[J-90-2017] [MO: Mundy, J.]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, : No. 122 MAP 2016
:
Appellee : Appeal from the Order of the Superior
: Court, at 1231 MDA 2015, dated June
: 1, 2016 (reargument denied August
v. : 11, 2016), Affirming the Order of the
: Lancaster County Court of Common
: Pleas, Criminal Division, at No. CP-
ERIC JAY LEED, : 36-CR-0002136-2014, dated July 16,
: 2015
Appellant :
: ARGUED: November 29, 2017
DISSENTING OPINION
JUSTICE DONOHUE DECIDED: June 1, 2018
I join the Dissenting Opinion of Chief Justice Saylor. I agree that the Majority’s
chronology-based rationale for rewriting the affidavit of probable cause is fundamentally
flawed, as the affidavit at issue here reflects a distinct lack of chronological format.
Dissenting Op. (Saylor, C.J.) at 2. Although the affiant did not set forth his factual
averments in chronological order, the Majority nevertheless insists that he intended to do
so. By reading the affidavit of probable cause in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, rather than restricting itself to the actual contents, the Majority thus
provides itself with grounds to rewrite said affidavit in a form that averts its constitutional
infirmity. As I do not believe that a reviewing court should be permitted to rewrite an
affidavit of probable cause after a search to provide a post hoc justification for its
constitutionality, and in fact consider the practice to constitute a dangerous threat to the
constitutional rights of our citizens, I respectfully dissent.
The Chief Justice aptly recognizes that the Majority’s “chronology rationale” is
based solely upon speculation not supported by the text of the affidavit itself, namely that
the affiant intended to present his factual averments chronologically (even though he did
not do so). Id. But this is not the end to the speculation in which the Majority necessarily
engages. In defending its decision to rewrite paragraph ten of the affidavit of probable
cause, the trial court admitted that in order to find that the paragraph contained an
“obvious typographical error,” it is also necessary to assume that the magisterial district
judge either “recognized the error and inferred the correct date,” or that his “eyes simply
glossed over the obvious typo.” Trial Court Opinion at 11.
With respect to the contention that the magisterial district judge may have
“recognized the error and inferred the correct date,” nothing in the affidavit of probable
cause supports this speculation. Rule 203(D) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal
Procedure provides that no evidence shall be admissible to establish probable cause
other than the affidavit(s) of probable cause. Pa.R.Crim.P. 203(D). While a magisterial
district judge is certainly capable of recognizing typographical errors, the appropriate
procedure consistent with Rule 203(D) would be to correct the mistake and have the
affiant initial the change. No initialed corrections appear on the affidavit of probable cause
presently before us, and thus we may not conclude (absent speculation) that the
magisterial district judge in this case recognized any errors and/or inferred any date other
than the date actually set forth in paragraph ten.
[J-90-2017] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 2
The second contention, that the eyes of the magisterial district judge “simply
glossed over the obvious typo,” is speculation as well. To use this assumption as a basis
for rewriting the affidavit of probable cause is also pernicious, as it excuses the magisterial
district judge’s failure to perform his or her important function in the review process
leading to the issuance of a search warrant. This Court has explained that the standard
for evaluating whether probable cause exists for the issuance of a search warrant is the
“totality of the circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Baker, 518 A.2d 802, 803–04 (Pa.
1986). For purposes of the Fourth Amendment, a judicial officer who issues a search
warrant must act in a neutral and detached manner and is not to be “an adjunct law
enforcement officer.” United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 914 (1984) (quoting Lo–Ji
Sales, Inc. v. New York, 442 U.S. 319, 326–27 (1979)). The magistrate's function is to
make a judicial determination, based upon the contents of the affidavit of probable cause,
whether probable cause exists. Commonwealth v. Chandler, 477 A.2d 851, 856 (Pa.
1984).
As such, careful review of the factual averments in an affidavit of probable cause
is critical to the process of reviewing affidavits of probable cause and issuing search
warrants that comply with constitutional requirements. A magisterial district judge cannot
possibly perform his or her important function in this process while “glossing over” the
affidavit’s factual averments, as the “totality of the circumstances” cannot be evaluated if
some or all of the relevant “circumstances” have been glossed over. Neither the Fourth
Amendment of the United States Constitution nor Article I, section 8 of the Pennsylvania
Constitution tolerates inattention to detail, and it is not the proper function of a reviewing
court to correct distraction from duty by rewriting an affidavit of probable cause so that it
[J-90-2017] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 3
reflects what it believes (i.e., speculates) the affiant intended to convey or what the
magisterial district judge failed to read. Such a practice degrades the entire process of
requiring a magisterial district judge to review affidavits of probable cause in a neutral and
detached manner before the issuance of a search warrant. See Greenstreet v. State,
898 A.2d 961, 974 (Md. 2006) (“It is not the legitimate role of a reviewing court to rewrite
material portions of a deficient, but issued, search warrant. To do so would abrogate the
responsibilities of the issuing authority whom the law entrusts to be a detached and
neutral judge of whether the Constitution authorizes search of a person's property in a
given case.”).
Whether probable cause exists must be a determination made based upon the
actual averments of fact set forth in the affidavit of probable cause, at least in
circumstances where it is possible to do so. In the present case, paragraph ten of the
affidavit of probable cause does not contain a date that reflects an obvious typographical
error, like “1814” or “2214.” See, e.g., State ex. rel. Collins v. Superior Court of State of
Ariz., 629 P.2d 992 (Ariz. 1981) (where affiant stated that he observed criminal activity on
a date in the future, the affidavit contained an obvious typographical error). It also
contains no inherent inconsistencies. For example, in paragraph ten the affiant did not
state both that the canine sweep occurred on March 21, 2013 and, elsewhere, that the
canine sweep occurred “today” (or on some other date). Instead, paragraph ten contains
a sworn averment that the canine sweep occurred on March 21, 2013, without any
indication elsewhere that it occurred on any other date.
Contrary to the Majority’s contentions, the affidavit of probable cause in this case
does not set forth a sequence of events that could not have occurred or one that is wildly
[J-90-2017] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 4
implausible. Based upon statements by a confidential informant, the affiant (Detective
Anthony Lombardo) had, since 2012, suspected the Appellant of selling large amounts of
powder cocaine and marijuana in the Lancaster City area. In 2014, a citizen in good
standing in the community advised law enforcement authorities that Appellant was
making frequent trips to a storage unit in the Lancaster area, and the manager of the
storage unit facility confirmed that Appellant was the sole lessee of that storage unit. This
storage unit had a prior history as a repository for narcotics, as on March 21, 2013 a
canine sniff, conducted pursuant to certifications obtained in 2008, 2010 and 2012, had
indicated the presence of narcotics in the unit. Having tied Appellant to a storage unit
suspected of warehousing drugs, Detective Lombardo prepared an affidavit of probable
cause for a warrant to search the storage unit.
For constitutional purposes, it does not matter that a more plausible story could be
told by speculating that the canine sniff occurred on March 21, 2014. Instead, all that
matters here is that the actual averments in the affidavit of probable cause before us do
not support a finding of probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant. Here, the
affidavit of probable cause, by its express terms, reflects that the canine search occurred
one year before the application for a search warrant was filed. As such, the search
warrant issued in this case was based upon stale information, rendering it constitutionally
deficient. See Commonwealth v. Jones, 668 A.2d 114, 118 (Pa. 1995) (“An affidavit must
set forth sufficient facts from which the time frame that criminal activities occurred can be
determined so that probable cause exists when the search warrant is issued.”) (citing
Commonwealth v. Edmunds, 586 A.2d 887, 891 (Pa. 1991)). In issuing a search warrant,
[J-90-2017] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 5
the issuing authority “may not consider any evidence outside the affidavits,”1
Pa.R.Crim.P. 203(B), and reviewing courts may not consider any evidence “other than
the affidavit(s) of probable cause,” Pa.R.Crim.P. 203(D). No exception exists to permit a
reviewing court to rewrite the affidavit of probable cause to correct a constitutional infirmity
after the warrant has been issued and after the search has been conducted.
Finally, I am largely unpersuaded by the Majority’s public policy argument that
finding a warrant deficient based upon “one temporal misstatement” “could discourage
officers from providing specifics for fear that, if they are too specific and misstate one
detail, the entire warrant will be invalidated.” See Majority Op. at 19. As discussed herein,
the notion that paragraph ten contains a temporal misstatement is mere speculation. The
affidavit of probable cause in this case contains no factual averments that reflect that the
canine sweep did not occur on the date set forth in paragraph ten, and the dates of other
events referenced in the affidavit run the gamut, both temporally and in terms of their
placement relative to one another within the document. Moreover, I do not share the
1
At the suppression hearing, over Appellant’s objection, the suppression court heard
testimony from Detective Lombardo to the effect that the sweep actually occurred on
March 21, 2014. Lombardo characterized his drafting error as merely typographical. See
N.T., 11/24/2014, at 7. Prior to admitting Detective Lombardo’s testimony, the
suppression court stated, “I think for my purposes, the testimony’s going to be important
to determine whether the search by the dog had actually been performed a year before
or whether it was a typo.” Id. at 5. After briefing on the legal issues, however, the
suppression court recognized that Pa. R. Crim. P. 203 prohibited it from considering
evidence from outside the affidavit to establish probable cause, and explained that it
would disregard Lombardo’s testimony. Suppression Court Op. at 6-7 n. 5 (quoting
Pa.R.Crim.P. 203(B), (D)). I take the suppression court at its word — it is well established
that “a judge, as factfinder, is presumed to disregard inadmissible evidence and consider
only competent evidence.” Commonwealth v. Davis, 421 A.2d 179, 183 (Pa. 1980).
Appellant urges us nonetheless to find that the Superior Court erred in considering
Lombardo’s testimony, in direct conflict with Rule 203. As the Majority similarly explains,
there is nothing in the Superior Court opinion to indicate that it did so. See Majority Op.
at 18 n. 10.
[J-90-2017] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 6
Majority’s anxiety that a higher standard for excusing a facially stale affidavit would
incentivize law enforcement officers to shirk their duties. To the contrary, requiring
adherence to constitutional requirements would, in my view, encourage attention to detail
and, most importantly, protect the rights of our citizens as guaranteed by the Fourth
Amendment.
[J-90-2017] [MO: Mundy, J.] - 7
Commonwealth v. Leed, E., Aplt.
Combined Opinion