State v. Crawford

[Cite as State v. Crawford, 2018-Ohio-2166.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
SCIOTO COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO, :
: Case No. 16CA3778
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
:
vs. : DECISION AND JUDGMENT
: ENTRY
DEON PEREZ CRAWFORD, :
:
Defendant-Appellant. : Released: 06/05/18
_____________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:

Steven H. Eckstein, Washington Court House, Ohio, for Appellant.

Mark E. Kuhn, Scioto County Prosecuting Attorney, Portsmouth, Ohio, for
Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, J.

{¶1} This is an appeal from a Scioto County Court of Common Pleas

judgment entry sentencing Appellant, Deon Crawford, after he pleaded

guilty to one count of robbery, a second degree felony in violation of R.C.

2911.01(A)(2). On appeal, Appellant contends that he was deprived of his

right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States

Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution when the trial

court accepted an unknowing, unintelligent, and involuntary guilty plea.

Because Appellant failed to ensure that the transcript of the plea hearing was
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 2

transmitted to this Court, we have nothing to pass upon and must presume

the regularity and validity of the proceedings below. Further, even if the

trial court failed to inform Appellant that a jury verdict of guilty must be

unanimous prior to accepting his guilty plea, such a notification is neither

required by the Constitution or by Crim.R. 11, and the trial court's failure to

provide it does not constitute error. Accordingly, we conclude Appellant's

sole assignment of error is without merit and the judgment of the trial court

is affirmed.

FACTS

{¶2} Appellant, Deon Crawford, was arrested on May 27, 2016 for

the robbery of Citizens Deposit Bank in Portsmouth. He was thereafter

indicted on six counts alleging the commission of aggravated robbery (along

with a firearm specification), theft, robbery, illegal use or possession of drug

paraphernalia, obstructing official business and tampering with evidence.

After engaging in plea negotiations with the State, Appellant agreed to plead

guilty to count three, robbery, a second degree felony in violation of R.C.

2911.02(A)(2), in exchange for the dismissal of the remaining counts of the

indictment, as well as the State’s recommendation that he receive a seven-

year prison sentence.
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 3

{¶3} As a result, a change of plea hearing was held on August 30,

2016. The record indicates Appellant signed two forms on that date, one

entitled “Maximum Penalty” and the other entitled “Waiver.” The

maximum penalty form indicated the maximum penalty for second degree

felony robbery was eight years imprisonment, a $15,000.00 fine, and

mandatory post-release control for a period of three years. The waiver form

signed by Appellant will be discussed in more detail below.

{¶4} The trial court issued a judgment entry on August 21, 2016. The

judgment entry described the change-of-plea hearing held the day prior and

indicated that “defendant’s acts were free and voluntary acts, whereupon the

court found the rejection of rights and the plea of guilty was voluntarily,

intelligently and knowingly made by the defendant.” The judgment entry

further convicted Appellant of the third count of the indictment, robbery,

dismissed all the remaining counts, and sentenced Appellant to a prison term

of seven years, along with a three-year mandatory period of post-release

control.

{¶5} Appellant did not immediately appeal his conviction and

sentence but instead filed a pro se motion for leave to file a delayed appeal

on October 14, 2016. Along with his motion for leave to file a delayed

appeal, Appellant initiated several other pro se filings in the trial court,
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 4

including a pro se motion for appointment of counsel, a pro se motion for

preparation of a complete transcript of the proceedings at the State’s

expense, and also a statement, praecipe and notice to the court reporter

(specifically requesting preparation of a transcript from a proceeding heard

on October 7, 2016 by Judge Harcha and also any related prior or

subsequent hearings). The trial court appointed attorney Robert S. Stratton

to represent Appellant for purposes of appeal on November 29, 2016. Then,

by entry dated February 16, 2017, this Court granted Appellant’s motion for

leave to file a delayed appeal, and also granted his motion for preparation of

a complete transcript of the proceedings at State expense.

{¶6} The Scioto County Clerk of Courts filed a notice of transmission

of the record on March 31, 2017, stating that the record had been transmitted

to this Court and that the record did not include transcripts of proceedings.

On May 15, 2017, this Court issued a Magistrate’s Order noting Appellant

and his counsel had taken no action to prosecute the appeal, and affording

Appellant ten additional days to file a brief or face dismissal of the appeal.

This Court noted in that order that the record had been transmitted without a

transcript on March 31, 2017.
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 5

{¶7} A review of the record indicates Appellant’s originally

appointed appellate counsel filed what was essentially an Anders brief1 on

June 16, 2017. In that brief, counsel represented that “[n]o arguable, non-

frivolous issues of reversible error exist in this case[,]’ and he requested

permission to withdraw as counsel for Appellant. On July 31, 2017, this

Court issued a Magistrate’s Order referencing our recent decision in State v.

Wilson, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 16CA12, 2017-Ohio-5772, which held that

motions and briefs filed under Anders would no longer be accepted.

However, because counsel had disclosed a belief that no errors or arguable

merit existed, we granted his request to withdraw, and appointed attorney

Steven H. Eckstein to prosecute the appeal.

{¶8} Appellant’s new counsel filed a motion for an extension of time

to file a brief on January 29, 2018, citing as a justifying reason, in part, that

this Court had failed to rule on Appellant’s motion for a full transcript.

However, as set forth above, this Court granted Appellant’s motion for a

complete transcript at State expense on February 16, 2017. Appellant’s

counsel also stated he had determined a full transcript was necessary, that he

had taken steps to obtain one, and that “[i]t is in the mail according to the

court reporter.” Despite this representation by counsel there are no docket

1
Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396 (1967).
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 6

entries indicating requests for additional time for the court reporter to

prepare the transcripts, nor was any motion filed to supplement the record

with the transcripts. Instead, it appears from a review of the record before

us, as well as the docketing statement, that the record transmitted to this

Court was never supplemented to include any transcripts. Appellant’s

counsel finally filed an appellate brief on February 7, 2018, setting forth a

single assignment of error for our review.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

“I. CRAWFORD WAS DEPRIVED OF HIS RIGHT TO DUE
PROCESS UNDER THE FOURTHEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE I, SECTION
10 OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION WHEN THE TRIAL COURT
ACCEPTED AN UNKNOWING, UNINTELLIGENT, AND
INVOLUNTARY GUILTY PLEA.”

LEGAL ANALYSIS

{¶9} In his sole assignment of error, Appellant essentially contends

that his guilty plea to one count of robbery was not knowingly, intelligently

and voluntarily given, and that the trial court erred in accepting it. Appellant

asserts that the trial court failed to inform him, prior to accepting his guilty

plea, that a jury verdict of guilty must be unanimous, and that the trial court

committed plain error as a result. The State contends Appellant was

afforded full compliance with Crim.R. 11, agreed to the conditions of his

plea, appreciated the effect of his plea and waived his rights.
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 7

{¶10} “ ‘When a defendant enters a plea in a criminal case, the plea

must be made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Failure on any of

those points renders enforcement of the plea unconstitutional under both the

United States Constitution and the Ohio Constitution.’ ” State v. Veney, 120

Ohio St.3d 176, 2008-Ohio-5200, 897 N.E.2d 621, ¶ 7; quoting State v.

Engle, 74 Ohio St.3d 525, 527, 660 N.E.2d 450 (1996). “ ‘An appellate

court determining whether a guilty plea was entered knowingly,

intelligently, and voluntarily conducts a de novo review of the record to

ensure that the trial court complied with the constitutional and procedural

safeguards.’ ” State v. Leonhart, 4th Dist. Washington No. 13CA38, 2014-

Ohio-5601, ¶ 36; quoting State v. Moore, 4th Dist. Adams No. 13CA965,

2014-Ohio-3024, ¶ 13.

{¶11} “Crim.R. 11(C) governs the process that a trial court must use

before accepting a felony plea of guilty or no contest.” Veney at ¶ 8. Before

accepting a guilty plea in a felony case a trial court must address the

defendant personally and engage in a colloquy covering the contents of

Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a)-(c), which are as follows:

“(2) In felony cases the court may refuse to accept a plea of
guilty or a plea of no contest, and shall not accept a plea of
guilty or no contest without first addressing the defendant
personally and doing all of the following:
(a) Determining that the defendant is making the plea
voluntarily, with understanding of the nature of the charges and
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 8

of the maximum penalty involved, and if applicable, that the
defendant is not eligible for probation or for the imposition of
community control sanctions at the sentencing hearing.
(b) Informing the defendant of and determining that the
defendant understands the effect of the plea of guilty or no
contest, and that the court, upon acceptance of the plea, may
proceed with judgment and sentence.
(c) Informing the defendant and determining that the defendant
understands that by the plea the defendant is waiving the rights
to jury trial, to confront witnesses against him or her, to have
compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in the defendant's
favor, and to require the state to prove the defendant's guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt at a trial at which the defendant
cannot be compelled to testify against himself or herself.”

Further, a defendant who challenges his guilty plea on the basis that it was

not knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made must generally prove

prejudice, which in this context means that the plea would otherwise have

not been entered. Veney at ¶ 15.

{¶12} In the present case, Appellant argues that “[t]he transcript of

the proceedings of the change of plea hearing are devoid of any mention of

the requirement of a guilty verdict needing to be unanimous.” However, as

set forth above, the record was transmitted to this Court on March 31, 2017,

and it did not include any transcripts. Further, a review of the record reveals

that Appellant failed to later supplement the record with the pertinent

transcript, or any transcripts. “ ‘Pursuant to App.R. 9(A), the record on

appeal must contain “[t]he original papers and exhibits thereto filed in the

trial court, the transcript of proceedings, if any, including exhibits, and a
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 9

certified copy of the docket and journal entries prepared by the clerk of the

trial court [.]” ’ ” State v. Bailey, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 09CA3287, 2010-

Ohio-2239, ¶ 57; citing State v. Dalton, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 09CA009589,

2009-Ohio-6910, ¶ 25; quoting App.R. 9(A). Furthermore, “ ‘[i]t is the

appellant's duty to transmit the [record] to the court of appeals. * * * This

duty falls to the appellant because the appellant has the burden of

establishing error in the trial court.’ ” Bailey at ¶ 57; citing Dalton at ¶ 2;

citing Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 199, 400 N.E.2d

384 (1980) (internal citations omitted).

{¶13} As this Court has further explained in Wall v. Wall, 4th Dist.

Pike No. 14CA848, 2015-Ohio-1928, ¶ 7:

"The duty to provide a transcript for appellate review falls upon
the appellant. State v. Hess, 17 N.E.3d 15, 2014–Ohio–3193,
¶ 42, citing Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197,
400 N.E.2d 383 *199. This is necessarily so because an
appellant bears the burden of showing error by reference to
matters in the record. Id. App.R. 9(B). When portions of the
transcript necessary for resolution of assigned errors are omitted
from the record, the reviewing court has nothing to pass upon
and thus, as to those assigned errors, the court has no choice but
to presume the validity of the lower court's proceedings, and
affirm. Id." See also, State v. Cremeans, 4th Dist. Meigs No.
17CA6, 2018-Ohio-537, ¶14 (the absence of the change of plea
hearing transcript limits our review "because we must presume
the validity of the trial court's determination.") (internal
citations omitted)
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 10

Because Appellant has failed to provide this Court with the transcript of the

change of plea hearing, we have nothing to pass upon and must, instead,

presume the regularity and validity of the proceedings below.

{¶14} Here, although we do not have the transcript of the change of

plea hearing, we do have the statement of maximum penalty and written

waiver signed by Appellant when he entered his plea. As noted above, the

statement of maximum penalty accurately advised Appellant of the

maximum penalty he was facing for second-degree felony robbery. Further,

the waiver signed by Appellant on August 30, 2016, states, in pertinent part,

as follows:

"I, Deon Perez Crawford, * * * understand that I have:

1. The right to a trial by jury with representation by counsel;

2. The right to confront the witnesses against me;

3. The right to compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in

my favor;

4. The right to require the state to prove my guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt at a trial at which I cannot be compelled to

testify against myself.

Fully understanding these rights guaranteed me by the

Constitution, I hereby waive them in writing. I withdraw my
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 11

former plea of not guilty, and enter a plea of guilty to the crime

of Ct. 3 Robbery (F-2) violation of Section 2911.02(A)(2) of

the Ohio Revised Code."

The written waiver form further provides a section that was signed by the

trial judge, which states as follows:

"The Court finds that the defendant was advised of all
applicable Constitutional rights herein, and further finds that the
defendant understands the nature of the charges and the
consequences of the plea."

{¶15} Additionally, as set forth above, the judgment and sentencing

entry filed by the trial court states that “defendant’s acts were free and

voluntary acts, whereupon the court found the rejection of rights and the plea

of guilty was voluntarily, intelligently and knowingly made by the

defendant.” In the absence of the plea hearing transcript we must presume

the validity of the findings made by the trial court, which indicate that

Appellant's guilty plea was knowing, intelligent and voluntary. Id. at ¶ 14.

{¶16} Furthermore, as candidly conceded by Appellant in his brief

and as noted by the State, neither Crim.R. 11 or Ohio case law indicate

Appellant's unanimity argument has merit. In fact, the Supreme Court of

Ohio and several other appellate districts have held that the trial court is not

required to inform a defendant that a verdict must be unanimous prior to
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 12

accepting a guilty plea. For instance, with respect to the validity of a guilty

plea, the Supreme Court of Ohio has explained as follows:

“ ‘Prior to accepting a guilty plea from a criminal defendant, the
trial court must inform the defendant that he is waiving his
privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, his right to
jury trial, his right to confront his accusers, and his right of
compulsory process of witnesses.’ ” State v. Fitzpatrick, 102
Ohio St.3d 321, 2004-Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d. 927, ¶ 52;
quoting State v. Ballard, 66 Ohio St.2d 473, 423 N.E.2d 115,
paragraph one of the syllabus (1981); following Boykin v.
Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242, 89 S.Ct. 1709 (1969); see also,
Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(c).

{¶17} When presented with an argument that Fitzpatrick's plea was

not voluntary, knowing or intelligent because the trial court did not inform

him that "the verdict of a three-judge panel must be unanimous as to

conviction or acquittal[,]" the Supreme Court of Ohio explained as follows:

"* * * the right to a unanimous verdict by a judicial panel in a
bench trial is not a constitutional right; it is conferred by R.C.
2945.06. Because that right is not a constitutional right, a trial
court need not advise a defendant that he waives it by pleading
guilty. See, generally, Libretti v. United States (1995), 516 U.S.
29, 49–51, 116 S.Ct. 356, 133 L.Ed.2d 271.” Fitzpatrick at
¶ 54.

{¶18} Two years later, State v. Ketterer, 111 Ohio St.3d 70, 2006-

Ohio-5283, 855 N.E.2d 48 was decided. Ketterer contended "that he did not

'knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily' waive a jury trial and enter a guilty

plea." Ketterer at ¶ 13. In response, the Court reasoned as follows:
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 13

"Contrary to Ketterer's claim, the trial court was not required to
specifically advise Ketterer on the need for juror unanimity. We
rejected similar claims in State v. Bays (1999), 87 Ohio St.3d
15, 19–21, 716 N.E.2d 1126, citing United States v. Martin
(C.A.6, 1983), 704 F.2d 267. In Bays, we noted that 'a
defendant need not have a complete or technical understanding
of the jury trial right in order to knowingly and intelligently
waive it.' Id. at 20, 716 N.E.2d 1126. Nor is the trial court
'required to inform the defendant of all the possible implications
of waiver.' Id. Accord Sowell v. Bradshaw (C.A.6, 2004), 372
F.3d 821, 833–836; State v. Turner, 105 Ohio St.3d 331, 2005-
Ohio-1938, 826 N.E.2d 266, ¶ 24–25; Fitzpatrick, 102 Ohio
St.3d 321, 2004-Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d 927, ¶ 44–46 (accused
need not be told that jury unanimity is necessary to convict and
to impose sentence)." Ketterer at ¶ 68.

{¶19} Similarly, presented with the argument that a defendant's plea

was not knowing, voluntary, or intelligent because the trial court failed to

inform him of his "constitutional right to a unanimous verdict[,]" the Tenth

District Court of Appeals stated as follows:

"Initially, there is no explicit requirement in Crim.R. 11
(C)(2)(a) that a defendant be informed of his right to a
unanimous verdict. Further, several courts, including the Ohio
Supreme Court, have held there is no requirement that a trial
court inform a defendant of his right to a unanimous verdict."
State v. Simpson, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-929, 2008-Ohio-2460,
¶ 11; citing State v. Ketterer, supra, at ¶ 68; State v. Fitzpatrick,
supra, at ¶ 44-46; State v. Barnett, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
060950, 2007-Ohio-4599, ¶ 6 (trial court not required to
specifically inform defendant that she had right to unanimous
verdict; defendant's execution of a written jury trial waiver and
guilty plea form, as well as her on-the-record colloquy with the
trial court about these documents, was sufficient to notify her
about the jury trial right she was foregoing); State v. Goens, 2nd
Dist. Montgomery No. 19585, 2003-Ohio-5402, ¶ 19; State v.
Pons, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 7817, 1983 WL 2450
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 14

(defendant's argument that he be told that there must be a
unanimous verdict by the jury is an attempted super technical
expansion of Crim.R. 11); State v. Small, 9th Dist. Summit No.
10105, 1981 WL 4084 (Crim.R. 11 does not require the court to
inform the defendant that the verdict in a jury trial must be by
unanimous vote).

{¶20} Based upon the foregoing, Appellant's argument that his plea

was not knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently entered because the trial

court failed to inform him that he was waiving his right to a unanimous jury

verdict lacks merit. Even assuming the change-of-plea hearing transcript

was properly before us and verified that Appellant was not informed that a

jury verdict of guilty must be unanimous, his argument would still fail

because such advisement is not required by the United States or Ohio

Constitutions, nor is it required by Crim.R. 11. Thus, Appellant cannot

demonstrate prejudice. In fact, Appellant has not argued that he would not

have entered a guilty plea if he had been so advised. Accordingly,

Appellant's sole assignment of error is without merit and the judgment of the

trial court is affirmed.

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Scioto App. No. 16CA3778 15

JUDGMENT ENTRY

It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be
assessed to Appellant.

The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Scioto County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into
execution.

IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Harsha, J. & Abele, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.

For the Court,

BY: ______________________________
Matthew W. McFarland

NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.