NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 18a0247n.06
No. 17-3884
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
JOSE AGUSTIN-TOMAS, ) FILED
) May 22, 2018
Petitioner-Appellant, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
v. )
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM
)
THE UNITED STATES BOARD OF
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, Attorney )
IMMIGRATION APPEALS
General, )
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
)
BEFORE: DAUGHTREY, STRANCH, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.
MARTHA CRAIG DAUGHTREY, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Jose Agustin-Tomas, a
native and citizen of Guatemala, seeks review of a ruling of the United States Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his request for withholding of removal.1 In his petition for
review, Agustin-Tomas submits that, if he were removed to Guatemala, he would face
persecution based on the fact that he sought to become a member of the National Civil Police in
early 2005. Substantial evidence supports the decision of the BIA that the petitioner established
neither past persecution nor a clear probability of future persecution based on a statutorily
1
Although Agustin-Tomas purports to seek review of the BIA’s denial of a request for asylum, the
administrative record is clear that Agustin-Tomas never sought asylum during the administrative portion of these
proceedings, mainly because he conceded that he had not filed for such relief within one year of entering the United
States, as is required by the provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). Instead, through counsel, Agustin-Tomas made
clear that he sought only withholding of removal to Guatemala.
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
protected ground. Because nothing in the administrative record compels a result contrary to that
reached in the administrative proceedings, we deny the petition for review.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Agustin-Tomas, now 32 years old, entered the United States without inspection in
October 2005 after leaving his native Guatemala and traveling through Mexico. He claimed that,
after graduating from high school at age 18, he applied to serve in the Guatemalan National Civil
Police force “because [he] wanted to be a good person and make changes in [his] country.”
Approximately 500 individuals applied for positions with the police, but Agustin-Tomas was one
of only about 300 applicants who passed the battery of tests given to the candidates.
After starting classes at the police academy, Agustin-Tomas began to receive threats from
gang members living in his town. Agustin-Tomas explained that even though he did not wear a
uniform as a trainee, gang members knew he was training to become a police officer because he
lived in “a very small town and everybody knows each other.” Eventually, Agustin-Tomas was
attacked by individuals who hit him on the head with “a steel weapon,” rendering him
unconscious. According to Agustin-Tomas, his uncle found him lying in the street and took him
to his home, where his mother cared for him. Agustin-Tomas did not report the attack to the
police, allegedly because he feared for his family’s safety and because he claimed that the
Guatemalan police force was corrupt. Finally, after enduring threats for approximately three
months, Agustin-Tomas left Guatemala for the United States on September 20, 2005.
In April 2013, Agustin-Tomas received a Notice to Appear for removal proceedings. At
a hearing in October 2014, he conceded removability and filed a request for “withholding of
removal only . . . due to the fact that he entered in ’05 and we’re just now filing. So there would
-2-
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
be a time issue, so it would be withholding of removal only.” An evidentiary hearing then was
scheduled and held two years later.
At that hearing, Agustin-Tomas explained that he was seeking withholding of removal
based upon his membership in the social group of “[i]ndividuals from Guatemala that were either
members of the police department or training to be members of the police department.” He
testified that the gang members who threatened and injured him warned that they would kill him
if he became a police officer. However, even after he left the police academy due to his fear of
further personal attacks or attacks on his family, Agustin-Tomas said that the gang members
continued to threaten him, but now because they wanted him to become a member of the gang.
Agustin-Tomas said that he took these threats seriously because he knew that gang
members had murdered another person at a police station but, nevertheless, had escaped arrest
and prosecution. He also testified that he could not move to another area of Guatemala to escape
the threats of personal injury because of his belief that the gang was “always going to persecute
[him] in Guatemala.” He held to this conviction even though his parents and siblings continued
to live in the country without incident, up until his father was “hit one time” by an unidentified
individual approximately one month before the evidentiary hearing.
Other evidence introduced at the hearing before the immigration judge included virtually
identical statements submitted by various members of Agustin-Tomas’s family and by friends
seeking to corroborate the petitioner’s testimony that he has been threatened with death on his
return to Guatemala. Agustin-Tomas also introduced into evidence a 2013 Human Rights Report
authored by the United States Department of State that noted both the considerable gang violence
in Guatemala and the widespread police corruption and many abuses suffered by the citizenry at
the hands of the police.
-3-
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
Presented with this evidence, the immigration judge concluded that Agustin-Tomas was a
credible witness but that he had not suffered past persecution, severe injury, or systematic or
prolonged targeting. Furthermore, the immigration judge found that the harassment Agustin-
Tomas did experience was not perpetrated by a government actor but, rather, by gang members
targeting Agustin-Tomas for recruitment into their organization. Based on this circumstance, the
judge concluded that the petitioner failed to establish that he could not relocate safely to another
region in Guatemala.
Agustin-Tomas appealed that ruling to the BIA, but the BIA dismissed the appeal, ruling
that the petitioner failed to establish either past persecution or a clear probability that he would
suffer future persecution based on membership in a recognized social group if he were removed
to his native country. The BIA also concurred in the immigration judge’s determination that any
harm visited upon Agustin-Tomas was not inflicted by the government of Guatemala but by
gangs who had targeted the petitioner for membership. Thus, according to the BIA, Agustin-
Tomas failed to establish a nexus between his membership in a particular social group and any
feared harm.
DISCUSSION
Standard of Review
“Whe[n, as here,] the BIA reviews the immigration judge’s decision and issues a separate
opinion, rather than summarily affirming the immigration judge’s decision, we review the BIA’s
decision as the final agency determination.” Khalili v. Holder, 557 F.3d 429, 435 (6th Cir.
2009). Although we review questions of law de novo, id., we must uphold factual
-4-
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
determinations by the BIA “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude
to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).
Withholding of Removal
Although Agustin-Tomas’s appellate brief is couched in language challenging a denial of
asylum, the record before us is clear that the petitioner sought only withholding of removal
before the immigration judge and the BIA. Our review thus is limited to consideration of the
administrative denial of that particular form of relief.
Pursuant to the provisions of 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), “the Attorney General may not
remove an alien to a country if the Attorney General decides that the alien’s life or freedom
would be threatened in that country because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership
in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Thus, in order to qualify for withholding of
removal, the petitioner “must establish that there is a clear probability that he will be subject to
persecution if forced to return to the country of removal.” Pilica v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 941, 951
(6th Cir. 2004). Agustin-Tomas could meet this burden either by showing that he suffered past
persecution on account of one of the listed grounds, thereby giving rise to a rebuttable
presumption of future persecution, or by showing that “it is more likely than not that
he . . . would be persecuted . . . upon removal to that country” because of one of the listed
considerations. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2). A petitioner cannot demonstrate the required fear of
future persecution, however, if the “immigration judge finds that the applicant could avoid a
future threat to his or her life or freedom by relocating to another part of the proposed country of
removal, and under all the circumstances, it would be reasonable to expect the applicant to do
so.” Id.
-5-
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
Agustin-Tomas argues that he has been and will be subjected to persecution because of
his membership in a “particular social group”—a group he defines as trainees or members of the
Guatemalan police force. In point of fact, the relevant immigration statutes do not define the
term “particular social group.” Numerous appellate court decisions and BIA decisions, however,
“have refined and articulated the requirements to include: (1) a shared ‘immutable’ or
‘fundamental’ characteristic; (2) ‘social visibility;’ (3) ‘particularity;’ and (4) the group ‘cannot
be defined exclusively’ by the fact that its members have been subject to harm.” Kante v.
Holder, 634 F.3d 321, 327 (6th Cir. 2011) (citations omitted). “[W]hatever the common
characteristic that defines the group, it must be one that the members of the group either cannot
change, or should not be required to change because it is fundamental to their individual
identities or consciences.” Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 585 F.3d 980, 994 (6th Cir. 2009) (alteration
in the original) (citations omitted).
The very recitation of the common-characteristic requirement as interpreted by Al-
Ghorbani lends support to the decisions of the immigration judge and the BIA that Agustin-
Tomas “has not established a nexus between his purported particular social group and the harm
he fears.” Not only could Agustin-Tomas change his status as a member of his defined
“particular social group,” he actually did alter that “common characteristic” by withdrawing
from the police academy after only a few months of training.
Nevertheless, even if we assume that this proposed group is cognizable as an extension of
the recognized particular social group of “former member[s] of the national police,” see Matter
of Fuentes, 19 I. & N. Dec. 658, 662 (B.I.A. 1988), Agustin-Tomas’s claim founders on the
nexus requirement. To establish eligibility for withholding, Agustin-Tomas must show that his
membership in the proposed particular social group “was or will be at least one central reason for
-6-
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
[his persecution].” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); see also Matter of C-T-L-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 341,
348 (B.I.A. 2010). Even after abandoning his quest for a job in law enforcement, Agustin-
Tomas alleged, gang members continued to threaten him, although now couching those threats in
terms of inducements to join the gang. The fact that the threats continued in that manner until
Agustin-Tomas fled Guatemala further supports the administrative conclusion that Agustin-
Tomas ultimately was targeted not because he sought to become a police officer, but rather
because he was an able-bodied individual who could have been a valued member of a gang.
Even more significantly, Agustin-Tomas testified that he fears harm upon return to Guatemala
only because of the gang’s recruitment demands, not because he used to be a police trainee. As
we have recognized, a forceful attempt to recruit gang members “alone does not establish the
nexus of persecution ‘on account of’ a protected statutory ground.” Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch,
812 F.3d 491, 500 (6th Cir. 2015). Substantial evidence in the record thus supports the
determination of the BIA that Agustin-Tomas did not establish a nexus between his membership
in a recognized particular social group and the harm he fears. Because Agustin-Tomas has failed
to establish the requisite nexus, we need not consider whether the attack and multiple threats
Agustin-Tomas received were egregious enough to constitute past persecution on that basis.
We in no way mean to downplay the real and justifiable fear felt by those seeking to flee
violence in their native countries. Federal immigration law, however, requires that an individual
seeking to withhold removal to a country rife with gang violence demonstrate that the threatened
persecution will be inflicted by the government or by persons or groups that the government is
unwilling or unable to control. See, e.g., Khalili, 557 F.3d at 436.
We do not doubt the sincerity of Augustin-Tomas’s belief that violent gangs exert such
pressure on the citizenry and on elected officials that the gangs have become, for all practical
-7-
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
purposes, the de facto governments of Guatemala and other nations. Here, however, Agustin-
Tomas has failed to make the required showing that the Guatemalan government was responsible
for the threats against him or was unwilling or unable to control those individuals who did make
the threats. Indeed, although the State Department’s 2013 Human Rights Report notes that
Guatemalan gangs are responsible for considerable violence in the country, it is the National
Civil Police, the very organization that Agustin-Tomas was training to join, that is responsible
for much abuse and mistreatment of Guatemalan citizens. And even though Agustin-Tomas
himself was training to join Guatemala’s police force, he chose not to report the alleged attack
and threats against him to those authorities. Under these circumstances, by not doing so, he has
failed to meet his burden of showing that the government either perpetrated the persecution of
which he complains or that it demonstrated an unwillingness or inability to control the
individuals responsible for such intimidation.
CONCLUSION
Thirteen years ago, while training to become a member of the Guatemalan police force,
Agustin-Tomas suffered one physical attack and was threatened with additional violence directed
toward him and toward his family. In those initial threats, Agustin-Tomas was warned not to
become a police officer, leading him to assert in these proceedings that he was subjected to
persecution based upon his membership in a particular social group—those individuals training
for or serving in the police force. After the petitioner left the police academy, however, the
individuals threatening him continued their harassment and made clear that their motivation was
to have him join their gang. Such facts, offered by Agustin-Tomas himself, support the
determination of the BIA that the petitioner’s status as a police trainee was not the true reason
that he was targeted for the threats of violence. Thus, Agustin-Tomas has failed to prove the
-8-
No. 17-3884
Agustin-Tomas v. Sessions
required nexus between his status as a police trainee and the harm he fears upon return. Not only
do the facts before us support the BIA’s decision, they clearly do not compel us to reach a
contrary conclusion, as is required by case law to overturn the BIA’s ruling. Moreover,
substantial evidence in the record—including the fact that Agustin-Tomas’s family members
have continued to live in Guatemala for years without persecution—supports the conclusion that
the petitioner cannot prove that he has a well-founded fear of future persecution upon return to
his homeland.
We thus DENY his petition for review.
-9-