In Re: The Matter of the Involuntary Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of J.B. and A.H. Minor Children, C.B. (Father) v. Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Apr 30 2018, 8:35 am

regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, C.B. ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Steven J. Halbert Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana

Katherine A. Cornelius
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT, H.B.
Deputy Attorney General
Danielle Sheff Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In Re: The Matter of the April 30, 2018
Involuntary Termination of the Court of Appeals Case No.
Parent-Child Relationship of J.B. 49A05-1711-JT-2602
and A.H. Minor Children, Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
C.B. (Father), The Honorable Marilyn Moores,
H.B. (Mother), Judge
Appellants-Respondents, The Honorable Larry Bradley,
Magistrate
v. Trial Court Cause No.
49D09-1608-JT-1015
Indiana Department of Child 49D09-1608-JT-1016
Services,

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 Appellee-Petitioner.

And,

Child Advocates, Inc.

Appellee-Guardian ad Litem.

Barnes, Judge.

Case Summary
[1] H.B. (“Mother”) and C.B. (“Father”) appeal the termination of their parental

rights to their children. We affirm.

Issue
[2] The restated issue before us is whether there is sufficient evidence to support the

termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights.

Facts
[3] Mother is the mother of K.J., born in 2000, J.B., born in 2005, and A.H., born

in 2007. Father is the father of J.B. only. Mother had no contact with Father

after J.B.’s conception until 2011, when J.B. began asking who his father was.

Mother located Father on Facebook. Six weeks after reestablishing contact,

Mother and Father married.

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[4] In 2012, the Marion County Office of the Department of Child Services

(“DCS”) filed a petition alleging that K.J., J.B., and A.H. were children in need

of services (“CHINS”) because the apartment where the family was living was

uninhabitable and they had no lease to live there legally. There was no running

water in the apartment, and the family was using the kitchen sink as a urinal

and defecating into a hole in the floor. DCS dismissed this CHINS petition a

few months later when Mother moved into a Salvation Army shelter with the

children.

[5] After briefly living in the shelter, the family moved in with Mother’s

grandparents in Danville. Both grandparents had died by August 2014, and the

family thereafter moved into a rental house in Indianapolis with Mother’s aunt.

Five or six months later, the family was facing eviction because the aunt had

moved out and Mother and Father could not afford the rent on their own.

[6] Additionally, in 2013, Father started being frequently abusive, mentally and

physically, to Mother. Although Father never directly harmed the children,

they did sometimes witness the abuse. In 2013, Father was convicted of Class

A misdemeanor domestic battery. He violated probation for this offense when

he failed to complete domestic violence counseling.

[7] On May 12, 2015, DCS filed a CHINS petition, alleging not only that the

family was about to be evicted, but also that the house in which they were living

was uninhabitable anyway. Specifically, the home lacked running water and

electricity, it was cluttered with trash and debris, it smelled like dog feces and

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 rotting food, and there was vomit on the floor and bedding. On June 10, 2015,

Mother and Father admitted that the children were CHINS. A.H. was placed

with Mother’s friend and J.B. was placed in foster care. K.J. eventually was

placed in a boarding school in Pennsylvania.

[8] Mother was referred to service providers to assist her with maintaining

employment and appropriate housing. From the fall of 2015 to January 2016,

Mother lived with various friends and relatives or was homeless. In January

2016, Mother temporarily lived at a domestic violence shelter. She left the

shelter and moved into a motel but again had periods of homelessness—

sleeping in parks or abandoned buildings. By April 2016, Mother was able to

obtain an apartment, although it turned out to be bug-infested and in a high-

crime area.

[9] Mother and Father continued living together until September 2016, although

frequent domestic violence incidents continued to occur. Mother did not

always report these incidents to police. However, on September 22, 2016,

Father was charged with several acts of violence against Mother. In December

2016, Father pled guilty to Level 6 felony strangulation and to being an habitual

offender.

[10] In October 2016, Mother was evicted from her apartment; she claims the

eviction was due to damage Father had caused to the apartment during the

incident leading to his arrest and conviction. Thereafter, Mother returned to

living with friends or in motels, with periods of homelessness. At the beginning

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 of August 2017, Mother informed her DCS caseworker that she still did not

have housing. However, later that month Mother produced a lease for a house

purportedly executed on August 1, 2017. The property was actually being

rented by Mother’s mother, supposedly under a rent-to-own arrangement with

the property owner, thus making Mother a sublessee. The home did not have a

kitchen.

[11] Mother’s employment during the CHINS proceedings was sporadic. She

worked for approximately two months at Hardee’s in 2015 and quit due to

transportation issues. She worked for approximately six months at a retirement

center in 2016, but she did not make enough there to pay all her bills and feed

herself. She worked for a few weeks at a Taco Bell in March 2017 and

thereafter began working again at Hardee’s, where she continued to be

employed in August 2017. At that time she also was working part-time for a

special events company.

[12] Mother also has a history of mental illness, particularly severe depression and

self-harming. She was ordered to undergo a psychological exam at the outset of

the CHINS proceedings, but she did not complete one until May 2017, because

she did not think she needed one and because Father told her that he was her

“therapist.” Tr. Vol. II p. 117. Mother was hospitalized in Spring 2017 after a

stranger called 911 to report overhearing her saying she wanted to commit

suicide. She thereafter was prescribed two antidepressants and began

counseling. However, by July 2017, Mother had stopped taking the medication

and was no longer attending counseling.

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[13] Although Mother appeared to be bonded with her children and generally

behaved appropriately during supervised visitation, that visitation was

suspended in February 2016 after an incident in which Mother became angry

during a visit and began throwing things. Visits were resumed in December

2016 but again suspended in March 2017 due to a large number of missed visits.

Also, one of Mother’s counselors stopped meeting in private with Mother after

Mother said during a phone call that she was going to need to murder

somebody in order to visit her children.

[14] Father never completed a domestic violence program, either through his

criminal cases or through DCS referral. He objected to one of Mother’s

counselors because he was a man and claimed the counselor was giving Mother

gifts. Father’s plea agreement to strangulation provided for a year of probation

and two years on community corrections. However, the community

corrections placement was revoked in March 2017, resulting in approximately

six months of incarceration. As with Mother, his housing and employment

were unstable and inconsistent throughout the CHINS proceedings. He did not

maintain consistent contact or visitation with J.B., and Father and J.B. did not

appear to have a close bond.

[15] In August 2016, DCS began proceedings to terminate Mother’s parental rights

to A.H. and J.B. and Father’s parental rights to J.B. 1 The trial court held fact-

1
DCS did not seek termination of Mother’s parental rights as to K.J. The parental rights of A.H.’s father
were terminated in a separate proceeding, and he is not a party to this appeal.

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 finding hearings on June 6 and August 23, 2017. Father did not appear at the

June hearing. Mother testified at that hearing that she had sought advice from

Legal Aid about divorcing Father and was told that she should wait until after

the termination proceedings were over to pursue such an action.2 At the August

hearing, Father denied having ever battered Mother, despite his convictions for

doing just that, which were the result of guilty pleas. He also testified at that

hearing that he anticipated being released from jail in twenty-six days and that

he planned to work thereafter through his probation department. He also said

that he planned to live with relatives after his release but there were no details

regarding the nature of that housing.

[16] DCS presented evidence that A.H. and J.B. were currently living in separate,

pre-adoptive foster homes. The children were bonded with their foster parents

and the other children in those homes; the foster homes were stable and safe

and the foster parents were providing for the children’s medical and educational

needs. The foster parents also facilitated sibling visitation between A.H. and

J.B.

On October 17, 2017, the trial court entered its order terminating Mother’s and

Father’s parental rights. The trial court found, among other things:

29. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the children’s removal and continued placement
outside the home will not be remedied by their mother. For over

2
A counselor recalled that cost was the barrier to Mother’s moving forward with a divorce.

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 two years [Mother] has been offered services designed to remedy
conditions including mental health and instability issues but has
been unable or unwilling to benefit and progress toward
reunification.

30. There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of
the parent-child relationship between the children and their
mother poses a threat to the children’s well-being as it would be a
barrier to moving the children forward to permanency.

*****

44. There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in [J.B.’s] removal and continued placement outside the
home will not be remedied by his father. [Father] has been
unable or unwilling to address issues of instability, drug abuse,
criminal activity, and domestic violence in the two years [J.B.’s]
CHINS case has been pending.

45. Continuation of the parent-child relationship between
[J.B.] and his father poses a threat to [J.B.’s] well­being in that it
would pose as a barrier to obtaining permanency for him in the
home where he has bonded.

App. Vol. II pp. 32-33. Mother and Father now appeal.

Analysis
[17] Mother and Father both challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

termination of their parental rights. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United

States Constitution protects the traditional right of parents to establish a home

and raise their children. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d 1127, 1132 (Ind. 2010). “A

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 parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her children is

‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” Id. (quoting Troxel v.

Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S. Ct. 2054 (2000)). “Indeed the parent-child

relationship is ‘one of the most valued relationships in our culture.’” Id.

(quoting Neal v. DeKalb County Div. of Family & Children, 796 N.E.2d 280, 285

(Ind. 2003)). We recognize that parental interests are not absolute and must be

subordinated to the child’s interests when determining the proper disposition of

a petition to terminate parental rights. Id. Thus, “‘[p]arental rights may be

terminated when the parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental

responsibilities.’” Id. (quoting In re D.D., 804 N.E.2d 258, 265 (Ind. Ct. App.

2004), trans. denied). Courts need not wait until a child is irreversibly influenced

by a deficient lifestyle such that his or her physical, mental, and social growth is

permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship. Castro

v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006),

trans. denied. “Rather, when the evidence shows that the emotional and

physical development of a child in need of services is threatened, termination of

the parent-child relationship is appropriate.” Id.

[18] When reviewing the termination of parental rights, we do not reweigh the

evidence or judge witness credibility. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d at 1132. We

consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences that are most favorable to

the judgment. Id. We must also give “due regard” to the trial court’s unique

opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses. Id. (quoting Ind. Trial

Rule 52(A)). Here, the trial court entered findings of fact and conclusions

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 thereon in granting DCS’s petition to terminate Father and Mother’s parental

rights, as required by Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-8(c). See In re N.G., 61

N.E.3d 1263, 1265 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). When reviewing findings of fact and

conclusions thereon entered in a case involving a termination of parental rights,

we apply a two-tiered standard of review. First, we determine whether the

evidence supports the findings, and second, we determine whether the findings

support the judgment. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d at 1132. We will set aside the trial

court’s judgment only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. A judgment is clearly

erroneous if the findings do not support the trial court’s conclusions or the

conclusions do not support the judgment. Id.

[19] Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-8(a) provides that, “if the court finds that the

allegations in a petition described in [Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4] are true,

the court shall terminate the parent-child relationship.” Indiana Code Section

31-35-2-4(b)(2) provides that a petition to terminate a parent-child relationship

involving a child in need of services must allege, in part:

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
being of the child.

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 (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.

DCS must establish these allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Egly v.

Blackford County Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 592 N.E.2d 1232, 1234 (Ind. 1992).

[20] Both Mother and Father contend there is insufficient evidence that there is a

reasonable probability the conditions leading to the children’s removal from

their care would not be remedied.3 In order to prove this element, DCS must

establish (1) what conditions led to DCS placing and retaining the children in

foster care; and (2) whether there is a reasonable probability that those

conditions will not be remedied. In re I.A., 934 N.E.2d at 1134. When

analyzing this issue, courts may consider not only the basis for the initial

removal of the children, but also reasons for the continued placement of the

children outside the home thereafter. In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798, 806 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2005), trans. denied. Courts must judge a parent’s fitness to care for his or

her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into consideration

3
Because Indiana Code Section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, DCS needed to prove only
one of the requirements of subsection (B). We conclude there is sufficient evidence of a reasonable
probability that the conditions resulting in the children’s removal from Mother and Father’s care would not
be remedied, and we need not address whether there is sufficient evidence that continuation of the parent-
child relationship posed a threat to A.H. and J.B. See A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d at 1158 n.6.

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 evidence of changed circumstances. A.D.S. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 987

N.E.2d 1150, 1157 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. The parent’s habitual

patterns of conduct should be evaluated to determine the probability of future

neglect or deprivation of the child. Id. Factors to consider include a parent’s

prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect, failure to

provide support, and lack of adequate housing and employment. Id. Courts

also may consider services offered to the parent by DCS and the parent’s

responses to those services. Id. DCS is not required to prove a parent has no

possibility of changing; it need only establish a reasonable probability that no

change will occur. Id.

[21] Here, it is plain that the primary reason for the children’s removal and

continued placement outside Mother and Father’s care was their substantial

instability with respect to housing and finances. The home where the children

were living when DCS became involved in May 2015 was squalid. This was

not the first time DCS had discovered the children living in such a residence,

given the short-lived 2012 CHINS case. During the two years of these CHINS

proccedings, Mother and Father, together or separately, did not at any time

obtain sufficiently stable housing that would have allowed an attempt to place

the children back into their care, despite assistance from DCS service providers.

The longest period of housing stability for the parties was from April to October

2016—although the apartment they were renting was bug-infested and by

Mother’s own admission located in a dangerous, crime-ridden neighborhood.

This living arrangement came to an end when Father damaged the apartment

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 during another of his violent outbursts, leading to Father’s arrest, conviction,

and eventual incarceration for violating the terms of his community corrections

placement. Although this damage apparently was one reason for Mother’s

subsequent eviction, she also was behind on rent at that time. Before and after

this six-month period, the parties had no stable residence, frequently were

homeless—or in Father’s case, incarcerated.

[22] Like the trial court, we also cannot place much stock in Mother’s purported

subleasing of a property her mother was leasing, evidence of which appeared

only at the final hearing in this matter.4 The circumstances surrounding that

lease are suspect. Although the lease supposedly was effective August 1, 2017,

Mother’s DCS caseworker recalled that Mother had said at the beginning of

that month that she was still trying to acquire housing. The home was not

inspected by DCS for its adequacy for children—probably because they were

unaware of it until the last hearing. Mother admitted that it did not yet have a

kitchen, though claimed one would be put in. She also stated on cross-

examination when pressed about the lease, “I just got that from my mom when

she was trying to help me out.” Tr. Vol. III p. 13. Given these circumstances,

the purported lease is of little consequence in comparison to Mother’s habitual

pattern of conduct with respect to her housing. In sum, there is clear and

4
Curiously, Father points to Mother’s sublease as evidence that termination of his parental rights is not
required; Father had nothing to do with the sublease and, in fact, all the evidence indicated that Mother was
not interested in resuming her relationship with him when he was released from incarceration. In other
words, even if Mother had stable housing—which she did not—it would be irrelevant to whether Father had
stable housing—which he did not.

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 convincing evidence that severe housing and financial instability had led to the

children’s removal from Mother and Father’s care and there was a reasonable

probability those conditions would not be remedied. 5

[23] Mother contends that her failure to lead a stable life during much of the CHINS

proceedings was caused in large part by Father’s controlling and violent

behavior, from which she was attempting to extricate herself. We agree that

courts must be careful not to “blame the victim” in situations such as this, as we

recognized in In re O.G., 65 N.E.3d 1080 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied.

There, we reversed a termination of parental rights where it based largely on

domestic violence between the mother and father, but the two had not been in a

relationship for the two-and-a-half years preceding the termination hearing and

the mother was complying with DCS requirements to address the domestic

violence. Moreover, in O.G., the mother’s housing situation had been adequate

and stable for the sixteen months preceding the termination hearing. Also,

while the mother had some mental health concerns, the record indicated that

she was addressing those concerns through medication and attending therapy.

[24] Here, Mother remained with Father until he was incarcerated for assaulting her

in the fall of 2016. Perhaps more importantly, unlike the mother in O.G.,

5
We recognize that DCS and courts may not make value judgments about a parent’s “transient” lifestyle
where there is no evidence of how it would or did harm the children, and parental rights should not be
terminated simply because a parent does not have his or her own residence. See Bester v. Lake Cty. Office of
Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 151 (Ind. 2005). The evidence here goes far beyond the parents being
merely “transient” or not having their own residence; this transience was extreme and it led to the children
on at least two occasions living in deplorable conditions and at risk of outright homelessness.

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 Mother’s housing situation was highly unstable for the entirety of the CHINS

proceedings. Also, there is evidence Mother suffered from severe mental health

problems that she was failing to adequately address, as demonstrated by her

hospitalization in the spring of 2017—after which she only briefly took

prescribed medication and stopped attending therapy well before the therapist

thought she was ready to do so.

[25] Even if we were to assume that most or all of Mother’s problems are related to

Father’s violence, the ultimate consideration here is the welfare of her children.

To that extent, Mother’s situation could be compared to that of a mentally ill or

disabled parent. It is well-settled that a parent’s mental illness or disability

cannot, standing alone, support the termination of parental rights. See In re

V.A., 51 N.E.3d 1140, 1147 (Ind. 2016). However, if such illness or disability

causes a parent to be unable and unwilling to develop the skills necessary to

fulfill his or her legal obligations as a parent, parental rights may be terminated.

Id. at 1148 (citing R.G. v. Marion County Office of Family & Children, 647 N.E.2d

326, 330 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), trans. denied). Here, whatever the root cause of

Mother’s instability, it still existed at the time of the termination hearing and it

would have posed a clear and present danger to the welfare of the children if

they were to be returned to her care.

[26] Mother also asserts that DCS failed to prove that termination of her parental

rights was in the children’s best interests, noting the evidence that she was

bonded with the children and generally had positive interactions with them and

could, at times anyway, be cooperative with DCS and its service providers. “A

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 parent’s historical inability to provide adequate housing, stability and

supervision coupled with a current inability to provide the same will support a

finding that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the child’s best

interests.” Castro, 842 N.E.2d at 374. The testimony of a child’s guardian ad

litem or special advocate or professional caseworkers also can be evidence that

termination is in a child’s best interests. McBride v. Monroe County Office of

Family & Children, 798 N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Both factors are

present here: Mother and Father’s past and present inability to provide

adequate housing and stability, along with testimony from the CASA and the

DCS case manager opining that termination was in the children’s best interests.

[27] Mother and Father suggest that DCS lacked an adequate plan for the children’s

future. We disagree. A satisfactory plan as required for termination of parental

rights need not be detailed, as long as it offers a general sense of the direction in

which the children will be going after termination. In re J.C., 994 N.E.2d 278,

290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). The plan here gave more than a “general sense,” as

DCS indicated that A.H. and J.B. would be adopted by their current foster

parents. The children were well-adjusted and well-taken care of in those

homes. Mother contends she and Father had concerns about J.B.’s treatment in

foster care; considering this claim, however, would require us to reweigh the

evidence and discount the testimony strongly in favor of the foster parents,

which we cannot do. The parents’ alleged concerns about K.J.’s treatment also

are irrelevant, given that he was not a party to the termination proceedings. As

for A.H. and J.B. not being adopted together, the parents cite no authority that

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 would require such a plan. In any event, the foster parents have facilitated

continued visitations between the half-siblings. There is sufficient evidence

DCS had a satisfactory plan for the children following termination of Mother’s

and Father’s parental rights.

Conclusion
[28] There is sufficient evidence to support the termination of Mother’s and Father’s

parental rights to their children. We affirm.

[29] Affirmed.

Vaidik, C.J., and Pyle, J., concur.

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