MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jun 21 2018, 9:20 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Michael R. Fisher Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Lyubov Gore
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Darrin Shores, June 21, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-81
v. Appeal from Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Sheila A. Carlisle,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
49G03-1704-MR-15432
Bradford, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] In 2008, Thomas Johnson was shot and killed in Indianapolis. The case
remained unsolved until 2016, when detectives received a tip from an
individual in federal custody that Ashley Jones was a witness to the murder.
After interviewing Jones, Darrin Shores was charged with Johnson’s murder.
[2] A trial was held in December of 2017. At trial, Shores attempted to ask one of
the detectives about the criminal history of individual who provided the tip, any
benefit he may have received for providing the tip, and federal sentencing for
drug offenses. The State objected on several grounds including lack of personal
knowledge. After a bench conference, the objections were sustained. Shores
was found guilty as charged.
[3] On appeal, Shores argues that the trial court committed reversible error in
sustaining two objections to Shores’s questioning of the detective about the
criminal history of the individual who provided the tip and federal sentencing
for drug offenses. Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding
that the detective lacked sufficient personal knowledge to testify about the
matter, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[4] In 2008, Johnson purchased drugs from Shores on multiple occasions. (State’s
Ex. 86-87). In exchange for the drugs, Johnson allowed Shores to borrow his
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Toyota Highlander. Jones, Shores’s then-girlfriend, witnessed some of these
exchanges. (Tr. Vol. II 204-05).
[5] On the morning of November 24 or November 25, 2008, Johnson went to the
Rosewood Commons apartment complex in Indianapolis, Indiana, where
Shores was residing at the time, to retrieve his vehicle. (Tr Vo. II 132-33; Tr.
Vol. III 131). Johnson’s vehicle was not at the apartment complex at that time,
so he left. (Tr. Vol. II 132-33).
[6] In the early morning hours of November 27, 2008, Johnson called Shores’s
mobile telephone fifteen times starting at 4:34 a.m. (Tr. Vol. II 210-11, 213,
227, 240-41). At some point, Shores answered and he and Johnson proceeded
to have a heated discussion. Johnson told Shores that he was “coming to get
his truck back and that he wanted his money back” “because the drugs [Shores
gave him] was no good.” Tr. Vol. II 210, 227. Johnson also said he was
coming over to kill Shores. Tr. Vol. II 212.
[7] Johnson placed two final calls to Shores at 6:04 a.m. and 6:23 a.m., both of
which went to voicemail. (Tr. Vol. III p. 129, 132, 145-47). Johnson went to
Shores’s apartment complex again and looked inside Shores’s bedroom
window. (Tr. Vol. II 213-14). When Shores and Jones saw him in the window,
Shores got dressed, grabbed his gun, and walked out the front door. Jones
heard a gunshot go off very close to the bedroom window. (Tr. Vol. II 217-18).
After the gunshot, Shores returned to the apartment and said, “Got his a**.”
Tr. Vol. II 219.
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[8] At 6:48 a.m., officers were dispatched to Rosewood Commons after someone
called to report that there was a “perpetual horn blowing” and a vehicle in a
bush. Tr. Vol. II 107. Officer Jeff Mehrlich responded to Rosewood Commons
and found Johnson’s vehicle stopped against a guardrail near the exit of the
apartment complex. (Tr. Vol. II 86, 92). When Officer Mehrlich approached
the vehicle, he observed Johnson gasping for air with an injury to his chest in
the driver’s seat. (Tr. Vol. II 86). Johnson later died from the gunshot wound.
(Tr. Vol. III 54, 57).
[9] Detective Michael Mitchell was assigned to the case and obtained mobile
telephone records for the telephone found in Johnson’s vehicle. (Tr. Vol. II
115, 117) Detective Mitchell investigated the case, but was unable to develop
any leads, causing the investigation to go cold. (Tr. Vol. II 108-10, 112). Jones
never went to the police with the information she had because she was scared to
be involved with a homicide. (Tr. Vol. II 224). She continued her relationship
with Shores for some time and had a child with him in 2010. The case was
eventually reassigned to Detective David Ellison of the Cold Case Unit. (Tr.
Vol. II 113).
[10] Several years later, in 2016, Jones told her then-boyfriend and father of one of
her children, Daemez Long, about the events surrounding Johnson’s death.
(Tr. Vol. 228-29). In June of 2016, Jones was driving with Long, when the two
were stopped by federal agents and Long was arrested for having 23 ounces of
heroin in the vehicle. (Tr. Vol. III 2, 4). Long was taken into custody on
federal charges. When Long was in custody, he told officers that he had
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information on an unsolved murder and provided Jones’s name as a witness to
that murder. (Tr. Vol. II 190-191).
[11] Jones was interviewed by Detective Ellison on several occasions and told him
what she had witnessed in November of 2008. (Tr. Vo. II 191-93, 224, 229-30).
She also took the Detective to the scene of the murder and was able to identify
Johnson as the victim and Shores as the shooter from photo arrays. (Tr. Vol. II
225-26, 231-32; Tr. Vol. III 78-82). Jones’s account of the telephone calls that
occurred that night between her and Shores and between Johnson and Shores
was corroborated by mobile telephone records. (Tr. Vol. II 230-31; Tr. Vol. III
147-49).
[12] Detective Ellison found and interviewed Shores in Georgia. (Tr. Vol. III 208-
10). During the interview, Shores claimed he was living with his mother at the
time of the homicide, denied any connection to his mobile telephone number,
denied recognizing Johnson when shown a picture of him, and denied knowing
about Rosewood Commons. (Tr. Vol. III 214-17). On April 26, 2017, Shores
was charged with murder. (App. Vol. II pp. 7, 9).
[13] Shores’s jury trial was held from December 4 to December 5, 2017. When
Detective Ellison testified about Long’s part in the investigation, he confirmed
that Long had “some incentive for giving” the information about Jones and her
knowledge of the homicide. Tr. Vol. II 188-89. He further explained that Long
was not a witness to the homicide and merely led the authorities to Jones. (Tr.
Vol. II 191, 194, 196). Detective Ellison testified that he did not know what
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Long was actually charged with and had not seen or talked to Long since before
he was sentenced. (Tr Vol. III 219-20).
[14] When Shores attempted to ask Detective Ellison about whether Long had a
criminal history, the State objected on the grounds that the witness lacked
personal knowledge and the questions were irrelevant. (Tr. Vol. III 220-223).
The trial court sustained the objection. Shores then asked Detective Ellison
whether he had familiarity with the federal system and drug cases, to which
Detective Ellison responded, “a little.” Tr. Vol. III 224. Shores continued to
question Detective Ellison about sentencing in the federal system and the State
objected on the grounds of speculation and that Long was not a witness. (Tr.
Vol. III 224). The trial court sustained this objection as well. The jury found
Shores guilty as charged, and the trial court sentenced Shores to fifty-five years.
Discussion and Decision
[15] Shores argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it denied him
his Sixth Amendment right to cross-examine a witness. As a general matter,
the decision to admit or exclude evidence lies within the trial court’s sound
discretion and is afforded great deference on appeal. Carpenter v. State, 786
N.E.2d 696, 703 (Ind. 2003). We will not reverse the trial court’s decision on
appeal “unless it represents a manifest abuse of discretion that results in the
denial of a fair trial.” Id. While conducting our review, we will not reweigh the
evidence and will consider any conflicting evidence in favor of the trial court’s
ruling. King v. State, 985 N.E.2d 755, 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
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[16] “Both the Federal Constitution and our Indiana Constitution guarantee a
defendant’s right to confront the witnesses against him. U.S. Const. amend. VI;
Ind. Const. art. 1, § 13. This right is not absolute; it is subject to reasonable
limitations, which we trust our trial judges to impose.” Pierce v. State, 29
N.E.3d 1258, 1268 (Ind. 2015). The trial court may, within reason, impose
limitations on the right to cross-examine based on their “concerns about,
among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’
safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Wilson v.
State, 39 N.E.3d 705, 712 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). However, that exercise of
discretion must be consistent with due process. Id; see also McCarthy v. State, 749
N.E.2d 528, 533–36 (Ind. 2001) (finding error, although not reversible, in
denying defendant the opportunity to cross-examine a witness about an event
that may have motivated her to favor the prosecution). To aid the trial court
and reviewing appellate court in determining the appropriate scope of cross-
examination, a party will often present an offer of proof. Id. at 1268. “Absent
an offer of proof, neither this court nor the trial court can adequately determine
the admissibility and relevance of the proffered testimony.” Paullus v. Yarnelle,
633 N.E.2d 304, 308 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994).
[17] Shores claims the trial court abused its discretion by not permitting him to
cross-examine Detective Ellison to establish that Long could have received a
longer sentence had he not provided Jones’s name and that Jones received a
significant benefit by testifying through the early release of Long. The State
objected on the grounds that it was irrelevant, the questions were attempting to
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impeach an individual who was not a witness, and the witness lacked personal
knowledge. (Tr. Vol. III p. 221-22).
[18] Under Indiana Rules of Evidence 602 and 701, a witness must have personal
knowledge of a matter in order to testify about it.
Evidence Rule 602 provides:
A witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is
introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has
personal knowledge of the matter. A witness does not have
personal knowledge as to a matter recalled or remembered, if the
recall or remembrance occurs only during or after hypnosis.
Evidence to prove personal knowledge may, but need not, consist
of the testimony of the witness.
Evidence Rule 701 states:
If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’s
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those
opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the
perception of the witness and (b) helpful to the clear
understanding of the witness’s testimony or the determination of
a fact in issue.
[19] The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that Detective Ellison
lacked personal knowledge to testify regarding any deal Long might have made
in his federal case. Detective Ellison said he did not know what Long was
originally charged with, convicted of, or ultimately sentenced to. (Tr. Vol. III
p. 219, 220). Detective Ellison also testified that he had not spoken to or seen
Long since before his sentencing hearing. Moreover, to the extent that
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Detective Ellison was aware of any deal or leniency that Long may have
received, no offer of proof was made to that effect. Given the evidence of
Detective Ellison’s lack of knowledge regarding Long’s criminal case and the
federal system as a whole, all indications are that any answer he would have
given to Shores’s questions would have been speculative. Shores has failed to
establish an abuse of discretion in this regard.
[20] We think it is worth noting that Shores was not precluded from impeaching
Jones through cross-examination about Long, his charges, his sentence, her
relationship with him, or any reason why a deal Long received might provide
her with a motive to lie.1 As it happened, the only question Shores asked of
Jones with respect to Long’s federal charges, which the trial court permitted
over the State’s objection, was whether she was driving the vehicle when Long
was arrested by federal agents for drugs. The trial court properly denied the two
questions that Shores posed to Detective Ellison.
[21] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Baker, J., and Kirsch, J., concur.
1
Shores asked Jones, “What do you know about the charges that [Long] faced with the feds?” and “[W]ere
you driving the vehicle when [Long] got arrested?” Tr. Vol. III 2–4. The State objected to the first question.
During a bench conference, Shores merely said he was trying to establish Jones’s own personal motive
because she was driving the car when Long was arrested. Shores did not try to elicit any other information
about Jones’s knowledge of the Long’s charges or sentence or whether she was still in a relationship with
Long at the time of the trial.
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