IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-0664
Filed May 16, 2018
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF LINDA WOLFS
AND DAVID WOLFS
Upon the Petition of
LINDA WOLFS,
Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning
DAVID WOLFS,
Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Winneshiek County, Margaret L.
Lingreen, Judge.
A former husband appeals the denial of his petition to modify the alimony
award in his dissolution decree, alleging a substantial change in circumstances
and contending his former wife has entered a common law marriage. AFFIRMED
IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND MODIFIED.
Kevin E. Schoeberl of Story Schoeberl & Seebach, LLP, Cresco, for
appellant.
Mark B. Anderson, Cresco, for appellee.
Heard by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and Tabor, JJ.
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TABOR, Judge.
Seeking to eliminate or reduce his spousal support obligation, David Wolfs
contends circumstances have changed since the entry of the decree dissolving his
long-time marriage to Linda Wolfs. First, he alleges Linda remarried by common
law. Second, he claims his own health and earning capacity have worsened while
Linda’s health and financial prospects have improved. David appeals the district
court’s denial of his request for modification and its conclusion Linda did not enter
a common law marriage.
Because the record shows Linda did not have the intent to remarry nor did
she declare publicly she had remarried, David cannot prove a new marriage under
common law. We affirm the district court on that basis. But because Linda has
been continuously cohabitating with her new paramour and receives considerable
financial assistance from him, we find a substantial change in circumstances and
modify the district court’s decision by reducing David’s alimony payments.
I. Facts and Prior Proceedings
Even now, in his late sixties, David’s military service in Vietnam comes back
to haunt him. His war wounds left him with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
and cardiovascular maladies linked to Agent Orange. After leaving the Army, he
married Linda in April 1974. Just shy of thirty-seven years later, and after raising
six children, they divorced in February 2011. At the time of the divorce, Linda was
fifty-seven years old and not in good health; David was sixty-one years old. The
3
divorce decree directed David to pay $750 per month in “traditional” spousal
support1 until Linda died or remarried.
In May 2012, Linda moved in with Christopher Hick, and they have lived
together continuously since then. Christopher bought the house where they live
and deeded an interest in the property to Linda in joint tenancy with full rights of
survivorship. In October 2012, Linda and Christopher invited family and friends to
a ceremony they described as a “celebration of love.” Linda’s grown sons walked
her down the aisle, and her granddaughter was the flower girl. While they did not
have an officiant, Linda and Christopher did exchange vows and rings. The event
was also announced in the local newspaper and on Facebook.
In July 2016, David filed a petition for modification, alleging “a substantial
and material change in circumstances to either modify or terminate the spousal
support previously ordered.” The petition contended Linda had entered a common
law marriage. The petition also alleged David’s health and financial circumstances
had declined since entry of the decree. The district court denied the modification
petition. The court found David did not prove the existence of a common law
marriage between Linda and Christopher and did not show any other “substantial
change in circumstances warranting modification of [David’s] spousal support
obligation owing to [Linda].” David appeals those findings.
1
In 1980, our legislature replaced the term “alimony” with the phrase “spousal support” in
the Iowa Code. But we still use the terms interchangeably in our case law. See In re
Marriage of Ales, 592 N.W.2d 698, 702 n.2 (Iowa Ct. App.1999).
4
II. Scope and Standards of Review
Petitions to modify the spousal support provisions of a divorce decree lie in
equity. See In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 32 (Iowa 2015). So our
review is de novo. Id.; see Iowa R. App. P. 6.907. We likewise review claims of a
common law marriage de novo. In re Marriage of Martin, 681 N.W.2d 612, 616
(Iowa 2004). “To overturn a trial court’s decision on attorney fees the complaining
party must show” an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Roerig, 503 N.W.2d
620, 622 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) (citation omitted).
III. Legal Analysis
David attacks the alimony provision of the divorce decree in two ways. He
first seeks to end the obligation by proving Linda’s relationship with Christopher
amounts to a common law marriage. Short of that, he urges elimination or
reduction of the support payments based on a material change in circumstances—
namely his declining health and earning capacity compared to Linda’s renewed
vigor, increased work hours, and pooling of resources with her paramour
Christopher. We will address each claim in turn.
A. Did Linda Enter a Common Law Marriage?
Under the decree, David’s obligation to pay alimony ends if Linda
remarries.2 David insists the October 2012 ceremony—dubbed a “celebration of
love” by Linda and Christopher—ushered in their common law marriage and
2
Our court has found it is “inappropriate to use cohabitation as an event to automatically
terminate alimony in an original dissolution decree.” In re Marriage of Wendell, 581
N.W.2d 197, 200 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998).
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should serve to cut off Linda’s spousal support. Linda counters that no contract of
marriage exists between her and Christopher either by statute or common law.
Iowa recognizes two forms of marriage: one is ceremonial, governed by
Iowa Code chapter 595 (2016), and the other, less formal variety, is known as
common law marriage. See Martin, 681 N.W.2d at 616–17. “Although a common
law marriage is as valid as a ceremonial marriage, there is no public policy favoring
this type of marriage.” Id. at 617 (citing In re Marriage of Winegard, 278 N.W.2d
505, 510 (Iowa 1979)). The burden of proving a common law marriage rests with
the party asserting its existence, and we carefully scrutinize such claims. Id. Proof
requires three elements: (1) a present intent and agreement to be married by both
parties reflecting the contractual nature of the arrangement; (2) continuous
cohabitation; and (3) public declaration that the parties are married. See
Winegard, 278 N.W.2d at 510. Failure to prove any of the three elements dooms
a common law marriage claim. See Id. Public declaration has been called the
“acid test” of a common law marriage. Martin, 681 N.W.2d at 618.
Here, the second element is not in dispute—Linda and Christopher
continuously cohabitated since May 2012. But Linda disputes the first and third
elements, claiming she and Christopher did not have the intent to be married and
did not hold out their relationship as a marriage.
To prove the first element, a present intent to be married, David focuses on
the commitment ceremony held by Linda and Christopher in October 2012. Linda
acknowledged at the modification hearing that the ceremony had “lots of
similarities” to a wedding: mailed invitations, an announcement in the local
newspaper, walking down the aisle with family members, a best man, a maid of
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honor, a flower girl, vows, religious influences, rings, cake cutting, photography,
gifts and cards. Linda’s son, Josh, believed the reason for the ceremony was so
his mother and Christopher could “just kind of get married.” But Linda testified she
and Christopher were careful not to utter the words “marriage” or “husband and
wife” during the service. She testified: “We’re nothing but friends”—though she did
acknowledge they had a sexual relationship. Linda’s daughter-in-law, Allison,
testified Linda told her that they wanted to have a ceremony, but could not have a
“true wedding” without Linda losing her alimony. Linda described wanting to be
“married in heart, but not on paper.”3
The role of the ceremony in this case is interesting. Normally, the question
is whether a common law marriage exists in the absence of a ceremony. See In
re Fisher’s Estate, 176 N.W.2d 801, 806 (Iowa 1970) (holding “no particular form
or ceremony is necessary” to show the entry of a common law marriage contract).
Here, the question is whether the occurrence of a public wedding-like ceremony in
which a man and woman “dedicate themselves to one another” demonstrates the
couple’s intent to be married, even though they eschewed the key terms of art.
The district court held neither Linda nor Christopher had a present intent to be
married. We reach the same conclusion. The stated purpose of the ceremony
was to celebrate the loving relationship between Linda and Christopher, but it was
expressly not to solemnize a marriage as set out in chapter 595.
On the third element, public declaration, David pointed to evidence
Christopher had once introduced Linda as his wife to third parties in front of her
3
David offered into evidence Linda’s Facebook post from October 2015 congratulating
Christopher on their third anniversary.
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son Josh. But Christopher testified he never represented himself to be Linda’s
husband and people in the Decorah community did not recognize them as husband
and wife. Their pastor agreed Linda and Christopher did not present themselves
as husband or wife, rather using the term “significant other.” A local banker said
she had never heard anyone in the community refer to Christopher and Linda as
husband and wife.
The district court “found both Linda and Christopher credible in their
testimony.” The court ruled: “Christopher and Linda have not represented
themselves to be married. This was confirmed by various members of the Decorah
community, including the couple’s pastor, banker, and neighbor.”4 We give weight
to the district court’s credibility findings. See In re Marriage of McDermott, 827
N.W.2d 671, 676 (Iowa 2013). Otherwise viewing the record de novo, we cannot
conclude David established the public-declaration element of common law
marriage. Accordingly, we do not find his alimony obligation automatically expired
under the remarriage term of the decree.
But this finding does not end our inquiry. The question remains whether
Linda’s live-in relationship and sharing of expenses with Christopher constituted a
substantial change in circumstances justifying an order terminating or reducing
David’s alimony payments. See In re Marriage of Ales, 592 N.W.2d 698, 703 (Iowa
Ct. App. 1999) (holding cohabitation may be “so economically akin to remarriage”
as to be a substantial change of circumstances justifying the reduction or
4
We find an additional circumstance significant—since the divorce Linda has continued
to file her tax returns as a single person. See Winegard, 278 N.W.2d at 511 (giving weight
to tax filing information in determining common law marriage question).
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termination of spousal support). We will address this question in the following
section.
B. Did David Prove a Material and Substantial Change in
Circumstances Since Entry of the Decree Warranting a Reduction in
or Elimination of His Alimony Obligation?
The spousal support provisions in a divorce decree “are normally final as to
the circumstances existing at the time.” In re Marriage of Sisson, 843 N.W.2d 866,
870 (Iowa 2014) (citing Mears v. Mears, 213 N.W.2d 511, 515 (Iowa 1973)). But
courts may modify support orders when there is a substantial change in
circumstances. Iowa Code § 598.21C(1). To determine where there is a
substantial change in circumstances, courts will consider all relevant factors,
including changes in employment, earning capacity, income, or other resources of
a party; changes in medical expenses of a party; changes to physical, mental or
emotional health of a party; change in the residence of a party; remarriage of a
party; and possible support of a party by another person. Id. § 598.21C(1)(a)–(l);
see Sisson, 843 N.W.2d at 870. “[T]he changed circumstances must be material
and substantial, essentially permanent, and not within the contemplation of the
court at the time of the [original] decree. Sisson, 843 N.W.2d at 870–71 (citing
Mears, 213 N.W.2d at 515).
As an anchor to our assessment of the change in circumstances alleged by
David, we revisit the parties’ health and financial conditions when the decree was
entered. At the time of the divorce, David experienced joint pain and PTSD related
to his military service. As of February 2011, David received $1454 per month in
disability payments from the Social Security Administration and another $974 per
month from the Veteran’s Administration (VA). His VA disability rating was forty
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percent. For her part, Linda suffered from arthritis, fibromyalgia, chronic
headaches, neck and back pain, skin cancer, a torn rotator cuff, and depression.
She had a weight-lifting restriction that limited her employment opportunities. She
closed her ceramic business in October 2010. As of February 2011, Linda worked
twenty-five hours per week at JCPenney’s earning $7.75 per hour or about $931
per month. She received financial assistance from a local charity and was on a
waiting list for low-income housing.
Fast forward to the time of David’s modification petition in July 2016. David
emphasized his declining health. Doctors diagnosed him with herbicide poisoning
from exposure to Agent Orange during his military service, a diagnosis that had
not been confirmed at the time of the divorce. In light of that diagnosis, the VA
raised his disability rating to ninety percent. David had open heart surgery in 2015.
He also testified to emerging medical issues with his liver and lungs. At the time
of the modification, David was receiving $2906 from the VA and $1581 from the
Social Security Administration. He also had received a lump sum payment of
$102,843 in back benefits from the VA in May 2015 and a second payment of
$2906 in December 2016. With these funds David paid off $12,000 he owed on
the contract for his house, built a garage for $23,000, purchased a pickup truck for
$37,000, and set up a burial account of $8000. David also acknowledged his
medical and dental expenses are completely covered by the VA.
As for Linda, after the divorce, Linda continued to work at JCPenney’s until
she quit in April 2016. She also filed for bankruptcy and received a discharge.
She later took out a $10,000 revolving loan to restart her ceramic business and gift
shop, Heavenly Made LLC, and now operates that enterprise full time with the help
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of her paramour Christopher. Linda estimated they each worked forty-five to fifty
hours per week. She testified she paid $1100 per month in rent for the business,
which was not yet profitable.5 At the time of the modification hearing, Linda
received $595 per month in Social Security payments, in addition to the $750 per
month in alimony. David argues Linda’s health has improved since entry of the
decree, asserting “clearly she has the stamina and physical prowess to work 50
hours per week.”
We also take into account Christopher’s contributions to Linda’s support.
Christopher received about $3300 per month in disability and retirement benefits
from the State of Wisconsin. He paid their shared household bills and the
mortgage. Christopher co-signed a vehicle loan with Linda. He also was involved
with Linda’s ceramics business and was authorized to write checks from her
business account. He used his personal credit card to make purchases for the
business, for which he received no reimbursement. In 2015, he bought a cargo
trailer for Linda to use in the business. Christopher has also named Linda as the
beneficiary of his life insurance policy.
The district court acknowledged David’s health was declining, but
concluded his financial situation had “substantially improved” since entry of the
divorce decree. The court calculated that the $750 monthly alimony payment was
twenty-nine percent of his income in 2011, but only seventeen percent of his
current income. The court noted after satisfying his monthly expenses, David still
had $3000 available for discretionary spending. The court stated: “In contrast,
5
Her tax returns showed gross receipts for the business of $13,904 in 2015 and $22,857
in 2016, with gross income from the business of $15,304 in 2015 and $13,688 in 2016.
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Linda currently has less monthly income than she did at the time of entry of the
dissolution decree.” The court further found Linda’s health was neither better nor
worse than six years earlier. The court ultimately concluded “there has not been
a substantial change in circumstances warranting modification of [David’s] spousal
support obligation owing to [Linda].”
We disagree with the district court’s bottom line. While Linda’s monthly
income may not have increased since the time of the decree, the district court did
not fully consider the substantial assistance she is now receiving from Christopher
by virtue of their stable cohabitation. At the time of the decree, Linda was seeking
charitable assistance and public housing. Now Christopher pays the couple’s
mortgage and household expenses, freeing Linda to use her own income for
discretionary spending and to grow her new business. And Christopher helps with
the business efforts and expenditures. Linda also has some peace of mind from
her deeded interest in their home and as a beneficiary of Christopher’s life
insurance. By all measures, Linda’s economic prospects have improved
considerably since the time of the decree. On David’s side of the ledger, we agree
with the district court that the increase in his disability benefits has placed him in a
more stable financial situation. But those resources are likely to be devoted largely
to addressing his everyday needs related to his declining physical condition.
Under the tenet adopted in Ales, David was required to show Linda’s
cohabitation was a substantial change of circumstances. See 592 N.W.2d at 703.
Since David has met that initial showing, the burden shifts to Linda to convince us
that spousal support should continue “in spite of the cohabitation because of an
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ongoing need, or because the original purpose for the support award makes it
unmodifiable.” See id.
The purpose of the traditional alimony award in this case was to care for “a
dependent spouse who was incapable of self support.” The original decree stated:
“Considering the length of the parties’ marriage, [Linda’s] physical and emotional
health, her limited earning capacity and the fact she is not likely to become self-
supporting, the Court finds an award of traditional alimony is warranted.” Linda
has not established that the spousal support should continue at the same rate in
spite of her cohabitation with Christopher and the improved financial footing that
relationship has provided her. The instant case is far different from the situation in
Ales where the recipient of spousal support received only “sporadic contributions”
to the household from her live-in companion. See id. By contrast, Christopher
was a major contributor to the financial well-being of their household, as well as
Linda’s business.
Because the aim of enabling Linda to support herself has been partially
achieved, we find it equitable to reduce David’s alimony obligation. When pressed
at oral argument to specify an equitable amount of spousal support at this point in
time, David’s attorney suggested half the monthly payment of $750 ordered in the
original decree. Accordingly, we modify the decree to require David pay Linda
$375 per month. We consider it more equitable to reduce than to eliminate the
support obligation because David currently has the financial means to pay that
amount and Linda is still struggling to derive a profit from her ceramics business.
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C. Is an Award of Trial or Appellate Attorney Fees Appropriate?
David challenges the district court’s award of $2750 in trial attorney fees to
Linda. Both David and Linda ask for appellate attorney fees.
In modification proceedings, the district court “may award attorney fees to
the prevailing party” in a reasonable amount. Iowa Code § 598.36. That language
is permissive and gives the district court “considerable discretion” in determining
whether to award fees. In re Marriage of Michael, 839 N.W.2d 630, 639 (Iowa
2013). “We have similar discretion in awarding appellate attorney fees.” See id.
We first look to the parties’ respective abilities to pay. Id. We next consider
whether a party resisting the modification petition was successful and whether a
party has been obliged to defend the district court’s decision on appeal. Id.
After considering these factors and given our modification of the district
court’s decree in David’s favor, we reduce Linda’s award of trial attorney fees to
$1500. We decline to award David appellate attorney fees. Costs of this appeal
are divided equally between David and Linda.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND MODIFIED.