IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-0777
Filed June 6, 2018
IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF BONNIE ELIZABETH SEELY
AND CHAD DONALD SEELY
Upon the Petition of
BONNIE ELIZABETH SEELY,
Petitioner-Appellee,
And Concerning
CHAD DONALD SEELY,
Respondent-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Fae E. Hoover-Grinde,
Judge.
Father appeals child support and postsecondary education provisions of a
modification decree. AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.
Mark J. Seidl of Seidl & Seidl, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellant.
Richard C. Garberson and Kerry A. Finley of Shuttleworth & Ingersoll,
P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and McDonald, JJ.
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MCDONALD, Judge.
Chad and Bonnie Seely married in 1994 and divorced in 2012 pursuant to
a stipulated decree. The stipulated decree provided for joint legal custody and
joint physical care of the parties’ four children, M.S. (born 1995), N.S. (born 1997),
H.S. (born 2001), and J.S. (born 2003), with neither party to pay child support to
the other. Subsequently, Chad relocated from the Cedar Rapids area, where the
parties lived, to the Clinton area for work. Because the joint-physical-care
arrangement was no longer practicable, Bonnie petitioned to modify the parties’
decree, seeking physical care of the children, child support, and a change in the
postsecondary education subsidy. The district court granted Bonnie’s petition.
Chad timely filed this appeal. On appeal, he contends the district court erred in
calculating child support and erred in determining the necessary expenses for the
postsecondary education subsidy. This court’s review of a modification order is de
novo. See In re Marriage of Mihm, 842 N.W.2d 378, 381 (Iowa 2014).
Before turning to the merits of the questions presented, we address a
significant issue bearing on the resolution of this appeal: the record, it’s stale. It’s
cliché to say that justice delayed is justice denied. But it’s a cliché for a reason,
it’s true. Here, the modification petition was filed in July 2014. Even though the
only issues for trial were child support and the postsecondary education subsidy,
the matter did not come on for trial until eighteen months later in January 2016.
Four months later, on April 5, 2016, the district court issued an order granting the
petition to modify. Of note, the district court’s order merely copied verbatim
Bonnie’s pretrial statement of proposed relief. After the district court entered its
order granting the petition, Chad timely filed a motion to enlarge or amend pursuant
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to Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.904(2). The district court ruled on the motion on
May 11, 2017—more than one year after the motion was filed. Because of the
delay, the parties are now on appeal contesting child support based on a record
that, more likely than not, bears little relationship to the parties’ present personal
and financial circumstances. With this in mind, we turn to the merits of the appeal.
We first address the issue of the amount of child support. “Our legislature
has established a rebuttable presumption that our child support guidelines yield
the proper amount of monthly support.” In re Marriage of McDermott, 827 N.W.2d
671, 684 (Iowa 2013). “The child support guidelines are designed to calculate an
amount of funds that will cover the normal and reasonable costs of supporting a
child. In fact, there is a presumption the guidelines will yield a support amount that
will encompass the normal needs of a child, except for medical support and
postsecondary education expenses.” Id. at 685–86. “The court may not deviate
from the amount of the child support yielded by the guidelines ‘without a written
finding that the guidelines would be unjust or inappropriate under specific criteria.’”
Id. at 684. “All income that is not anomalous, uncertain, or speculative should be
included when determining a party's child support obligations.” In re Marriage of
Nelson, 570 N.W.2d 103, 105 (Iowa 1997). In cases with variable income, Iowa
courts often, but not always, use an average of earnings over several years. See
In re Marriage of Hagerla, 698 N.W.2d 329, 332 (Iowa Ct. App. 2005).
The parties are well familiar with the facts and circumstances of the case,
and we need not discuss them in any great detail. In short, Chad is a long-time
employee of grocery store chain. He relocated to Clinton to become the manager
of a store undergoing extensive renovations. Because of the manner in which the
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company compensated store managers based on the profitability of the store, it
was uncertain at the time of trial what Chad’s future income would be. Rather than
finding Chad’s actual income at the time of trial and applying the child support
guidelines, the district court created a support scheme in which Chad would pay a
base level of support based on a minimum salary amount and then seventeen
percent of his gross income over the minimum salary amount. Chad challenges
this support scheme as erroneous.
We have little trouble in concluding the district court erred in determining
the amount of child support to be paid. The district court failed to determine the
parties’ respective net monthly incomes as required by the guidelines. While
Chad’s future compensation was somewhat indeterminate, his actual
compensation at the time of trial was not. The possibility that Chad’s future income
was indeterminate was not, in and of itself, sufficient reason to deviate from the
child support guidelines. Instead, any material changes in Chad’s future income
could have been addressed in a subsequent modification proceeding. In addition,
the district court’s determination Chad should pay as child support an additional
seventeen percent of his gross income over a certain threshold is an unjustified
and substantial deviation from the guidelines formula. This formula worked a
substantial injustice to Chad who would be forced to pay a significant amount more
than the guidelines required as his income increased.
This leaves us with the question of the appropriate remedy. As noted
above, almost four years have passed since Bonnie first filed for modification.
Almost two and one-half years have passed since the time of trial. There is little
point in remanding this matter for a determination of the appropriate amount of
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child support based on the evidence introduced at the time of trial. The parties’
respective incomes have now undoubtedly changed. At least two, and perhaps
three, of the parties’ children are no longer eligible for child support. Given the
foregoing, we remand this matter to the district court to determine child support for
the child or children still subject to support based on the parties’ present financial
circumstances and the current child support guidelines and modify the child
support provision accordingly. See In re Marriage of Hoffman, 867 N.W.2d 26, 37
(Iowa 2015) (relying on this remedy). See, e.g., In re Marriage of Kapfer, No. 17-
0683, 2017 WL 5185448, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 8, 2017) (remanding for
determination of support based on present circumstances); In re Marriage of
Rogers, No. 16-1571, 2017 WL 4842306, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2017)
(“Because the district court improperly imputed income to Jessica when
determining the child-support obligation and should have used the average of
Jason's total income, we remand for recalculation of the award. On remand, the
district court should recalculate the obligation ‘based on the present financial
circumstances of the parties and the child support guidelines.’”); Ruden v. Peach,
904 N.W.2d 410, 416 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017) (“We remand to the district court to
determine the issues of visitation and support based on the present
circumstances.”); In re Marriage of Comstock, No. 15-1570, 2016 WL 4803930, at
*9 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 14, 2016) (“We remand this case to the district court for
determination of Jessica's child-support obligation based upon the present
financial circumstances of the parties.”); Walker v. Lusk, No. 15-0784, 2016 WL
3002912, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. May 25, 2016) (“We remand to the district court to
recalculate Brittani's obligation based on the present financial circumstances of the
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parties and the child support guidelines.”); In re Marriage of Thomas, No. 02-0317,
2002 WL 31313690, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 16, 2002) (“We remand this case to
the district court for determination of Kenneth's child support obligation based upon
the present financial circumstances of the parties.”)
We next address Chad’s challenge to the postsecondary education subsidy.
The district court ordered Chad to pay “up to $7000 (toward room and board and
tuition) per year for each child’s education, in addition to 1/3 of necessary
expenses associated with the child’s college education . . . Necessary expenses
shall include, but not be limited to the purchase price, insurance, maintenance of
an automobile, and the cost of a cell phone.” Chad raises two challenges to the
award. He contends the district court erred in determining the amount of the
subsidy. He also contends the district court erred in including as necessary costs
the purchase, insurance, and maintenance for an automobile.
The district court erred in calculating the postsecondary education subsidy.
The supreme court recently clarified the manner to determine costs for necessary
postsecondary education expenses. See In re Marriage of Larsen, __ N.W.2d __,
__ , 2018 WL 2371549, at *3–4 (Iowa 2018).
The legislature requires us to determine “the cost of
postsecondary education based upon the cost of attending an in-
state public institution for a course of instruction leading to an
undergraduate degree and shall include the reasonable costs for
only necessary postsecondary education expenses.” [Iowa Code] §
598.21F(2)(a). This finding is required whether the child is attending
an in-state public institution, an in-state private institution, or an out-
of-state institution. The costs of attending an in-state public
institution should be substantially the same whether the child attends
an in-state public institution, an in-state private institution, or an out-
of-state institution.
In this case, Lynn and Roger are arguing over the specific
costs for H.M. to attend an in-state public institution. We now hold
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arguing over the specific costs is unnecessary. Our federal
government has established programs to make benefits available to
eligible students seeking a postsecondary education. 20 U.S.C. §
1070 (2012). In connection with determining what benefits are
available to the students, Congress requires the institutions to
determine the cost of attendance for each institution. See id.
§ 1087ll. In calculating the cost of attendance for full-time students,
the statute defines the cost of attendance as
(1) tuition and fees normally assessed a student carrying the
same academic workload as determined by the institution, and
including costs for rental or purchase of any equipment, materials, or
supplies required of all students in the same course of study;
(2) an allowance for books, supplies, transportation, and
miscellaneous personal expenses, including a reasonable allowance
for the documental rental or purchase of a personal computer, for a
student attending the institution on at least a half-time basis, as
determined by the institution;
(3) an allowance (as determined by the institution) for room
and board costs incurred by the student which—
(A) shall be an allowance determined by the institution
for a student without dependents residing at home with
parents;
(B) for students without dependents residing in
institutionally owned or operated housing, shall be a standard
allowance determined by the institution based on the amount
normally assessed most of its residents for room and board;
(C) for students who live in housing located on a
military base or for which a basic allowance is provided under
section 403(b) of title 37, shall be an allowance based on the
expenses reasonably incurred by such students for board but
not for room; and
(D) for all other students shall be an allowance based
on the expenses reasonably incurred by such students for
room and board [.]
Id. § 1087ll (1)-(3).
....
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We believe the cost of attendance as published by each
institution pursuant to 20 U.S.C. § 1087ll is presumed to be the
reasonable and necessary cost of attending an in-state public
institution for a course of instruction when a court makes its
calculation under Iowa Code section 598.21F(2)(a). If a party can
show a special need or some other circumstances that the
presumptive cost is not the reasonable and necessary cost of
attending an in-state public institution for a course of instruction for
that particular student, the court may vary from the presumptive cost.
Id. at * __. We remand this matter for redetermination of the postsecondary
education subsidy in accord Larsen. As with child support, the postsecondary
education subsidy shall be based on present circumstances.
Bonnie requests she be awarded appellate attorney fees. “Appellate
attorney fees are not a matter of right, but rather rest in this court's discretion. In
determining whether to award appellate attorney fees, we consider the needs of
the party seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay, and the relative
merits of the appeal.” McDermott, 827 N.W.2d at 687. Upon consideration of
these factors, we decline to award Bonnie appellate attorney fees.
We remand this matter for the recalculation of child support and the
postsecondary education subsidy as set forth in this opinion. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.