e Trust Life Ins. Co. v. Estate of Casper

1 Opinions of the Colorado Supreme Court are available to the
2 public and can be accessed through the Judicial Branch’s homepage at
3 http://www.courts.state.co.us. Opinions are also posted on the
4 Colorado Bar Association’s homepage at http://www.cobar.org.
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6 ADVANCE SHEET HEADNOTE
7 May 29, 2018
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9 2018 CO 43
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1 No. 17SC2, Guarantee Trust Life Ins. Co. v. Estate of Casper—Unreasonable Delay
2 and Denial of Insurance Benefits—Abatement—Actual Damages.
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4 In this case, the supreme court considers the operation of section 13-20-101,

5 C.R.S. (2017), Colorado’s survival statute, and section 10-3-1116(1), C.R.S. (2017), a

6 statutory cause of action for the unreasonable delay or denial of insurance benefits. The

7 supreme court also considers the scope of the trial court’s authority to enter a final

8 judgment nunc pro tunc. In this case, the original plaintiff died after receiving a

9 favorable jury verdict, but before that verdict had been reduced to a written and signed

0 entry of final judgment. The defendant then moved to substantially reduce the jury

1 award, arguing that the survival statute barred certain damages. The supreme court

2 concludes that the survival statute does not limit the jury’s verdict in favor of the

3 original plaintiff. The supreme court further concludes that an award of attorney fees

4 under section 10-3-1116(1) is a component of the “actual damages” of a successful claim

5 under that section and that, although the survival statute did not limit the damages

6 awarded by the jury, the trial court abused its discretion by entering a final judgment

7 nunc pro tunc. The court of appeals’ judgment is affirmed in part and reversed in part.
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5 The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado
6 2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203

7 2018 CO 43

8 Supreme Court Case No. 17SC2
9 Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals
0 Court of Appeals Case No. 14CA2423
1 Petitioner:
2 Guarantee Trust Life Insurance Company, an Illinois corporation,
3 v.
4 Respondent:
5 The Estate of Michael Dean Casper, by and through Nick Casper, personal representative.

6 Judgment Affirmed in Part and Reversed in Part
7 en banc
8 May 29, 2018
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0 Attorneys for Petitioner:
1 Hall & Evans, L.L.C.
2 Kevin E. O’Brien
3 Alan Epstein
4 Malcolm S. Mead
5 Denver, Colorado
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7 Attorneys for Respondent:
8 Levin Sitcoff PC
9 Bradley A. Levin
0 Nelson A. Waneka
1 Denver, Colorado
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3 Keating Wagner Polidori Free PC
4 Zachary C. Warzel
5 Denver, Colorado
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2 Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Colorado Trial Lawyers Association
3 The Gold Law Firm, LLC
4 Michael J. Rosenberg
5 Greenwood Village, Colorado
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3 CHIEF JUSTICE RICE delivered the Opinion of the Court.

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¶1 In this case, we consider the operation of section 13-20-101, C.R.S. (2017),

Colorado’s survival statute, and section 10-3-1116(1), C.R.S. (2017), a statutory cause of

action for the unreasonable delay or denial of insurance benefits. We also consider the

scope of the trial court’s authority to enter a final judgment nunc pro tunc. The original

plaintiff, Michael Dean Casper, now deceased, received a favorable jury verdict

awarding damages for breach of contract, bad-faith breach of insurance contract, and

unreasonable delay or denial of insurance benefits under section 10-3-1116(1). The jury

also awarded Casper substantial punitive damages. Nine days after the jury returned

its verdict—but before the trial court reduced that verdict to a written and signed

judgment—Casper died. Consequently, the defendant, Guarantee Trust Life Insurance

Company (“GTL”), moved to substantially reduce the verdict, arguing that the survival

statute barred certain damages. The trial court denied the motion, and the court of

appeals affirmed. We granted GTL’s petition to review the court of appeals’ decision.1

We now conclude that the survival statute does not limit the jury’s verdict in favor of

Casper. We also conclude that an award of attorney fees and costs under section 10-3-

1 We granted certiorari to review the following issues:
1. Whether the survival statute, section 13-20-101, C.R.S. (2016), limits the
damages recoverable when the plaintiff dies three months before the
court enters judgment but nine days after the jury enters its verdict.
2. Whether a judgment rendered after the plaintiff’s death can be entered
nunc pro tunc to a date before death, when the amount of attorney fees
and costs to be awarded as damages under section 10-3-1116, C.R.S.
(2016), was not determined until after death.
3. Whether attorney fees and costs awarded under section 10-3-1116,
C.R.S. (2016), constitute “actual damages” to be counted when
calculating punitive damages under section 13-21-102, C.R.S. (2016).

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1116(1) is a component of the “actual damages” of a successful claim under that section.

Finally, we conclude that although the survival statute does not limit the damages

awarded by the jury, the trial court abused its discretion by entering a final judgment

on October 30, 2014, nunc pro tunc to July 15, 2014. Therefore, we affirm the court of

appeals’ decision in part and reverse in part.

I. Facts and Procedural History

¶2 Casper sued GTL alleging breach of contract, bad-faith breach of an insurance

contract, and statutory unreasonable delay or denial of insurance benefits under section

10-3-1116(1). On July 15, 2014, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Casper on each

claim; in addition to compensatory damages, it awarded him substantial punitive and

non-economic damages. The same day it received the verdict, the trial court recognized

that Casper, who was suffering from cancer, was in poor health and immediately made

an oral order indicating the court’s intent that the verdict become a judgment.

Specifically, the trial court stated, “[T]he verdict is received by the court and the clerk of

the court is instructed to enter the verdict in the court registry . . . . I’m entering

judgment.” Nine days later—before the oral order of the court had been entered as a

written and signed order as required by C.R.C.P. 58—Casper died. Casper’s Estate was

then substituted as the plaintiff in place of Casper. On October 30, 2014, the trial court

entered a signed and written judgment in favor of Casper’s Estate for nearly two

million dollars; it dated this written judgment nunc pro tunc to July 15, 2014, the date

the jury returned the verdict in favor of Casper.

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¶3 After Casper’s death, GTL filed a motion to amend the judgment and asked the

court to exclude attorney fees and costs in its calculation of “actual damages” and also

argued that the survival statute required a severe reduction in the award by the jury.

The trial court disagreed and GTL appealed. The court of appeals affirmed the trial

court’s decisions. Now, GTL asks us to reverse the court of appeals and hold that

Casper’s Estate is entitled only to $50,000 in damages under the breach-of-contract

claim. GTL also reiterates its argument that the trial court erred by including the award

of attorney fees granted under section 10-3-1116(1) in its calculation of punitive

damages and that the trial court erred by entering final judgment nunc pro tunc to the

date of verdict.

II. Standard of Review

¶4 This case presents several questions of statutory interpretation, which we review

de novo. Goodman v. Heritage Builders, Inc., 2017 CO 13, ¶ 5, 390 P.3d 398, 401. And

we review the trial court’s entry of final judgment nunc pro tunc for an abuse of

discretion. See Perdew v. Perdew, 64 P.2d 602, 604 (Colo. 1936) (“Application for . . . a

judgment [nunc pro tunc] is addressed to the sound discretion of the court.”).

III. Analysis

¶5 We begin by considering the survival statute itself. Next, we measure each claim

for relief brought by Casper against that statute and conclude that the survival statute,

which was enacted to blunt the common law rule on abatement, does not bar any of

Casper’s original claims for relief, nor does it require any limitations on damages. We

then consider the award of attorney fees and court costs available pursuant to section

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10-3-1116(1) and determine that such an award constitutes “actual damages” within the

meaning of section 13-21-102(1)(a), C.R.S. (2017), the punitive damages statute. Finally,

we consider the trial court’s decision to enter final judgment on October 30, 2014, nunc

pro tunc to July 15, 2014, the date the jury returned its verdict. We conclude that,

because an award of attorney fees and court costs under section 10-3-1116(1) is

considered actual damages, and those actual damages were not fixed by the trial court

by July 15, 2014, the trial court could not have entered final judgment nunc pro tunc to

that date.

A. The Survival Statute

¶6 In considering the operation of the survival statute, we begin, as we must, with

the text of the statute itself. Goodman, ¶ 7, 390 P.3d at 401. The survival statute

provides that:

All causes of action, except actions for slander or libel, shall survive and
may be brought or continued notwithstanding the death of the person in
favor of or against whom such action has accrued, but punitive damages
shall not be awarded nor penalties adjudged after the death of the person
against whom such punitive damages or penalties are claimed; and, in tort
actions based upon personal injury, the damages recoverable after the
death of the person in whose favor such action has accrued shall be
limited to loss of earnings and expenses sustained or incurred prior to
death and shall not include damages for pain, suffering, or disfigurement,
nor prospective profits or earnings after date of death.

§ 13-20-101(1) (emphases added). We note that the survival statute provides that all

actions survive the death of either party except actions for slander or libel. Id. Casper

brought multiple claims for relief, none of which were for slander or libel, so the actions

themselves clearly survived his death. However, the survival statute also limits the

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damages that are available in two scenarios, even when the underlying action survived.

It is those damages limitations that are most relevant to our decision in this case.

¶7 Because Casper brought multiple claims for relief, we ask first whether the

survival statute and its damages limitations apply broadly over entire lawsuits or more

narrowly over individual claims. We conclude that the survival statute acknowledges

that a plaintiff’s suit can contain multiple categories of claims, some of which may

wholly survive and others of which may be limited. Our system of adversarial

litigation certainly permits, if not encourages, the inclusion of multiple theories of

liability within a particular lawsuit. See C.R.C.P. 8(e)(2) (“A party may also state as

many separate claims or defenses as he has . . . .”). Of course, the survival statute

speaks of “causes of action,” not theories of liability or claims for relief. However, we

conclude that “cause of action” as used in the survival statute references individual

claims with individual remedies, not a lawsuit as a whole. Indeed, the legislature

characterized the claim under section 10-3-1116, for example, as an “action” and

explicitly created that action “in addition to . . . other actions available.” § 10-3-1116(4).

GTL itself appears to share our view of the survival statute, as it concedes that the

Estate may receive the damages for GTL’s breach of contract, suggesting that the

survival statute addresses each theory of liability individually.2

¶8 Although the survival statute permits all but two causes of action to survive the

death of either party, it does limit the damages available to a successful litigant in two

2 A claim for punitive damages presents an additional wrinkle to interpreting the
survival statute given the claim’s status as an ancillary or auxiliary claim. See infra Part
III.B.; Palmer v. A.H. Robbins Co., 684 P.2d 187, 213–14 (Colo. 1984).

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primary scenarios: (1) when punitive damages and penalties are at issue (“penalty

limitation”); and (2) in tort actions based on personal injury (“personal-injury

limitation”). § 13-20-101(1). We address these two limitations in turn.

¶9 The penalty limitation affects punitive damages and penalties and states that

“punitive damages shall not be awarded nor penalties adjudged after the death of the

person against whom such punitive damages or penalties are claimed.” Id. (emphasis

added). So, by the statute’s plain terms, this limitation could not possibly apply in this

case because GTL—the party “against whom such punitive damages or penalties” were

claimed—still exists.3

¶10 We recognize that in Kruse v. McKenna, 178 P.3d 1198, 1200 (Colo. 2008), we

intimated that the statute’s limitation on penalties and punitive damages applies when

either party dies. If we were to apply that interpretation of the survival statute,

Casper’s recovery, or at least portions of it, would be barred by the survival statute. See

Warren v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., No. 05–cv–01891–PAB–MEH, 2011 WL 1103160,

at *9 (D. Colo. Mar. 24, 2011) (“Kruse found that, if a plaintiff’s claims were ‘penalties,’

they would not survive.”). The primary issue in Kruse was whether a claim under the

Telephone Consumer Protection Act was either remedial or penal. 178 P.3d at 1200–01.

That issue was critical because we held that a remedial action could be assigned to

another party, while a penal action could not. Id. at 1200. We noted that “to determine

whether a claim is assignable under Colorado law, we look to whether it survives the

3 Because GTL clearly still exists as a party to this lawsuit, we need not consider when
the “death” of a corporate entity occurs in the context of the survival statute.

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death of the person originally entitled to assert the claim.” Id. (citing Micheletti v.

Moidel, 32 P.2d 266, 267 (Colo. 1934)). We went on to conclude that because the statute

was penal, it was not assignable, assuming that the penalty limitation became operable

in the event of a plaintiff’s death. See id. at 1202. That assumption effectively ignored

the statutory text providing that punitive damages are unavailable when the defendant

dies. See § 13-20-101(1) (providing that punitive damages and penalties are not

available “after the death of the person against whom such punitive damages or

penalties are claimed”). And, because we must take the statutory text as it is and give

meaning to each word, Pineda-Liberato v. People, 2017 CO 95, ¶ 22, 403 P.3d 160, 164,

that conclusion was erroneous. Accordingly, to the extent our decision in Kruse failed

to give meaning to the plain language of the survival statute, that decision is overruled.

Our reading of the survival statute announced today not only more properly complies

with the text of the survival statute, but also makes practical sense. If a hypothetical

cause of action is punitive in nature, and the defendant who was due to face some

punishment (presumably to encourage a change in future behavior) dies, the social

utility of the punishment is eliminated. However, if the plaintiff is the deceased party,

the social utility of punishing the defendant remains. Consequently, we now hold that

the survival statute limits punitive damages and penalties awarded and adjudged only

after the death of the “person against whom such punitive damages or penalties are

claimed.” § 13-20-101(1).

¶11 The personal-injury limitation, however, operates differently. One crucial

difference is that the personal-injury limitation acts to limit the damages recoverable in

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tort actions based upon personal injury. Id. In addition, however, it becomes effective

not after the death of the party against whom an award is rendered, but after the death

of the party “in whose favor such action has accrued.” Id. Again, not only is the

statutory text clear, but it also comports with practical considerations. Tort actions are

generally intended to make an injured party whole. However, no amount of damages

intended to account for pain, suffering, or disfigurement, will act to make a deceased

party whole. See Espinoza v. Gurule, 356 P.2d 891, 892 (Colo. 1960); Kling v. Phayer,

274 P.2d 97, 98 (Colo. 1954). Because Casper, the initial plaintiff, has died, the

personal-injury limitation is potentially applicable in this case. As a result, we consider

it closely below.

¶12 Having examined the text of the survival statute, we now consider each of the

four claims brought by Casper and determine whether each claim is affected by the

survival statute.

B. Casper’s Claims for Relief

1. Breach of Contract

¶13 Casper’s breach-of-contract claim clearly survives, and the Estate is entitled to

the complete award of non-duplicative damages awarded by the jury pursuant to that

claim. The breach-of-contract claim is clearly not an action for libel or slander, so it

survived Casper’s death. Moreover, the penalty limitation is not relevant because a

breach-of-contract claim is not a claim for punitive damages or some other penalty, and

GTL, the defendant, is still a party to the dispute. Nor is the personal-injury limitation

relevant because a breach-of-contract claim is clearly not a “tort action based upon

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personal injury.” See Tort, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (“A civil wrong, other

than breach of contract, for which a remedy may be obtained, usually in the form of

damages . . . .”).

2. Section 10-3-1116

¶14 Turning now to Casper’s statutory claim under section 10-3-1116, we reach a

similar conclusion. Again, Casper’s claim is clearly not a claim for slander or libel, so

the action itself survived Casper’s death. Next, we conclude that neither damages

limitation applies to Casper’s statutory claim. Not only is GTL still in existence, thus

eliminating the possibility that the penalty limitation acts to limit any recovery under

Casper’s statutory claim, but under our decision in Rooftop Restoration, Inc. v.

American Family Mutual Insurance Co., 2018 CO 44, ¶ 15, __ P.3d __, a claim under

section 10-3-1116 is not a claim for punitive damages or a penalty. Clearly, the penalty

limitation does not limit Casper’s statutory claim. Nor does the personal-injury

limitation apply because a claim under section 10-3-1116(1)—which seeks recovery of

unreasonably delayed or denied insurance benefits—is not a “tort action based upon

personal injury.” § 13-20-101(1). While Casper did put forth evidence of personal

injuries, that evidence was not required for success on his statutory claim, nor was it

required to calculate the damages awarded to him under the statute. Indeed, all that he

was required to prove for his statutory claim was that GTL unreasonably delayed or

denied a benefit owed to him. Because personal injury is wholly irrelevant to a claim

under section 10-3-1116(1), such a claim is not a “tort action based upon personal

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injury.” Therefore, the survival statute does not bar the Estate’s recovery under section

10-3-1116(1).

3. Bad-Faith Breach of Insurance Contract

¶15 Next, we consider Casper’s claim for bad-faith breach of insurance contract.

Again, because the party against whom this judgment was rendered is still present, and

because this claim is not for punitive damages or penalties, the penalty limitation does

not apply. However, the personal-injury limitation provides a closer call. Clearly,

Casper, the party in whose favor such action accrued, has died. But, even assuming

(without deciding) that a claim for bad-faith breach of insurance contract is a “tort

action based on personal injury,” we ultimately conclude that the personal-injury

limitation does not act to limit Casper’s damages for bad-faith breach of insurance

contract.

¶16 The personal-injury limitation limits the damages “recoverable after the death of

the person in whose favor such action has accrued.” § 13-20-101(1). GTL contends that

the survival statute limits damages if the plaintiff dies before judgment because the

common law prevented the abatement of a cause of action only once judgment had

been entered. See Publix Cab Co. v. Colo. Nat’l Bank of Denver, 338 P.2d 702, 707 (Colo.

1959) (“At very early common law all actions died with the actors.”). But the survival

statute represents an intentional departure from the common law rules, see Publix, 338

P.2d at 710–11 (discussing the difference between the common law rule of survival and

Colorado’s survival statute), and the statute makes no mention of judgment as the event

that triggers the limitations found in the survival statute, § 13-20-101(1). Indeed, the

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personal-injury limitation limits only damages “recoverable” after the death of the

plaintiff. And if the damages at issue were “recovered” prior to the death of the

plaintiff, then those damages would no longer be “recoverable,” rendering the

personal-injury limitation irrelevant. Thus, we must interpret the term “recoverable” in

the context of the survival statute.

¶17 The primary definition of “recover” reads: “To get back or regain in full or in

equivalence.” Recover, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). The Estate argues that

the statutory term “recoverable” cannot mean that damages are recovered only once

they are actually paid to the prevailing party because such a rule would mean that if a

party were to die during an appeal, the survival statute would act to limit the damages

available to that party under the personal-injury limitation—a harsher result than what

would occur under the common law. Because the survival statute was adopted to

temper the harshness of the common law rule, we also reject that interpretation. See

Publix, 338 P.2d at 712 (noting that the survival statute curtailed the common law rule

against survival). Instead, we look to the second definition, which defines “recover” as

“to obtain (relief) by judgment or other legal process.” Recover, Black’s Law Dictionary

(10th ed. 2014). In this case, Casper did obtain a verdict through legal process, namely a

complete trial during which the jury awarded him substantial damages under his claim

for bad-faith breach of insurance contract. Indeed, the jury trial—with the jury as sole

factfinder in this case—was the only legal process that could fix an award of damages

on Casper’s claim for bad-faith breach of insurance contract and, after it had done so,

any and all factual issues raised by that claim were resolved. Consequently, we

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conclude that Casper recovered his damages for bad-faith breach of insurance contract

within the meaning of the survival statute when the jury returned its verdict on that

claim. Because Casper was still alive when he recovered his damages under his claim

for bad-faith breach of insurance contract, those damages were no longer “recoverable,”

and the personal-injury limitation does not act to reduce the damages awarded by the

jury pursuant to that claim.

4. Punitive Damages

¶18 Finally, we consider the jury’s substantial punitive damages award. GTL argues

that the punitive damages award is governed by the personal-injury limitation, not the

penalty limitation, beginning from the premise that the suit as a whole is a tort action

based on personal injury. From that premise, GTL argues that the personal-injury

limitation enumerates an exclusive list of damages that are recoverable in a tort action

based on personal injury, and that because that list does not include punitive damages

the award of punitive damages is barred. We disagree and conclude instead that

Casper’s claim for punitive damages is governed by the penalty limitation. First, it is

worth remembering that GTL seems to concede that one lawsuit can encompass

multiple types of causes of action, some subject to the survival statute and some not,

because GTL concedes that Casper can still recover on his breach-of-contract claim.

And GTL expends little effort explaining why Casper’s claim for punitive damages

attaches to his claim of bad-faith breach of insurance contract, the only claim that is

arguably a tort claim based on personal injury, rather than the other claims brought by

Casper. In other words, GTL fails to explain why Casper’s lawsuit should be

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considered a tort action based on personal injury, rather than one based on breach of

contract or some other theory. Furthermore, GTL’s reliance on Burron’s Estate v.

Edwards, 594 P.2d 1064 (Colo. App. 1979), is misplaced. Although that case held that

punitive damages were barred by the personal-injury limitation, the underlying causes

of action were for assault and battery, meaning the entire case was plainly a “tort action

based on personal injury.” Id. at 1065. Casper’s case, by contrast, features multiple

causes of action, each with their own unique character.

¶19 Therefore, we instead conclude that the penalty limitation—which specifically

addresses punitive damages—covers Casper’s claim for punitive damages here, not the

personal-injury limitation. Our resolution avoids the need to determine whether the

award of punitive damages is in some sense attached to one of Casper’s particular

claims and recognizes that, as discussed above, the two damages limitations serve

distinct purposes: the penalty limitation ensures that the party who is deserving of

punishment is still alive prior to levying punitive damages, while the personal-injury

limitation ensures that the party to be made whole after a successful tort claim is still

living and able to be made whole. Finally, we note that although a claim for punitive

damages can be brought only in an amended complaint, § 13-21-102(1.5)(a), it requires a

separate instruction by the court and specific findings from the jury, § 13-21-102(1)(a),

and is not formally attached to or predicated on any specific claim. Therefore, we

conclude that the survival statute limits punitive damages only when “the person

against whom such punitive damages . . . are claimed” has died, § 13-20-101(1),

regardless of whether the plaintiff also brings a tort action based on personal injury.

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¶20 Applying that conclusion here, we necessarily hold that Casper’s award of

punitive damages survived his death because GTL—the party against whom punitive

damages were claimed—did not die.

¶21 In sum, we conclude that Casper’s claims, and the accompanying damages

awards, survived his death wholly intact because the survival statute did not apply to

those claims.

C. Attorney Fees and Court Costs

¶22 We next consider the interplay between an award of attorney fees and court costs

under section 10-3-1116(1) and an award of punitive damages. GTL first argues that

attorney fees and costs awarded under section 10-3-1116(1) are not “actual damages,”

meaning such fees and costs cannot be considered when calculating punitive damages,

because an award of attorney fees and costs under section 10-3-1116(1) constitutes a

penalty. Our decision in Rooftop, announced today, forecloses that argument. As we

explained in Rooftop, the text and structure of the statutory scheme within which

section 10-3-1116 resides indicates that the legislature did not intend that section to

operate as a penal statute, despite the punitive aspect of the statutory scheme. ¶ 15, __

P.3d at __. We now turn to GTL’s remaining argument that we have previously held

that attorney fees and costs are not actual damages.

¶23 We have repeatedly affirmed that Colorado typically subscribes to the

“American Rule” under which each party in a contract or tort suit is responsible for

funding their own legal burden. E.g., Bunnet v. Smallwood, 793 P.2d 157, 160 (Colo.

1990). However, that general rule is subject to exception if the contract in question calls

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for a deviation from that rule or if the legislature dictates an alternative arrangement

through statute. See id. Indeed, in Bunnet we held that under the American Rule, and

in the absence of any contractual or statutory mandate to the contrary, attorney fees and

costs were not “actual damages” because they were “not the legitimate consequences of

the tort or breach of contract sued upon” and thus were not recoverable. Id. (quoting

Taxpayers for the Animas–LaPlata Referendum v. Animas–LaPlata Water Conservancy

Dist., 739 F.2d 1472, 1480 (10th Cir. 1984)). The two conclusions found in Bunnet—that

attorney fees are not recoverable in the typical breach of contract or tort suit and that

attorney fees and costs are not actual damages where they are not the “legitimate

consequence” of the suit—indicate that the inverses are also true. In other words, when

there is a contractual or statutory basis for the recovery of attorney fees, they are

recoverable. And when that recovery is the “legitimate consequence” of the suit, the

fees and costs are deemed to be actual damages.

¶24 Section 10-3-1116(1) provides a cause of action for the delay or denial of a

covered insurance benefit without a reasonable basis. In structuring that cause of

action, the legislature included both the recovery of reasonable attorney fees and court

costs and the recovery of two times the covered benefit in the same subsection,

indicating that the recovery of attorney fees is, quite clearly, a “legitimate consequence”

of such a suit. Moreover, the award of attorney fees and court costs in such a claim is

not discretionary. See § 10-3-1116(1). Instead, if an insured can satisfy the elements for

recovery laid out in section 10-3-1115, C.R.S. (2017), they are entitled to both remedies

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laid out in section 10-3-1116(1): an award of attorney fees and court costs, and two times

the covered benefit, both of which qualify as actual damages.

¶25 Our conclusion today does not dictate that attorney fees and court costs are

always recoverable or are always considered “actual damages.” Instead, an award of

attorney fees can operate as a hybrid form of recovery, in some cases operating as actual

damages and in others as ordinary costs. See Ferrell v. Glenwood Brokers, Ltd., 848

P.2d 936, 941 (Colo. 1993). And in some cases, an award of attorney fees and court costs

may not be a “legitimate consequence” of the cause of action, meaning those fees and

costs would not be actual damages. But in this instance, we hold that the legislature

intended the recovery of attorney fees and court costs to be a legitimate consequence of

a successful claim under section 10-3-1116(1). Consequently, it was appropriate for the

trial court to consider those attorney fees and court costs as actual damages when

calculating the permissible amount of punitive damages owed to the Estate.

D. The Trial Court’s Entry of Judgment Nunc Pro Tunc

¶26 The trial court reduced the verdict to a written and signed order of final

judgment on October 30, 2014, several months after Casper’s death. However, that

order of final judgment was entered nunc pro tunc to July 15, 2014, the date the jury

returned its verdict. In passing, the court of appeals approved the entry of final

judgment nunc pro tunc because it concluded that Casper was legally entitled to

judgment on July 15, 2014. We disagree with that conclusion and instead determine

that final judgment could not have entered on July 15, 2014, because the court had yet to

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fix an award of attorney fees and costs which, as explained above, are a component of

actual damages under section 10-3-1116(1).4

¶27 The doctrine of nunc pro tunc permits a court to enter an order, such as an order

of final judgment, with an effective date earlier than the actual date of entry. An entry

of judgment nunc pro tunc to a certain date is appropriate when the cause was ripe for

judgment on that earlier date. Perdew, 64 P.2d at 604. The doctrine of nunc pro tunc is

often used to ameliorate harm done to a party by court delays or clerical errors. See

Robbins v. A.B. Goldberg, 185 P.3d 794, 796–97 (Colo. 2008). Under C.R.C.P. 54(a),

“judgment” means a “decree or order to or from which an appeal lies.” And typically,

an appeal lies only from a final judgment that leaves nothing further for the court to do

in order to determine the rights of the parties involved. Harding Glass Co. v. Jones, 640

P.2d 1123, 1125 n.2 (Colo. 1982).

¶28 In this case, although the jury had fully resolved three of Casper’s four claims for

relief when it delivered its verdict, Casper was not yet entitled to a final, appealable

judgment on that day because the trial court had yet to fix an award of attorney fees

and costs under section 10-3-1116(1). True, we have previously held that an appeal will

lie and final judgment is appropriate even if the trial court has yet to fix an award of

attorney fees or costs. Baldwin v. Bright Mortg. Co., 757 P.2d 1072, 1074 (Colo. 1988).

4 GTL contends that this conclusion should affect the operation of the survival statute.
However, as we explained above, the personal-injury limitation operates to limit the
damages “recoverable” in a tort action based on personal injury; its operation does not
turn on the date of judgment. § 13-20-101(1). Still, we address the trial court’s entry of
final judgment nunc pro tunc because it is relevant to the calculation of pre- and post-
judgment interest. § 13-21-101, C.R.S. (2017).

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And C.R.C.P. 58(a) provides that the “[e]ntry of judgment shall not be delayed for the

taxing of costs.” But an award of attorney fees and costs under section 10-3-1116(1) is

not a portion of costs and instead represents actual damages. See supra Part III.C.

Therefore, until those fees had been established by the court, Casper was not entitled to

a final, appealable judgment. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its

discretion by entering final judgment nunc pro tunc to July 15, 2014.

IV. Conclusion

¶29 Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals is affirmed in part and

reversed in part.

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