHFLDODQGDGHTXDWHUHYLHZSURFHGXUHV¶´Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Wash. (“CREW”) v. DOJ)G '&&LU  TXRWLQJBowen v. Massachusetts86    ³:KHQFRQVLGHULQJZKHWKHUDQDOWHUQDWLYHUHPHG\LVµDGHTXDWH¶DQGWKHUHIRUHSUHFOXVLYH RI$3$UHYLHZ´FRXUWVORRNIRU³µFOHDUDQGFRQYLQFLQJHYLGHQFH¶RIµOHJLVODWLYHLQWHQW¶WRFUHDWH DVSHFLDODOWHUQDWLYHUHPHG\DQGWKHUHE\EDU$3$UHYLHZ´CREW)GDWTXRWLQJ Garcia v. Vilsack  )G   '& &LU    ³)RU H[DPSOH ZKHUH &RQJUHVV KDV SURYLGHGµDQLQGHSHQGHQWFDXVHRIDFWLRQRUDQDOWHUQDWLYHUHYLHZSURFHGXUH¶´FRXUWVKDYH³IRXQG FOHDUPDUNHUVRIOHJLVODWLYHLQWHQWWRSUHFOXGH´CREW)GDWFLWLQJEl Rio Santa Cruz Neighborhood Health Ctr. v. HHS)G '&&LU 7KXVLQCREW WKH '& &LUFXLW KHOG WKDW WKH )UHHGRP RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ $FW ³)2,$´ RIIHUV DQ ³DGHTXDWH UHPHG\´ ZLWKLQWKHPHDQLQJRIVHFWLRQ³GHVSLWHVRPHPLVPDWFKEHWZHHQWKHUHOLHIVRXJKW´XQGHUWKH $3$DQG³WKHUHOLHIDYDLODEOH´XQGHU)2,$)GDW %XW³>D@QDOWHUQDWLYHUHPHG\ZLOOQRWEHDGHTXDWHXQGHU†LIWKHUHPHG\RIIHUVRQO\ µGRXEWIXODQGOLPLWHGUHOLHI¶´Garcia)GDWTXRWLQJBowen86DW$QGVR LQWKH Bowen FDVHWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHDELOLW\WRREWDLQPRQHWDU\UHOLHILQWKH   8QLWHG6WDWHV&ODLPV&RXUWZDVQRWWKHNLQGRI³µVSHFLDODQGDGHTXDWHUHYLHZSURFHGXUH¶WKDWZLOO RXVWDGLVWULFWFRXUWRIMXULVGLFWLRQXQGHUWKH$3$´VLQFHUHYLHZDELOLW\RIDGHFLVLRQE\WKH &ODLPV&RXUWZDV³GRXEWIXO´DQGWKH&ODLPV&RXUWODFNHGHTXLWDEOHSRZHUVWRJUDQWSURVSHFWLYH UHOLHI86DW± 7KH '& &LUFXLW KDV HPSKDVL]HG WKDW EHFDXVH VHFWLRQ  RQO\ UHTXLUHV DQ DGHTXDWH DOWHUQDWLYH³µWKHDOWHUQDWLYHUHPHG\QHHGQRWSURYLGHUHOLHIidenticalWRUHOLHIXQGHUWKH$3$¶LQ RUGHUWRKDYHSUHFOXVLYHHIIHFW´CREW)GDW HPSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO TXRWLQJGarcia  )G DW   5DWKHU DQ DOWHUQDWLYH UHPHG\ QHHG RQO\ RIIHU UHOLHI RI ³WKH VDPH JHQUH´ WR SUHFOXGH$3$UHYLHZEl Rio)GDWsee CREW)GDW GLVPLVVLQJ$3$ FODLPHYHQWKRXJKUHOLHIXQGHU)2,$ZDVQRWWKHVDPHDVUHOLHIXQGHUWKH$3$ Garcia)G DW DIILUPLQJWKHGLVPLVVDORIDQ$3$FODLPLQSDUWEHFDXVHWKHDOWHUQDWLYHUHPHG\RIIHUHG ³GHFODUDWRU\DQGLQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIDJDLQVWWKHDJHQF\LWVHOILQDGGLWLRQWRPRQH\GDPDJHV´ZKLFK ZDVVXSHULRUWRUHOLHIWKDWFRXOGEHREWDLQHGXQGHUWKH$3$   7KXV ³>W@KH UHOHYDQW TXHVWLRQ XQGHU WKH $3$    LV QRW ZKHWKHU´ RQH ODZVXLW LV ³DV HIIHFWLYHDVDQ$3$ODZVXLW´EXWZKHWKHUWKHUHPHG\SURYLGHGWKURXJKDOWHUQDWLYHOHJDOPHDQVLV DGHTXDWHGarcia)GDW +HUH WKH )HGHUDO 5XOHV RI &ULPLQDO 3URFHGXUH RIIHU SODLQWLIISUHFLVHO\WKHNLQGRIDOWHUQDWLYHUHOLHIWKDWSUHFOXGHVGXSOLFDWLYH$3$UHYLHZ   7KHGarcia &RXUWREVHUYHGWKDWDQDFWLRQIRUGLVFULPLQDWLRQ³DJDLQVWLQGLYLGXDOVPD\EH DGHTXDWHHYHQLIVXFKDFWLRQVµFDQQRWUHGUHVVWKHV\VWHPLFODJVDQGODSVHVE\IHGHUDOPRQLWRUV¶ DQGHYHQLIVXFKVXLWVPD\EHOHVVHIIHFWLYHLQSURYLGLQJV\VWHPLFUHOLHI>@WKDQFRQWLQXLQJ MXGLFLDORYHUVLJKW´)GDWTXRWLQJWomen’s Equity Action League v. Cavazos)G  '&&LU ³7KLVLVEHFDXVHµVLWXDWLRQVSHFLILFOLWLJDWLRQDIIRUGVDQDGHTXDWH HYHQ LI LPSHUIHFW UHPHG\¶´  Id. TXRWLQJ Women’s Equity Action League  )G DW  H[SODLQLQJWKDWWKLUGSDUW\VXLWVDUHDQDGHTXDWHUHPHG\IRUDOOHJHGYLFWLPVRIVWDWXWRU\YLRODWLRQV VXFKDVGLVFULPLQDWLRQEHFDXVHWKH\SURYLGHUHOLHI³RIWKHVDPHJHQUH´DVWKDWRIIHUHGE\DQ$3$ FODLP     )HGHUDO5XOHRI&ULPLQDO3URFHGXUH E  SHUPLWVDGHIHQGDQWWRILOHDPRWLRQWRGLVPLVV KLVLQGLFWPHQWEDVHGRQ³DGHIHFWLQLQVWLWXWLQJWKHSURVHFXWLRQ´)HG5&ULP3 E  $  %HFDXVH0DQDIRUWLVFXUUHQWO\DGHIHQGDQWLQDSHQGLQJFULPLQDOFDVHEHIRUHWKH&RXUWKHKDVEHHQ JUDQWHGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WREULQJDPRWLRQFKDOOHQJLQJKLVSURVHFXWLRQDQGKHKDVDOUHDG\H[HUFLVHG WKDWULJKWE\ILOLQJDPRWLRQDGYDQFLQJWKHYHU\FRQFHUQVVHWIRUWKLQWKHLQVWDQWFRPSODLQW7KDW PRWLRQKDVEHHQIXOO\EULHIHGDQGLWZDVDUJXHGEHIRUHWKLV&RXUWRQ$SULO  3ODLQWLIIDUJXHVWKDWWKHPRWLRQKHILOHGLQKLVFULPLQDOFDVHGRHVQRWSURYLGHDQDGHTXDWH UHPHG\DWODZEHFDXVHWKHFULPLQDOUXOHVGRQRWFRQWHPSODWHSURVSHFWLYHUHOLHIDQG³GRQRWSURYLGH DQ\PHFKDQLVPWRDGGUHVVWKHSRWHQWLDOO\SHUSHWXDOH[HUFLVHRIultra vires DXWKRULW\´3O¶V2SS DW+HPDLQWDLQVWKDWKHVKRXOGEHSHUPLWWHGWRSXUVXHWKLVSDUDOOHOFLYLODFWLRQEHFDXVHWKH ³EURDGHVWUHOLHIWKDW>KH@FRXOGVHFXUHLQWKHSHQGLQJFULPLQDOVXLWDJDLQVWKLPLVGLVPLVVDORIWKDW VLQJOHSURFHHGLQJ´Id.   %XWDVWKHDXWKRULWLHVVHWIRUWKDERYHGHPRQVWUDWHWKHODZGRHVQRWUHTXLUHWKDWDFODLPDQW PXVWEHDEOHWRREWDLQDQLGHQWLFDOUHPHG\HOVHZKHUHDVORQJDVWKHOHJDODYHQXHDYDLODEOHWRKLP SURYLGHVDQ³DGHTXDWH´RQH)XUWKHUWKHUHLVQR³\DZQLQJJDS´EHWZHHQWKHUHOLHI5XOHDIIRUGV DQGWKHUHOLHISODLQWLIIVHHNVXQGHUWKH$3$See CREW)GDW ,IWKH&RXUWJUDQWV 0DQDIRUW¶V PRWLRQ WR WKH GLVPLVV WKH LQGLFWPHQW LQ WKH FULPLQDO FDVH RQ WKH JURXQGV WKDW WKH $SSRLQWPHQW 2UGHU H[FHHGHG WKH $FWLQJ $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO¶V DXWKRULW\ 0DQDIRUW ZLOO KDYH DFKLHYHGWKHSULPDU\REMHFWLYHRIWKLVODZVXLWWKHLVVXDQFHRIDQRUGHUWRWKDWHIIHFWSee 7UDW  ³%XW,GRNQRZLI,JHWDQRUGHUKHUHDQG\RXVD\WKDWWKHMXULVGLFWLRQDVH[HUFLVHGWRGDWHLV EH\RQGWKHVFRSHRIWKHDSSRLQWPHQWRUGHUDQGLQYLRODWLRQRIWKHUHJVQRZZHKDYHVRPHWKLQJLQ KDQG WR JR DQG VWRS WKH VSHFLDO FRXQVHO ZKHQ WKH\ LVVXH D JUDQG MXU\ VXESRHQD LQ DQ RQJRLQJ   LQYHVWLJDWLRQZHFDQPRYHWRTXDVK:H¶OOKDYHDQRUGHUWKDWVD\VWKHVFRSHKDVEHHQH[FHHGHG DQGWKDWLVWKHGLIIHUHQFH´  )XUWKHUPRUH 0DQDIRUW DFNQRZOHGJHV WKDW LI WKH 6SHFLDO &RXQVHO SXUVXHV DGGLWLRQDO FKDUJHVDJDLQVWKLPXQGHUWKHFKDOOHQJHGSRUWLRQRIWKH$SSRLQWPHQW2UGHULQWKHIXWXUHKHZLOO KDYHWKHDELOLW\WRFKDOOHQJHWKRVHSURVHFXWLRQVLQGLYLGXDOO\See 3O¶V2SSDW:KLOHDVHULHV RI RUGHUV GLVPLVVLQJ RQH LQGLFWPHQW DW D WLPH LV D GLIIHUHQW IRUP RI UHOLHI WKDQ D EODQNHW RUGHU HQMRLQLQJDOOIXWXUHSURVHFXWLRQVWKHUHPHGLHVDUHFHUWDLQO\³RIWKHVDPHJHQUH´ ,,, ,WDSSHDUVWKDWWKH&RXUWODFNVVXEMHFWPDWWHUMXULVGLFWLRQRYHUWKHRQO\SRUWLRQRI WKHFRPSODLQWSODLQWLIIKDVDVNHGLWWRFRQVLGHU )LQDOO\WKH&RXUWQRWHVWKDWLWLVQRWDWDOOFOHDUWKDWWKHUHLVDFDVHRUFRQWURYHUV\WREH KHDUGLQ WKHZDNHRIWKHVXUJHU\WKDWSODLQWLIIKDVSHUIRUPHGRQ KLV RZQ FRPSODLQW  7KHRQO\ DVSHFW RI WKLV FDVH WKDW LV OHIW VWDQGLQJ LV 0DQDIRUW¶V HIIRUW WR IRUHVWDOO XQVSHFLILHG DQG DV \HW XQNQRZQIXWXUHGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOLQYHVWLJDWLRQDQGDFODLPRI WKDWQDWXUH ZKHUHWKHKDUPLVSXUHO\VSHFXODWLYHUDLVHVVLJQLILFDQWVWDQGLQJDQGULSHQHVVLVVXHV 7KHUHZDVQRTXHVWLRQWKDWWKH&RXUWKDGVXEMHFWPDWWHUMXULVGLFWLRQRYHU&RXQW,RIWKH FRPSODLQWDWWKHWLPHLWZDVILOHGDQGSODLQWLIIKDVQRWILOHGDQDPHQGHGFRPSODLQW%XWDIWHU SODLQWLIIWUXQFDWHGKLVDFWLRQDWWKHKHDULQJWKH&RXUWLQYLWHGWKHSDUWLHVWRVXEPLWVXSSOHPHQWDO PHPRUDQGD ³DGGUHVVLQJ WKH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU WKH &RXUW KDV VXEMHFW PDWWHU MXULVGLFWLRQ RYHU &RXQW,QRZWKDWSODLQWLIIKDVZLWKGUDZQDQ\FODLPVIRUGHFODUDWRU\RULQMXQFWLYHUHOLHIUHODWLQJWR   &RXQW,,ZKLFKSODLQWLIIKDVZLWKGUDZQZRXOGKDYHIDLOHGIRUODFNRIWKHVXEMHFWPDWWHU MXULVGLFWLRQUHTXLUHGEHIRUHDIHGHUDOFRXUWPD\KHDUDFDVHVLQFHLWZDVSUHGLFDWHGVROHO\RQWKH 'HFODUDWRU\-XGJPHQW$FWZKLFKGRHVQRWVXSSO\DQLQGHSHQGHQWEDVLVIRUIHGHUDOMXULVGLFWLRQAli v. Rumsfeld)G '&&LU  GLVPLVVLQJSODLQWLIIV¶FODLPXQGHUWKH'HFODUDWRU\ -XGJPHQW$FWEHFDXVHWKH\KDG³QRWDOOHJHGDFRJQL]DEOHFDXVHRIDFWLRQDQGWKHUHIRUHKD>G@QR EDVLVXSRQZKLFKWRVHHNGHFODUDWRU\UHOLHI´VLQFHWKH$FWGRHVQRW³SURYLGHDFDXVHRIDFWLRQ´RU DQ³LQGHSHQGHQWVRXUFHRIIHGHUDOMXULVGLFWLRQ´ TXRWLQJC&E Servs., Inc. of Wash. v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth.)G '&&LU    WKHSHQGLQJLQGLFWPHQWVDQGKHVHHNVSURVSHFWLYHUHOLHILQFOXGLQJDQRUGHUµHQMRLQLQJWKH6SHFLDO &RXQVHO¶V IXWXUH ultra vires H[HUFLVH RI DXWKRULW\ XQGHU¶ WKH $SSRLQWPHQW 2UGHU´  0LQ 2UGHU $SU  )HGHUDOFRXUWVDUHFRXUWVRIOLPLWHGMXULVGLFWLRQDQGWKHODZSUHVXPHVWKDW³DFDXVHOLHV RXWVLGHWKLVOLPLWHGMXULVGLFWLRQ´Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am.86   FLWDWLRQRPLWWHG see also Gen. Motors Corp. v. EPA)G '&&LU  ³$VDFRXUWRIOLPLWHGMXULVGLFWLRQZHEHJLQDQGHQGZLWKDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIRXUMXULVGLFWLRQ´  ³>6@XEMHFWPDWWHUMXULVGLFWLRQPD\QRWEHZDLYHGDQGFRXUWVPD\UDLVHWKHLVVXHsua sponte´ NetworkIP, LLC v. FCC)G '&&LU TXRWLQJAthens Cmty. Hosp., Inc. v. Schweiker)G '&&LU 7KXV)HGHUDO5XOHRI&LYLO3URFHGXUH K   SURYLGHVWKDWDGLVWULFWFRXUWPXVWGLVPLVVDFRPSODLQWZKHQLWLVHYLGHQWWKDWLWODFNVVXEMHFWPDWWHU MXULVGLFWLRQ)HG5&LY3 K   ³7RVWDWHDFDVHRUFRQWURYHUV\XQGHU$UWLFOH,,,DSODLQWLIIPXVWHVWDEOLVKVWDQGLQJ´Ariz. Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn86  FLWLQJAllen v. Wright86    see also Lujan86DW6WDQGLQJLVDQHFHVVDU\SUHGLFDWHWRDQ\H[HUFLVH RIIHGHUDOMXULVGLFWLRQDQGLILWLVODFNLQJWKHQWKHGLVSXWHLVQRWDSURSHUFDVHRUFRQWURYHUV\XQGHU $UWLFOH,,,DQGIHGHUDOFRXUWVKDYHQRVXEMHFWPDWWHUMXULVGLFWLRQWRGHFLGHWKHFDVHDominguez v. UAL Corp.)G '&&LU 7KHSODLQWLIIEHDUVWKHEXUGHQRIHVWDEOLVKLQJ VWDQGLQJLujan86DWDQGKHPXVWGHPRQVWUDWHWKDW  KHKDVVXIIHUHGDQ³LQMXU\LQ IDFW´  WKHLQMXU\LV³IDLUO\WUDFHDEOHWRWKHFKDOOHQJHGDFWLRQRIWKHGHIHQGDQW´DQG  LWLV ³OLNHO\DVRSSRVHGWRPHUHO\VSHFXODWLYHWKDWWKHLQMXU\ZLOOEHUHGUHVVHGE\DIDYRUDEOHGHFLVLRQ´ Lujan  86 DW ± TXRWLQJ Simon v. E. Ky. Welfare Rights Org.  86  ±     LQWHUQDOHGLWVRPLWWHG see also Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. Inc. 86±   7R DOOHJH WKH ILUVW HOHPHQW RI VWDQGLQJ LQMXU\LQIDFW D SODLQWLII PXVW VKRZ WKDW KH KDV ³VXIIHUHG µDQ LQYDVLRQ RI D OHJDOO\ SURWHFWHG LQWHUHVW¶ WKDW LV µFRQFUHWH DQG SDUWLFXODUL]HG¶ DQG µDFWXDORULPPLQHQWQRWFRQMHFWXUDORUK\SRWKHWLFDO¶´Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins6&W   TXRWLQJLujan86DW,QDFDVHDOOHJLQJIXWXUHKDUPWKLVPHDQVWKDWWKH ³WKUHDWHQHGLQMXU\PXVWEHcertainly impendingWRFRQVWLWXWHLQMXU\LQIDFW´Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA86   HPSKDVLVLQRULJLQDO TXRWLQJWhitmore v. Arkansas 86   see also Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin.)G   '& &LU   REVHUYLQJ WKDW WKH LQMXU\ PXVW EH ³FHUWDLQO\ LPSHQGLQJ DQG LPPHGLDWH±QRWUHPRWHVSHFXODWLYHFRQMHFWXUDORUK\SRWKHWLFDO´  :KLOH0DQDIRUWKDVLGHQWLILHGKDUPKHKDVVXIIHUHGE\YLUWXHRIWKHLQGLFWPHQWVWKDWDUH DOUHDG\ SHQGLQJsee 3O¶V6XSSO0HPDWQRZWKDW KHLVQRW SUHGLFDWLQJ KLV FODLPRQ WKRVH HYHQWVEXWUDWKHURQZKDWPLJKWEHIDOOKLPLQWKHIXWXUHLWGRHVQRWDSSHDUWKDWKHKDVLGHQWLILHG DQ\KDUPWKDWLVDFWXDORULPPLQHQWDQGQRWK\SRWKHWLFDO,QGHHGWKHUHDUHQRIDFWXDODOOHJDWLRQV LQWKHFRPSODLQWUHODWHGWRSRVVLEOHIXWXUHSURVHFXWLRQV 3ODLQWLIIOLNHQVKLPVHOIWRWKHJuluke SODLQWLIIVEXWWKLVFDVHGRHVQRWDOOHJHWKDW0DQDIRUW¶V RZQFRQGXFWZLOOEHFKLOOHGLQDQ\ZD\E\WKHSRVVLELOLW\RIIXWXUHSURVHFXWLRQCompare Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus  6 &W  ±   KROGLQJ WKDW WKH SODLQWLIIV HVWDEOLVKHG VWDQGLQJ E\ DOOHJLQJ WKHLU LQWHQW WR HQJDJH LQ SROLWLFDO VSHHFK ZKLFK ZDV DUJXDEO\ SURVFULEHGE\VWDWXWHDQGWKHVXEVWDQWLDOWKUHDWRIIXWXUHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDQGFULPLQDOHQIRUFHPHQW   7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW KDV REVHUYHG WKDW LQ VRPH LQVWDQFHV VWDQGLQJ PD\ EH HVWDEOLVKHG ³EDVHGRQDµVXEVWDQWLDOULVN¶WKDWWKHKDUPZLOORFFXU´Clapper86DWQ    RIWKHVWDWXWHDJDLQVWWKHP DQGMedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.86±   FRQFOXGLQJ WKDW D OLFHQVHH ZDV QRW UHTXLUHG WR WHUPLQDWH RU EUHDFK OLFHQVH DJUHHPHQW SULRU WR VHHNLQJGHFODUDWRU\MXGJPHQWRISDWHQWLQYDOLGLW\EHFDXVHDOLYHFDVHRUFRQWURYHUV\H[LVWHGGXH WRWKHIDFWWKDWLWVDFWLRQVZHUH³HIIHFWLYHO\FRHUFHG´ with Clapper86DW ILQGLQJWKDW UHVSRQGHQWV¶WKHRU\RIIXWXUHLQMXU\ZDVWRRVSHFXODWLYHWRVDWLVI\WKHUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWWKUHDWHQHG LQMXU\PXVWEH³FHUWDLQO\LPSHQGLQJ´EHFDXVHWKHFKDOOHQJHGVWDWXWHDWPRVW³DXWKRUL]HV±EXWGRHV QRWPDQGDWHRUGLUHFW±WKHVXUYHLOODQFHWKDWUHVSRQGHQWVIHDU´VRUHVSRQGHQWV¶DOOHJDWLRQV³DUH QHFHVVDULO\FRQMHFWXUDO´ DQGUnited Presbyterian Church v. Reagan)G± '&&LU  GHWHUPLQLQJWKDWSODLQWLIIVKDGQRVWDQGLQJZKHUHWKHFKDOOHQJHGSROLF\³LVVXHV QRFRPPDQGVRUSURKLELWLRQVDQGVHWVIRUWKQRVWDQGDUGVJRYHUQLQJ>SULYDWH@FRQGXFW´  $QGHYHQLI0DQDIRUWFDQRYHUFRPHWKHIDLUO\ORZWKUHVKROGRIWKHLQMXU\LQIDFWLQTXLU\ DQDFWLRQWKDWLVOLPLWHGWRIXWXUHDFWLRQE\WKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOFDQKDUGO\EHGHHPHGWREHULSH ³7KHULSHQHVVGRFWULQHJHQHUDOO\GHDOVZLWKZKHQDIHGHUDOFRXUWFDQRUVKRXOGGHFLGHDFDVH3DUW RIWKHGRFWULQHLVVXEVXPHGLQWRWKH$UWLFOH,,,UHTXLUHPHQWRIVWDQGLQJZKLFKUHTXLUHVDSHWLWLRQHU WRDOOHJHinter aliaDQLQMXU\LQIDFWWKDWLVµLPPLQHQW¶RUµFHUWDLQO\LPSHQGLQJ¶´Am. Petroleum Inst. v. EPA)G '&&LU see also Lujan86DW KROGLQJLQMXU\ LQIDFWPXVWEH³DFWXDORULPPLQHQW´ %XW³>H@YHQLIDFDVHLVµFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ULSH¶WKHUH PD\DOVREHµSUXGHQWLDOUHDVRQVIRUUHIXVLQJWRH[HUFLVHMXULVGLFWLRQ¶´Am. Petroleum Inst. )GDWTXRWLQJNat’l Park Hosp. Ass’n v. Dep’t of Interior86  $V WKH'&&LUFXLWKDVH[SODLQHG 7KHIXQGDPHQWDOSXUSRVHRIWKHULSHQHVVGRFWULQHLV³WRSUHYHQWWKHFRXUWV WKURXJKDYRLGDQFHRISUHPDWXUHDGMXGLFDWLRQIURPHQWDQJOLQJWKHPVHOYHV LQDEVWUDFWGLVDJUHHPHQWVRYHUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHSROLFLHVDQGDOVRWRSURWHFW WKHDJHQFLHVIURPMXGLFLDOLQWHUIHUHQFHXQWLODQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGHFLVLRQKDV EHHQ IRUPDOL]HG DQG LWVHIIHFWV IHOWLQ D FRQFUHWH ZD\ E\WKH FKDOOHQJLQJ SDUWLHV´   Sprint Corp. v. FCC)G '&&LU TXRWLQJNat’l Park Hosp. Ass’n 86DW±  :KLOHWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDODVSHFWRIULSHQHVVPD\LQYROYHWKHVDPHLPSHQGLQJLQMXU\LQIDFW UHTXLUHPHQWWKDWLVQHFHVVDU\IRUVWDQGLQJWKHSUXGHQWLDODVSHFWRIULSHQHVVUHTXLUHVPRUHDFRXUW PXVW³EDODQFH>@µWKHILWQHVVRIWKHLVVXHVIRUMXGLFLDOGHFLVLRQDQGWKHKDUGVKLSWRWKHSDUWLHVRI ZLWKKROGLQJFRXUWFRQVLGHUDWLRQ¶´Nat’l Treasury Emps. Union v. United States)G ± '&&LU TXRWLQJAbbott Labs. v. Gardner86  7KHILWQHVV RIDQLVVXHIRUMXGLFLDOGHFLVLRQGHSHQGVRQZKHWKHUWKHUHDUH³FRQWLQJHQWIXWXUHHYHQWVWKDWPD\ QRWRFFXUDVDQWLFLSDWHGRULQGHHGPD\QRWRFFXUDWDOO´Thomas v. Union Carbide Agric. Prods. Co.86±  TXRWLQJ$&KDUOHV$ODQ:ULJKWHWDOFederal Practice and Procedure† GHG see Nat’l Treasury Emps. Union)GDW KROGLQJWKDW WKH FDVH ZDV QRW ³ILW>@ IRU MXGLFLDO UHYLHZ´ EHFDXVH WKH IDFWV XSRQ ZKLFK WKH FDVH¶V UHVROXWLRQ GHSHQGHGZHUHQRW³IXOO\FU\VWDOL]HG´  FLWDWLRQRPLWWHG see also Sprint Corp.)GDW ³)LWQHVVRIWKHLVVXHVIRUMXGLFLDOGHFLVLRQLVPRUHOLNHO\WREHIRXQGZKHUHµWKHLVVXHWHQGHUHGLV DSXUHO\OHJDORQH¶´ TXRWLQJAbbott Labs.86DW 6LQFHLWLVQRWFOHDUDWWKLVSRLQWZKDWDFWLRQVLIDQ\WKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHOZLOOWDNHZLWK UHVSHFWWR0DQDIRUWDQGZKHWKHUWKRVHIXWXUHDFWLRQVZLOOEHVXEMHFWWRDWWDFNIRUWKHVDPHUHDVRQV VHWIRUWKLQWKHFRPSODLQWSUXGHQWLDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVZHLJKDJDLQVWKHDULQJDQDFWLRQWRSURKLELW WKHPQRZ      )RUDOORIWKHVHUHDVRQV0DQDIRUW¶VFLYLOFDVHZLOOEHGLVPLVVHGDQGKLVFRQFHUQVUHJDUGLQJ WKH6SHFLDO&RXQVHO¶VLQYHVWLJDWLRQZLOOEHWDNHQXSLQWKHFULPLQDOFDVH $VHSDUDWHRUGHUZLOOLVVXH     $0<%(50$1-$&.621 8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW-XGJH '$7($SULO