IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-0137
Filed June 20, 2018
KELSEY BRONNER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
REICKS FARMS, INC.,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Howard County, Margaret L.
Lingreen, Judge.
Kelsey Bronner appeals from the district court’s order granting a new trial.
AFFIRMED.
Matt J. Reilly, Nicholas C. Rowley, and Dominic F. Pechota, of Trial Lawyers
for Justice, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellant.
Brian L. Yung of Klass Law Firm, L.L.P., Sioux City, for appellee.
Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Mullins and Bower, JJ.
2
DANILSON, Chief Judge.
Kelsey Bronner appeals from the district court’s order granting a new trial
on her claims based on injuries sustained during a car accident for which Reicks
Farms, Inc. (Reicks Farms) has stipulated liability. Bronner contends the district
court improperly found Bronner’s counsel engaged in misconduct warranting a new
trial under Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.1004(2). Reicks Farms asserts this court
does not have jurisdiction to consider the appeal because the notice of appeal was
not timely filed. Reicks Farms also maintains the district court did not abuse its
discretion in granting a new trial. Finding no abuse of discretion in the district
court’s order granting a new trial, we affirm.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings.
On April 30, 2008, Bronner—then sixteen years old—was injured when her
vehicle collided with a vehicle being driven by an employee of Reicks Farms.
Bronner suffered fractures to bones in her face and nose, damage to nerves in her
forehead controlling her eyelid and eyebrow functions, abrasions and cuts on the
left side of her face requiring stiches, swelling the size of a baseball on her right
cheek, and the loss of the lobe portion of her right ear. Bronner underwent surgery
to reconstruct her ear and to attempt to reconnect the nerves in her forehead.
Bronner had a number of additional surgical procedures related to her injuries
between the time of the accident and the time of trial commencing on August 10,
2016.
At trial, Bronner explained that in addition to the physical pain resulting from
the accident itself and the subsequent procedures required to treat her injuries, the
permanent damage to her face and ear has had a significant ongoing physical and
3
mental impact on her life. Bronner stated the scarring on her face and ear tingle
when touched, she is unable to move her right eyebrow, her eyelid twitches or
blinks when she is fatigued, and she experiences severe swelling of the right side
of her face about once per month. Bronner also stated her face has begun to
droop, and will droop more and more over time. Bronner explained her changed
appearance has caused her embarrassment, emotional distress, and to be less
outgoing throughout her life.
At trial, Reicks Farms stipulated to full liability for the damages resulting
from the car accident. Thus, the only issue remaining was the amount of damages
to be awarded. The parties agreed Bronner had incurred medical expenses in the
amount of $59,189.67. Bronner sought damages for past medical expenses, past
pain and suffering and disfigurement, future pain and suffering and disfigurement,
past loss of full mind and body, and future loss of full mind and body.
During closing argument, plaintiff’s counsel stated he had gotten to know
Bronner and her family, and said, “Bronner and her parents are truth tellers, salt of
the earth, good people, truth tellers” who had gathered the courage to seek
compensation for the injuries Bronner sustained. He also stated what happened
to Bronner had been ignored and not taken seriously. Plaintiff’s counsel
speculated the nerve damage to Bronner’s face was causing her face to droop
over time, and argued there was no real fix for Bronner’s injuries. He told the jury
its verdict will reflect what preventing this type of injury is worth to their community
and asked the jury to stand up for Bronner and award her appropriate damages.1
1
No objections were made during plaintiff’s counsel’s closing statement.
4
In his closing argument, defense counsel asked the jury to evaluate how the
accident and Bronner’s injuries have truly affected her life. Counsel asked the jury
to consider the medical evidence regarding what Bronner reported to doctors and
the medical issues Bronner is expected to experience in the future. He noted
Bronner reported to doctors she was pleased with the result of her procedures,
Bronner did not report she was depressed, and the medical records do not state
Bronner would experience drooping of her face over time. He also noted photos
taken from Bronner’s Facebook account reveal she has reached all the normal
milestones in life and has been successful. He stated, “So, you know, has this
really changed her value as a person? The answer to that is no. And, you know,
has this altered her course in life? No.”
Then, in his rebuttal closing argument, plaintiff’s counsel made a number of
statements the district court ultimately found to be improper, including vouching for
the veracity of Bronner and her witnesses, informing the jury they had been misled
by defense counsel, and asking the jury to stand up for Bronner. In its ruling on
the motion for new trial, the district court focused on the following rebuttal
statements made by plaintiff’s counsel:
(1) “[I]t never fails to surprise me when I see a defense lawyer get up in front
of a jury and just say a number of things that are untrue. . . . And I’m disappointed
at what I just heard come out of the mouth of [defense counsel].” Defense counsel
objected to these statements, and the objections were sustained. However,
plaintiff’s counsel then immediately stated, “What should be disappointing to you
is how you’ve been misled.” Defense counsel again objected, and the objection
was sustained.
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(2) Plaintiff’s counsel later stated:
[T]o say that [the] photos [from Bronner’s Facebook account] show
that this didn’t alter her or change her is just untrue and it’s unfair
and it’s an unfair thing to say. It’s just not true. It seems like—like
[defense counsel]’s coming—he’s come all the way over here from
Sioux City, Iowa, to call the Bronner family liars.
No objection was made to this statement.
(3) The district court also considered plaintiff’s counsel’s statement,
Everything we have said here is true, is absolutely [one hundred]
percent true. There is no getting around it other than just hoping that
maybe—maybe in this county, maybe we can get off cheap. Those
numbers are an insult. They really, really are. They are an insult.
They are shameful numbers to award a young girl for a life of
disfigurement in a case like this. Shameful. Not something to be
proud of.
They say, oh we want—we want Kelsey Bronner—we want
her compensated. The truth is, brutal honesty, if they could give her
zero and get away with it they would.
Defense counsel objected to these statements and the objection was sustained.
(4) And immediately following the objection to the statement above,
plaintiff’s counsel immediately stated, “If they could . . . give her a goose egg, do
you think they would?” Another objection was made and sustained. Then
plaintiff’s counsel asked the jury to “[p]lease go back there and stand up for her.
Somebody has gotta.”
The jury delivered its verdict on August 12, 2016, awarding Bronner
$59,189.67 for past medical expenses, $90,909.23 for past physical and mental
pain and suffering and disfigurement, $90,909.23 for past loss of full mind and
body, $659,090.80 for future physical and mental pain and suffering and
disfigurement, and $659,090.80 for future loss of full mind and body. The parties
stipulated to entry of final judgment in the amount of $1,559,189.00.
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On August 23, 2016, Reicks Farms filed a motion for new trial asserting a
new trial was appropriate because:
During the course of trial, [Bronner]’s attorney made
numerous improper statements and arguments to the jury which
included personal opinions of counsel, personal vouching of their
client, [and] improper references to [Reicks Farms] and to defense
counsel. The statements and arguments constituted an improper
effort to appeal to the passion and prejudice of the jury.
Following the hearing on the motion for new trial, the district court entered
its ruling on November 23, 2016. The court held:
The court finds plaintiff’s counsel made improper statements
in his rebuttal to [Reicks Farms]’s closing argument. Those improper
remarks included, but were not limited to, vouching for the veracity
of [Bronner] and her witnesses. Furthermore, by stating, “Everything
we have said here is true . . . ,” counsel asserted personal knowledge
of facts in issue.
[Bronner] sought an award of future damages for pain and
suffering, as well as disfigurement. In [Bronner]’s closing argument,
counsel argued [Bronner]’s face would droop more and more over
time as [Bronner] aged, and facial swelling would continue into the
future. When defense counsel argued there was no medical
evidence in the record that [Bronner]’s face would droop and swelling
would exist in the future, [Bronner]’s counsel replied that everything
[Bronner] presented in trial was absolutely [one hundred percent]
true, that the jury had been misled by defense counsel, and the jury
needed to stand up for [Bronner]. The jury subsequently returned
verdicts that included an award of $659,090.80 for future pain,
suffering, and disfigurement. The jury returned an identical figure for
future loss of full mind and body. The court finds plaintiff [counsel]’s
vouching for the truthfulness of [Bronner] and [Bronner]’s witnesses,
informing the jury they had been misled by defense counsel, and
charging the jury to stand up for [Bronner] were calculated to, and
with reasonable probability did, influence the jury’s verdict. The court
finds the rebuttal argument of plaintiff’s counsel prejudiced [Reicks
Farms] and it is probable a different result would have been reached,
but for that misconduct.
The court concludes [Reicks Farms] is entitled to a new trial,
as misconduct of the prevailing party’s counsel materially affected
[Reicks Farms]’s rights at trial, as contemplated by [Iowa Rule of Civil
Procedure] 1.1004(2).
7
On December 6. 2016, Bronner filed a rule 1.904(2) motion to enlarge and
amend the district court’s order granting the motion for new trial. The court denied
the rule 1.904(2) motion, finding:
In ruling on [Bronner]’s motion to strike [Reicks Farms]’s brief in
support of [the] motion for new trial and [Reicks Farms]’s motion for
new trial, the court considered the facts and law cited by the parties.
In its order, the court identified pertinent facts and law. The
arguments now advanced by [Bronner] in its motion to enlarge and
amend were previously considered by the court.
If a post-trial motion requesting enlargement or expansion of
the trial court’s findings and conclusions amounts to no more than a
rehash of legal issues raised and decided adversely to the movant,
the motion is inappropriate. Sierra Club Iowa Chapter v. Iowa Dep’t
of Transp., 832 N.W.2d 636 (Iowa 2013).
Bronner now appeals.
II. Timeliness of Appeal.
Reicks Farms first asserts this court does not have jurisdiction to hear the
appeal because the notice of appeal was not timely filed. Bronner filed her notice
of appeal later than thirty days after the entry of judgment, but within thirty days
from the filing of the rule 1.904(2) motion.
Generally, a notice of appeal must be filed within thirty days from the entry
of a final order or judgment. Iowa R. App. P. 6.101(1)(b).2 A timely rule 1.904(2)
motion extends the time for appeal such that the appeal must be filed within thirty
days of the filing of the district court ruling on that motion. Id. However, our
supreme court has previously held only a “proper rule 1.904(2) motion” extends
the time to file an appeal. See Hedlund v. State, 875 N.W.2d 720, 725 (Iowa 2016).
A rule 1.904(2) motion is improper when it “‘amount[s] to no more than a rehash of
2
In 2008—when the car accident at issue occurred—rule 6.101 was then codified as rule
6.5. For purposes of this opinion, we will refer to the rule as currently codified.
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legal issues’ previously raised and decided.” Id. at 726 (citation omitted). Reicks
Farms argues because—as the district court held—Bronner’s rule 1.904(2) motion
was merely a rehashing of the legal issues previously raised and addressed by the
district court, it was not a proper motion and did not toll the time to file the appeal.
Thus, Reicks Farms asserts the appeal is untimely.
However, Iowa Rules of Civil Procedure 6.101(1) and 1.904 were amended
in November 2016. Rule 6.101(1)(c), effective March 1, 2017, now provides: “[A]
motion is considered timely if it has been filed by the applicable deadline and asks
the court to reconsider, enlarge, or amend its order, ruling, judgment, or decree.
Whether a motion is proper or not does not affect its timeliness.” The comments
to both rule 6.101 and rule 1.904 explicitly state the rules
supersede prior case law that held a timely rule 1.904(2) motion must
also have been “proper” to extend the time for appeal. . . . To obviate
controversies over whether a rule 1.904(2) motion tolls the time for
appeal, [the rules] authoriz[e] any timely rule 1.904(2) motion to
extend the appeal deadline.
Bronner asserts the amendments to the rules apply retrospectively. Thus,
regardless of whether her rule 1.904(2) motion was proper, it tolled the time for
appeal. We agree.
“The general rule is that if a statute or amendment is ‘substantive,’ it will not
be applied retrospectively, unless it is clearly made applicable by its terms.” Smith
v. Korf, Diehl, Clayton & Cleverly, 302 N.W.2d 137, 138 (Iowa 1981). “However, if
it relates to ‘procedure,’ it is not limited to prospective application, even in the
absence of clear legislative intent.” Id. In Smith, our supreme court determined
an amendment to Iowa Rule of Appellate Procedure 1 (now rule 6.108) regarding
the form of an appeal was procedural in nature, and thus, applied retrospectively.
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See id. (“Notwithstanding the fact appellate rule 1(c) is facially a procedural rule,
the Smiths contend it is substantive for purposes of this case because it
‘determine(s) the parameters of the jurisdiction of the court.’ We do not agree.
The amendment to appellate rule 1 does not define the jurisdiction of this court; it
merely establishes a method of implementing our jurisdiction, already existing, to
allow interlocutory appeals.”).
Here, the rules are both facially and substantively procedural. The rule
changes relate solely to when a rule 1.904(2) motion tolls the time for filing an
appeal. We find it significant the amendments to the rules specifically recite that
the rule amendments supersede prior case law. Thus, after March 2017 the case
law upon which Reicks Farms relies was no longer authoritative. Additionally, both
comments to the rules reflect the intent to eliminate disputes such as this one. We
find the amendments to rules 6.101(1) and 1.904 apply retrospectively, and
Bronner’s appeal is timely because it was filed within thirty days of the ruling on
the 1.904(2) motion—regardless of whether the motion was “proper.”3 We
therefore consider the issue raised on appeal: whether the district court abused its
discretion in granting a new trial.
3
Reicks Farms cites to Carroll v. Samuell, No. 16-0003, 2016 WL 7395757 (Iowa Ct. App.
Dec. 21, 2016), as authority for its argument that rule 1.904 is not applied retroactively.
However, the opinion in Carroll was filed before the rule became effective in March 2017,
and thus before the amended rule superseded prior case law. We also observe the
transcript of the hearing on the motion for new trial was not provided as a part of the record
on appeal and the court’s orders granting the new trial and denying the rule 1.904(2)
motion to enlarge are not sufficiently specific to permit us to make a determination if the
rule 1.904(2) motion was or was not a rehashing of the same issues.
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III. Standard of Review.
Our review of rulings on a motion for new trial depends on the grounds
asserted in the motion. Fry v. Blauvelt, 818 N.W.2d 123, 128 (Iowa 2012). “If the
motion [for new trial] is based on a discretionary ground such as misconduct it is
reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Loehr v.
Mettille, 806 N.W.2d 270, 277 (Iowa 2011)). “An abuse of discretion consists of a
ruling which rests upon clearly untenable or unreasonable grounds.” Loehr, 806
N.W.2d at 277 (citation omitted).
IV. Analysis.
Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.1004(2) provides a motion for new trial may
be granted if misconduct of the prevailing party materially affected the movant’s
substantial rights. “[T]he general rule is that in order for the granting of a new trial
based upon attorney misconduct to be warranted, the objectionable conduct
ordinarily must have been prejudicial to the interest of the complaining party.”
Mays v. C. Mac. Chambers Co., 490 N.W.2d 800, 803 (Iowa 1992). Thus, “unless
a different result would have been probable in the absence of misconduct, a new
trial is not warranted.” Loehr, 806 N.W.2d at 277.
The district court has considerable discretion in determining whether
misconduct was prejudicial. Mays, 490 N.W.2d at 803. This is because the district
court “has before it the whole scene, the action and incidents of the trial as they
occur, and is in a much better position to judge whether the defendant has been
prejudiced by misconduct of opposing counsel.” Id. (citation omitted). “[W]e are
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‘slower to interfere with the grant of a new trial than with its denial.’” Loehr, 806
N.W.2d at 277 (citation omitted).
Here, Reicks Farms maintains plaintiff’s counsel engaged in misconduct by
repeatedly making improper statements at trial vouching for the credibility of
Bronner and Bronner’s witnesses, stating defense counsel had been untruthful and
had misled the jury, and imploring the jury to stand up for Bronner.
(1) Error Preservation.
Bronner first asserts many of the statements made by her counsel at trial
were not properly reviewed by the district court because timely objections were not
made at trial.
We note that generally,
In order to properly preserve for review in this court alleged error of
counsel occurring during the course of jury argument it is the duty of
the aggrieved party to call attention of the presiding judge to the
alleged misconduct by timely objection and move by some proper
procedure to give the trial court opportunity to correct the matter by
admonition or further instruction or in the event the matter is
sufficiently prejudicial by declaring a mistrial. It has been pointed out
in several of our decisions that ordinarily where the aggrieved party
does not object at trial to statements made by opposing counsel in
his closing argument and does not move for a mistrial due to the
alleged misconduct either at the time an improper argument is made
or at the close of the argument before submission of the case to the
jury in those instances where the arguments are reported and
constitute a part of the record such conduct indicates a willingness
of counsel to take his chances on a favorable verdict and constitutes
a waiver of the misconduct.
State v. Phillips, 226 N.W.2d 16, 18-19 (Iowa 1975) (citing Pose v. Roosevelt Hotel
Co., 208 N.W.2d 19, 31 (Iowa 1973)). However, “[e]xceptions to the general
principle where the misconduct is flagrantly improper and evidently prejudicial are
recognized in Shover v. Iowa Lutheran Hospital, 107 N.W.2d 85, 91 [(Iowa 1961)].”
12
Phillips, 226 N.W.2d at 19; see also Connelly v. Nolte, 21 N.W.2d 311, 317 (Iowa
1946) (“We recognize that the misconduct in argument may be so flagrantly
improper and so evidently prejudicial that it may be considered by us even though
no exception was taken at the time the remarks were made.”).
Our supreme court has also previously explained the district court is not
prohibited
from granting a new trial in every case where the ground for new trial
was not raised at the first available opportunity during trial. Although
a party loses its right to a new trial if it neglects timely error
preservation, this does not necessarily bar a district court from
exercising its discretion to grant a new trial if a ground set forth in
rule 1.1004 has been met. . . .
....
The trial court is not bound by the record in the same way that
the appellate courts are. Therefore, it is not invariably an abuse of
discretion for a trial judge to grant a motion for new trial based on a
matter that could have been raised earlier, but was not.
Loehr, 806 N.W.2d at 278 (citations omitted). The Loehr court also noted,
“although previous ‘inaction on counsel’s part’ does not deprive the district court of
jurisdiction to grant a motion for new trial, it ‘weighs heavily in evaluating the right
to a new trial.’” Id. at 281.4 We recognize defense counsel may have had
reservations about moving for mistrial here, because this case had resulted in a
mistrial once before. It may have been more prudent for defense counsel to object
to more of the statements made during plaintiff’s counsel’s closing argument, to
request cautionary instructions or admonishments from the court, or to move for a
mistrial based on the alleged conduct. Reicks Farms’ counsel did make four
4
We note the “failure to make a contemporaneous objection will preclude a party from
raising the matter on appeal if the motion for new trial is denied.” Loehr, 806 N.W.2d at
279. However, here, the motion for new trial was granted. “[W]e have said repeatedly
that district courts have inherent authority to grant new trials.” Id.
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objections during the rebuttal closing arguments of Bronner’s counsel. Defense
counsel may have chosen to avoid making even more objections to the improper
statements because
[c]ontinued objections by counsel to prejudicial statements of
opposing counsel in his argument to the jury could place the former
in a less favorable position with the jury, and thus impose an
unfortunate consequence upon his client which was actually caused
by the wrongful conduct of opposing counsel. This he is not required
to do. Attorneys engaged in the trial of cases to a jury know or ought
to know the purposes of arguments to juries. When they depart from
the legitimate purpose of properly presenting the evidence and the
conclusions to be drawn therefrom, they must assume the
responsibility for such improper conduct. They are in no position to
demand that opposing counsel shall jeopardize his position with the
jury by constant objections to their improper conduct.
Andrews v. Struble, 178 N.W.2d 391, 402 (Iowa 1970) (citation omitted).
Here, the district court was not precluded from considering counsel’s
flagrant misconduct in its totality in reaching its conclusion as to the motion for new
trial. While the lack of specific objections at trial to each of the improper statements
should have been noted and weighed, it was not an abuse of discretion for the
district court to consider the cumulative effect of counsel’s improper statements.
(2) Misconduct.
The district court concluded plaintiff’s counsel made improper statements in
the rebuttal argument. Bronner argues the statements were merely appropriate
rebuttal statements made in response to defense counsel’s closing argument.
However, as the district court noted, Iowa Rule of Professional Conduct 32:3.4(e)
provides, “A lawyer shall not . . . in trial, . . . assert personal knowledge of facts in
issue except when testifying as a witness, or state a personal opinion as to the
justness of a cause, the credibility of a witness, [or] the culpability of a civil
14
litigant, . . .” See also Rosenberger Enters, Inc. v. Ins. Serv. Corp. of Iowa, 541
N.W.2d 904, 908 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995) (“Counsel has no right to create evidence
by his or her arguments, nor may counsel interject personal beliefs into argument.
This is true whether the personal belief is purportedly based on knowledge of facts
not possessed by the jury, counsel’s experience in similar cases, or any ground
other than the weight of the evidence in the trial.” (citations omitted)).
In the ruling on the motion for new trial, the court stated,
Counsel is precluded from using argument to vouch personally as to
a defendant’s guilt or a witness’s credibility, and such is true whether
the personal belief is purportedly based on knowledge of facts not
possessed by the jury, counsel’s experience in similar cases, or any
ground other than the weight of the evidence.
Therefore, the court found:
Plaintiff’s counsel made improper statements in his rebuttal to
[Reicks Farms]’s closing argument. Those improper remarks
included, but were not limited to, vouching for the veracity of
[Bronner] and her witnesses. Furthermore, by stating, ‘Everything
we have said here is true . . . ,” counsel asserted personal knowledge
of the facts in issue.
In criminal cases, our supreme court has recognized factors to be
considered in determining if prosecutorial misconduct has occurred: “(1) the
severity and pervasiveness of misconduct; (2) the significance of the misconduct
to the central issues in the case; (3) the strength of the State’s evidence; (4) the
use of cautionary instructions or other curative measures; (5) the extent to which
the defense invited the misconduct.” State v. Neiderbach, 837 N.W.2d 180, 209
(Iowa 2013).
Using those factors, we view plaintiff’s counsel’s statements as severe and
pervasive. Even after defense counsel made proper objections and the objections
15
were sustained, counsel continued to repeat the offending statements. Also, the
improper statements were significant to the central issue in this case. Reicks
Farms stipulated they were liable for the accident, leaving only the amount of
damages as an issue to be resolved by the jury. Plaintiff’s counsel’s statements
regarding the credibility of Bronner and Bronner’s witnesses, and portraying Reicks
Farms as untruthful and unwilling to compensate Bronner for her injuries went
directly to the heart of the issue of damages. Here, defense counsel did not
request cautionary instructions or other curative measures specific to the improper
statements made in rebuttal closing argument. However, even where objections
were sustained, counsel continued to exceed the bounds of proper rebuttal closing
argument. Cautionary instructions simply would not have cured counsel’s
improper arguments.
Bronner also contends defense counsel invited the improper rebuttal
statements due to statements made in its closing argument. For example, Bronner
maintains her counsel’s statement about Reicks Farms choosing to give Bronner
a “goose egg” if they were able was in response to defense counsel’s statement in
closing argument that Reicks Farms believed Bronner should be compensated.
However, Reicks Farms had stipulated to full liability for the accident and to the
amount of past medical damages. It would follow Reicks Farms intended the
outcome of the case would be a payment of damages in some amount to Bronner.
It does not follow that Reicks Farms intended to give Bronner “zero.” In short,
plaintiff’s counsel’s statement was not reasonably based upon the evidence
presented and was improper closing arguments.
16
Bronner also asserts defense counsel invited counsel’s rebuttal regarding
being “disappointed” in defense counsel. Bronner argues her counsel informed
the jury they had been misled by defense counsel’s untruthfulness because
defense counsel had, indeed, been untruthful in making statements about the
amount of damages sought by Bronner and the reason for obtaining photos from
Bronner’s Facebook account to admit as exhibits at trial. We do not agree.
First, it was not disingenuous for defense counsel to state in its closing that
Bronner sought thirteen million dollars in damages. The thirteen-million-dollar
figure was discussed extensively in jury selection, opening statements, and
Bronner's closing argument. Plaintiff’s counsel made no objection. If counsel
believed defense counsel made improper statements about the amount of
damages requested, an objection should have been lodged rather than to
disparage opposing counsel. For all practical purposes, plaintiff’s counsel called
defense counsel a liar when he claimed what defense counsel stated was untrue.
He then followed up by stating, “And I’m disappointed at what I just heard come
out of the mouth of that human being sitting right there.”
Second, defense counsel clearly explained to the jury the reasons he
obtained the Facebook photos:
[Y]ou need to see the photographs of her throughout her life and look
and see what it is you see. Is there disfigurement there, in your
eyes?
....
The second reason the photos are significant and are useful
to you is that it shows you what has gone on in her life, and how this
has impacted her or has not impacted her.
Defense counsel offered such explanation because plaintiff’s counsel questioned
the use of the photos in his closing argument. But plaintiff’s counsel was able to
17
object to these statements if he felt they were improper. Further, plaintiff’s counsel
also introduced photos into evidence to depict the severe injuries to Bronner’s face
at the time of the accident and to reflect her lasting scars and disfigurement. The
jury was also able to view Bronner in person at trial. We do not find defense
counsel’s statements were untruthful.
Defense counsel asked the jury to review the medical records and to “look
at the big picture” and determine the appropriate amount of damages. We do not
agree defense counsel was untruthful in closing argument so as to invite plaintiff’s
counsel’s improper statements.
We acknowledge counsel can make remarks based upon his or her view of
the evidence so long as the remarks do not vouch for a witness’s credibility other
than the weight of the evidence. But plaintiff’s counsel made improper statements
that clearly vouched for the credibility of Bronner and Bronner’s witnesses, calling
them “truth tellers” and stating “[e]verything we have said here is true.”
Additionally, counsel made statements as to the incredibility of defense counsel,
told the jury they had been misled, and asked the jury to stand up for Bronner
against Reicks Farms, which would give Bronner “zero” if it could. Although
plaintiff’s counsel made some proper arguments based upon the evidence during
closing arguments, we cannot conclude the vouching statements were based upon
counsel’s view of the evidence as argued by Bronner. Frankly, counsel’s vouching
was not limited to his rebuttal argument even though the district court did not rely
upon counsel’s earlier statements in closing arguments. For example, we know of
no basis in the evidence nor did counsel refer to any evidence when he opined,
“Kelsey Bronner and her parents are truth tellers, salt of the earth, good people,
18
truth tellers, . . . .” We do not suggest the statement about the Bronner family was
inaccurate, but simply that counsel cannot express his personal opinion on their
credibility without referencing record evidence.
Plaintiff’s counsel’s statements exceeded the bounds of proper closing
argument. We do not find the court abused its discretion in determining the
improper statements constituted misconduct.
(3) Prejudice.
Bronner also contends granting a new trial is an abuse of discretion
because there is no evidence the misconduct resulted in prejudice to Reicks
Farms. See Mays, 490 N.W.2d at 803.
Bronner asserts prejudice cannot be shown because defense counsel did
not make objections to all of the alleged improper statements and did not seek
cautionary instructions or admonishments in the instances where an objection was
made. Bronner also argues there could be no prejudice resulting from statements
made in closing or rebuttal closing argument because the jury was instructed to
base its determination on the evidence and not on the attorneys’ statements.
Reicks Farms cites to Gilster v. Primebank, 747 F.3d 1007, 1011 (8th Cir.
2014), as instructive to this case. In Gilster, the court found prejudice based on
misconduct where “[c]ounsel made a deliberate strategic choice to make
emotionally-charged comments at the end of rebuttal closing argument, when they
would have the greatest emotional impact on the jury, and when opposing counsel
would have no opportunity to respond.” 747 F.3d at 1011.
Here, the court held the improper statements by plaintiff’s counsel “were
calculated to, and with reasonable probability did, influence the jury’s verdict.” The
19
court found “the rebuttal argument of plaintiff’s counsel prejudiced defendant and
it is probable a different result would have been reached, but for that misconduct.”
We agree.
Although the jury was instructed that the statements by the attorneys were
not evidence, plaintiff’s counsel strategically made the improper statements in the
rebuttal closing argument in an effort to invoke the emotions of the jury, establish
the credibility of Bronner and Bronner’s witnesses, and to attack the credibility of
the defense counsel. The improper statements were made at a time when defense
counsel was not afforded an opportunity to respond and when the statements
would be fresh in the jury’s mind for deliberations. Further, no medical expert
testimony was offered at trial to expressly support Bronner’s contention that her
injuries would result in periodic swelling and increasing drooping of her face over
time.5 Thus, the credibility of Bronner and Bronner’s witnesses as to the effects of
Bronner’s injuries was an issue of great import in the ultimate question the jury was
required to answer: how much had Bronner suffered and how much would she
suffer for the rest of her life? Defense counsel lodged proper objections to some
of the improper statements made during rebuttal closing argument. On more than
one occasion counsel simply repeated the offending statement after the objection
was sustained.
5
Doctor Oren Friedman testified in his deposition admitted at trial that he had not seen
Bronner as a patient since September of 2010 therefore was not aware of the extent of
Bronner’s ongoing injuries or the extent of her recovery since September 2010. Doctor
Friedman also testified as to his knowledge of one swelling incident but did not note it was
medically concerning and could not state with certainty what caused the swelling.
20
Under these circumstances, we find it probable the jury would have reached
a different determination as to damages but for plaintiff’s counsel’s misconduct.
We cannot conclude the district court’s finding of prejudice rested on clearly
untenable or unreasonable grounds. On our review of the record, we decline to
interfere with the district court’s considerable discretion in determining the
misconduct was prejudicial. See Rosenburger, 541 N.W.2d at 907.
V. Conclusion.
We find the district court did not abuse its discretion in granting a new trial.
We therefore affirm.
AFFIRMED.
Kelsey Bronner v. Kathleen Bohr and Reicks Farms, Inc.
Combined Opinion