UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 17-4604
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
TONIA LATRICE LEWIS,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Alexandria. Claude M. Hilton, Senior District Judge. (1:17-cr-00025-CMH-1)
Submitted: April 30, 2018 Decided: May 4, 2018
Before WYNN, DIAZ, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Joseph D. King, KING CAMPBELL PORETZ, PLLC, Alexandria, Virginia, for
Appellant. Tracy Doherty-McCormick, Acting United States Attorney, Michael Culhane
Harper, Special Assistant United States Attorney, Katherine L. Wong, Assistant United
States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alexandria,
Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Tonia Latrice Lewis appeals her convictions following a bench trial for bank
fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1344 (2012), mail fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2, 1341 (2012), and aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1028A
(2012). On appeal, Lewis challenges the district court’s denial of her motion to suppress
the fruits of the search of her residence, arguing that the warrant authorizing the search
was lacking in probable cause. She also argues that the good faith exception to the
exclusionary rule does not apply. Finding no reversible error, we affirm.
In cases—like the subject case—where a defendant challenges both probable
cause and the applicability of the good faith exception, we may proceed directly to the
good faith analysis without first deciding whether the warrant was supported by probable
cause. United States v. Legg, 18 F.3d 240, 243 (4th Cir. 1994). Because no facts in this
case are in dispute, the applicability of the good faith exception in this case is a legal
conclusion, and we review the district court’s ruling on this matter de novo. United
States v. DeQuasie, 373 F.3d 509, 520 (4th Cir. 2004).
The Fourth Amendment, which protects individuals from “unreasonable searches,”
provides that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or
things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. To deter police misconduct, evidence
seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment generally is inadmissible at trial. United
States v. Andrews, 577 F.3d 231, 235 (4th Cir. 2009). However, under the good faith
exception to the warrant requirement, “evidence obtained from an invalidated search
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warrant will be suppressed only if ‘the officers were dishonest or reckless in preparing
their affidavit or could not have harbored an objectively reasonable belief in the existence
of probable cause.’” United States v. Lalor, 996 F.2d 1578, 1583 (4th Cir. 1993)
(quoting United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 926 (1984)).
Ordinarily “a warrant issued by a magistrate . . . suffices to establish that a law
enforcement officer has acted in good faith in conducting the search.” United States v.
Perez, 393 F.3d 457, 461 (4th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted). There are,
however, four circumstances in which the good faith exception will not apply:
(1) when the affiant based his application on knowing or reckless falsity;
(2) when the judicial officer wholly abandoned his role as a neutral and
detached decision maker and served merely as a “rubber stamp” for the
police; (3) when the affidavit supporting the warrant was so lacking in
indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely
unreasonable; and (4) when the warrant was so facially deficient that the
executing officers could not reasonably have presumed that the warrant was
valid.
United States v. Wellman, 663 F.3d 224, 228-29 (4th Cir. 2011). If any of these
circumstances are present, evidence gathered pursuant to that warrant must be excluded.
See Andrews, 577 F.3d at 236. In assessing whether the exception applies, our analysis is
“confined to the objectively ascertainable question whether a reasonably well trained
officer would have known that the search was illegal” in light of “all of the
circumstances.” Leon, 468 U.S. at 922 n.23.
Lewis does not claim that the judge who issued the warrant in her case was misled
in any way or abandoned his judicial role. Rather, she contends that the affidavit
supporting the warrant was so lacking in indicia of probable cause so as to render belief
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in its existence entirely unreasonable because the affidavit failed to establish a sufficient
nexus between the criminal activity alleged and her residence, the information in the
affidavit was over two months old and thus stale, and the affidavit failed to provide the
issuing judge with a substantial basis for determining the existence of probable cause.
In the good faith context, this court assumes there was not a substantial basis for
finding probable cause and questions only whether reliance on the warrant at issue was
nevertheless reasonable. Andrews, 577 F.3d at 236 n.1. Lack of a substantial basis for
finding probable cause does not prevent application of the good faith exception. Id.
We also reject as without merit Lewis’ arguments with respect to nexus and
staleness. “The critical element in a reasonable search is . . . that there is reasonable
cause to believe that the specific things to be searched for and seized are located on the
property to which entry is sought.” United States v. Doyle, 650 F.3d 460, 471 (4th Cir.
2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he nexus between the place to be searched
and the items to be seized may be established by the nature of the item and the normal
inferences of where one would likely keep such evidence.” Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). Here, the investigation summary in the affidavit linked the criminal activity
alleged—the establishment of multiple bank and credit union accounts and the
transferring and movement of monies into and through those accounts by use of
personally identifying information of victims who did not authorize such uses—to Lewis’
residence through the use of Internet Protocol addresses issued to and a telephone number
associated with that residence. Viewing the investigation summary along with other
information in the affidavit regarding the investigating officer’s knowledge that
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perpetrators of financial frauds maintain and conceal records and indicia of their frauds in
their residences, we conclude that the affidavit was not so lacking in indicia of probable
cause as to nexus.
With respect to staleness, although the information in the affidavit established that
approximately two months elapsed between the issuance of the warrant and the last day a
suspect accessed one of the fraudulent bank accounts from Internet Protocol addresses
issued to Lewis’ residence, we conclude that this delay does not render the warrant
impermissibly stale so as to preclude application of the good faith exception. This is so
in light of the investigating officer’s statements in the affidavit that perpetrators of
financial frauds maintain records relative to their financial transactions “over the course
of multiple years” and conceal those records and other evidence of such frauds in their
residences. See United States v. Richardson, 607 F.3d 357, 370-71 (4th Cir. 2010)
(holding that four-month delay between emailing of image of child pornography
addressed in affidavit and issuance of warrant did not render warrant impermissibly stale
where affidavit also included sworn statement that child pornographers rarely, if ever,
disposed of sexually explicit materials). *
*
Relatedly, Lewis complains as part of her nexus and staleness arguments that the
investigating officer’s statements in the affidavit about the record storage habits and
practices of those engaging in financial frauds amount to “opinion” and “boilerplate” and
“conclusory” claims that are insufficient to establish a specific connection between her
residence and criminal fraud. We reject this contention because it “ignores the
reasonable, commonsense inferences that an issuing [judge] is permitted to draw from the
totality of the circumstances” before him in deciding whether to issue a search warrant.
Richardson, 607 F.3d at 371.
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Finally, we observe that the affidavit in this case bears many of the indicia of a
strong search warrant application. Indeed, the investigating officer provided information
in the affidavit regarding her background as an investigator and experience in dealing
with crimes involving financial and identity fraud. Her affidavit recounts the connections
between the suspected offenses and Lewis’ residence and the results of and various steps
taken during a multiple-month investigation. The affidavit also reflects the officer’s
reliance on information gleaned from a variety of sources, including the complaining
victim individuals, a credit union and bank, an internet provider, and the apartment
management office for Lewis’ residence. Considering the totality of this information
before the issuing judge, the affidavit was not so lacking in indicia of probable cause as
to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable. See Wellman, 663 F.3d at
229.
Lewis fails to establish reversible error in the district court’s denial of her motion
to suppress. We therefore affirm the criminal judgment. We dispense with oral argument
because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before
this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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