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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
V.D.B. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT
OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
J.J.H.
No. 3854 EDA 2017
Appeal from the Order October 26, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Family Court at No(s): 0C0712466
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., MCLAUGHLIN, J., and RANSOM, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY RANSOM, J.: FILED JUNE 26, 2018
V.D.B. (“Mother”) appeals from the order entered in the Court of
Common Pleas of Philadelphia County on October 26, 2017, which granted the
petition for modification of the existing custody order and petition for special
relief filed by J.J.H. (“Father”) with respect to the parties’ daughters, S.F.B.,
born in June 2006, and J.J.H.-.B., born in June 2007 (collectively, “the
Children”). We affirm.
We adopt the following statement of facts from the trial court opinion
and the record. See Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 12/21/17, at 1-2. The parties
were very young when the Children were born; Father was fifteen years old,
and Mother was eighteen years old at the time of Mother’s first pregnancy.
See Notes of Testimony (N.T.), 10/25/17, at 6. Father’s mother assisted in
taking care of the Children. Id. at 9-10. The relationship soured, and on July
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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30, 2008, Mother filed a complaint seeking primary physical and legal custody
of the Children. See Compl. for Custody, 7/30/08, at 1-3. Following a hearing
before a custody master, the proposed order was approved in February 2009.
In February 2010, the parties filed a stipulation and a final order was entered
by agreement. Mother had primary custody of the Children.
In July 2016, both Mother and Father filed petitions seeking to modify
the custody agreement and seeking contempt against the other. See Father’s
Pet. to Modify Custody, 6/1/16, at 1-3; Father’s Pet. for Contempt, 6/1/16, at
1-2. In his petitions, Father stated that Mother was not complying with the
custody order and that the current order was not working for them, and
requested longer weekend visits. Id. In response, Mother requested sole
physical and legal custody, claiming that Father was physically and mentally
abusive to the Children; that he was not compliant with the order and was
late or did not come to visitations; and that he had moved without notification.
See Mother’s Pet. to Modify Custody, 6/11/16, at 1-3; Mother’s Pet. for
Contempt, 6/11/16, at 1-2.
In July 2016, Father filed an emergency petition for visitation. See Pet.
for Visitation, 7/11/16, at 1-5. In the petition, he requested visitation on July
17, 2016, so the Children could attend and participate in his wedding. Id.
Father averred that Mother was non-responsive or non-committal in response
to his requests. Id. On July 15, 2016, following a hearing, the custody master
ordered that the girls attend the wedding.
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On August 22, 2016, Father filed a petition for contempt, averring that
on August 8, 2016, Mother’s counsel sent Father a letter stating she was
offended with Father’s behavior at a support conference. See Pet. for
Contempt, 8/22/16, at 3. In subsequent phone conversations between
counsel, Mother’s counsel represented that Mother did not feel comfortable
with Father taking the daughters to an “unknown address” during his
visitation, and she requested that he reduce his visitation. Id. at 4. Counsel
represented that the Children were “terrified” of their father and that she was
advising Mother not to attend the scheduled August 13, 2016 visitation. Id.
Mother did not bring the Children to the August 13, 2016 visitation. Id.
Mother filed a response to Father’s petition, averring that the Children
were afraid of Father and did not wish to go to his home. See Ans. and
Counterclaim, 9/6/16, at 2. Further, Mother’s counterclaim averred 1) Father
was “barely around as a parent;” 2) the custody order was never followed; 3)
in 2014, DHS became involved with the family and found an indicated report
of child abuse; and 4) a number of other allegations about Father’s conduct.
Id. at 2-3.
On September 13, 2016, a temporary agreement was entered on the
record. Mother filed a motion seeking mental health exams but later
voluntarily withdrew the motion. In January 2017, Mother sought a protracted
hearing. On October 25, 2017, the court convened for a custody hearing. At
the hearing, Father and Mother testified. Additionally, the following witnesses
testified: Shannon Oliver O’Neal, a child therapist; R.K., Mother’s employer;
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D.A., Mother’s boyfriend; and G.H., Father’s wife. The hearing produced often
contradictory testimony.
Father, a car salesman, testified that he has a good relationship with
the Children, wished to be a more active parent, and that the Children want
to spend more time with him. Id. at 50-53, 85-86. He denied any accusations
of abusive behavior, drug or alcohol abuse, or inappropriate behavior by his
mother (“Grandmother”) and grandmother (“Great-Grandmother”). Id. at
37-42, 54, 72-75, 89-92. Father attempted to co-parent the Children, but
Mother would not cooperate. Id. at 28-35. At times, Mother’s phone was
disconnected or she had changed numbers, although Father makes an effort
to call the Children three times a week. Id. at 52-53, 77-80. Until Father’s
engagement, custody exchanges had been managed without issue. Id. at 9-
12. Father married his wife in July 2017, and after an emergency custody
hearing, the Children attended the wedding and enjoyed themselves. Id. at
12, 15-18. After the wedding, Mother stopped bringing the Children to
custody exchanges at the 17th Police District in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Id. at 19.
G.H., Father’s Wife and the Children’s Stepmother, is an inpatient
physical therapist at a rehab hospital. Id. at 110-11. She has known the
Children since they were six months and one year old. Id. She has a good
relationship and bond with the Children, and she would like to spend more
time with them. Id. at 111-112. G.H. denied that Father had ever been
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abusive or violent to her or the Children and also denied inappropriate
behavior by Father’s family. Id. at 113-115.
Mother’s testimony painted a different picture of the relationship. She
claimed that Father was not regularly involved with the Children and rarely
complied with custody orders. Id. at 123-24, 127-28, 145-57. She stopped
bringing the Children to custody exchanges after “the third or fourth visit” that
Father missed, and that during the time she had a Protection From Abuse
Order (“PFA”), see 23 Pa.C.S. § 6101, et seq., Father did not contact the
Children. Id. at 129. Mother testified that Father was aggressive, abusive,
and rude, and that he called the Children names, including “the n-word.” Id.
at 131-34.
Mother testified regarding other alleged incidents, including: Father
punched the Children in their chests; Father hit the Children with shoes while
they were naked; Father had attempted to force his way into her house in
2015; Father followed her car attempting to record her license plate; Father
took the Children to a beer festival and allegedly drove while under the
influence. Id. at 131-34, 137, 164-65, 194-95, 208-09. Mother admitted
that she did not report many of the incidents to the police, DHS, or the custody
master. Id. at 212. Mother also testified regarding inappropriate behavior
by Father’s family. She claimed that the Children’s Grandmother would take
off her clothes and force the Children to put lotion on her back. Id. at 133.
Mother described numerous incidents of mutually abusive, violent behavior
during her relationship with Father. Id. at 164-69,
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The Children’s therapist, Shannon Oliver O’Neal, testified that she is a
licensed social worker who began treating the Children in July 2016. Id. at
220-222, 227. She diagnosed both Children with post-traumatic stress
disorder (“PTSD”). Id. at 228-229. The Children felt anxious and
embarrassed about conflict at the custody exchanges. Id. at 232. In
September 2016, Ms. O’Neal called the Department of Human Services
(“DHS”) after J.J.H-B. reported that her paternal great grandmother placed a
nipple on J.J.H-B.’s lip. Id. at 223. DHS found this report unfounded. Id. In
the six months prior to the hearing, the Children did not report any specific
incidents with Father. Id. at 237. Ms. O’Neal stated the Children’s preference
was not to see their Father overnight. Id. at 238.
Additionally, R.K., Mother’s employer and a family friend, testified that
he has known Mother and the Children since 2013, and that he was concerned
about Father’s behavior. Id. at 248-55. D.A., Mother’s boyfriend, testified
that he has known Mother and the Children for four years. Id. at 256. He
stated that the Children are sometimes sad and that they spoke to him on two
occasions about Father drinking alcohol. Id. at 257-59.
Two petitions seeking PFAs were filed against Father. Id. at 42-44.
Father testified that he did not receive notice of the first petition, filed in 2014
after Mother made a report to DHS, in time to challenge it. Id. at 42-43. The
report alleged that father had lifted S.F.B. by the neck. Id. at 239. Father
testified that at the time of the report and petition, he was living at several
different addresses, and did not receive any notice in the mail. Id. No
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witnesses were interviewed, no home visits conducted, and no evaluations
performed. Id. at 43-49. The order expired sometime in 2016. Id. at 262-
72. Mother sought the second PFA after she alleged that Father had harassed
her by following her in his car and posting a threatening Facebook message;
Father denied following Mother in his car, but admitted to posting on
Facebook, “2016 has taken a lot of people, maybe it should take my baby
mom.” Id. at 44-45. Father explained that he wanted Mother out of his life
and admitted he should not have posted the message. Id. at 46-48. The
petition seeking a PFA was later withdrawn. Id. at 46-48.
The court spoke to both Children in camera. J.J.H-B. expressed that her
preference was not to stay overnight with Father. N.T., In Camera, 10/25/17,
at 9, 20. S.F.B. did not specifically express a preference but did state she felt
uncomfortable being forced to choose between Mother and Father and also
that although she loves her Father, he has occasionally embarrassed her.
N.T., In Camera, 10/25/17, at 17. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court
made its findings pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) on the record. Id. at 262-
76. Essentially, the court pointed to behaviors by both parents that were
inappropriate, including attempting to influence the Children as to their
testimony, and cautioned the parents to modify their behavior around the
Children. Id. Ultimately, the court found the Children’s best interests would
be served by increased custody with Father. Id.
On October 26, 2017, the court entered a final order, finding Mother in
civil contempt but imposing no sanctions. See Order, 10/26/17, at 1-3. The
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court ordered Mother and Father to share legal custody, with Mother retaining
primary physical custody. Id. The order granted Father partial physical
custody every other weekend from 7:00 p.m. Friday until Sunday at 6:00 p.m.
Id. The order outlined a holiday schedule. Id. Mother filed a petition for
reconsideration, although the court did not rule on the petition.
Mother timely filed a notice of appeal and a concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal. The trial court filed its Rule 1925(a) opinion on
December 21, 2017.
On appeal, Mother raises the following issues for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion in failing
to adequately consider and give appropriate weight to the child
custody factors [of] 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) when it granted
[Father’s] petition for modification of custody with regard to the
parties’ minor children.
2. Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider and give
appropriate weight to Appellee’s “indicated” child abuse history
against him in 2014 with regard to the minor child [S.F.B.] and in
not ordering an evaluation to determine the risk of harm to the
children.
3. Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider and give
appropriate weight to the testimony of the children[’s] treating
therapist where there was adequate evidence that Appellee is an
indicated child abuser with respect to one of the children at issue,
and they are both embarrassed and traumatized by their father
and his actions.
See Mother’s Brief at 7-8 (unnecessary capitalization and answers omitted).
With regard to the modification of custody orders, our standard of
review is well-settled.
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In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type
and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept findings
of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of
record, as our role does not include making independent factual
determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility
and weight of the evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial
judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand.
However, we are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or
inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether
the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the
evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the trial
court only if they involve an error of law, or are unreasonable in
light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.
V.B. v. J.E.B., 55 A.3d 1193, 1197 (Pa. Super. 2012) (internal citations
omitted).
The Child Custody Act (the Custody Act), 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5321-5340,
governs all custody proceedings commenced after January 24, 2011. See
C.R.F. v. S.E.F., 45 A.3d 441, 443 (Pa. Super. 2012). “The primary concern
in any custody case is the best interests of the child.” See J.M.R. v. J.M., 1
A.3d 902, 911 (Pa. Super 2010). “The best-interests standard, decided on a
case-by-case basis, considers all factors that legitimately have an effect upon
the child's physical, intellectual, moral and spiritual wellbeing.” Id.
The Custody Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a), requires that the trial court
analyze the various factors prescribed by the legislature:
In ordering any form of custody, the court shall determine the
best interest of the child by considering all relevant factors, giving
weighted consideration to those factors which affect the safety of
the child, including the following:
(1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
frequent and continuing contact between the child and
another party.
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(2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
member of the party’s household, whether there is a
continued risk of harm to the child or an abused party and
which party can better provide adequate physical
safeguards and supervision of the child.
(2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a) (relating
to consideration of child abuse and involvement with
protective services).
(3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf
of the child.
(4) The need for stability and continuity in the child's
education, family life and community life.
(5) The availability of extended family.
(6) The child’s sibling relationships.
(7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the
child's maturity and judgment.
(8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the
other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the
child from harm.
(9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
consistent and nurturing relationship with the child
adequate for the child's emotional needs.
(10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special
needs of the child.
(11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.
(12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability
to make appropriate child-care arrangements.
(13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by
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another party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to
cooperate with that party.
(14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
member of a party’s household.
(15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
member of a party’s household.
(16) Any other relevant factor.
23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).
The Custody Act further provides that a trial court “shall delineate the
reasons for its decision on the record in open court or in a written opinion or
order.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5323(d). There is “no required amount of detail for the
trial court’s explanation; all that is required is that the enumerated factors are
considered and that the custody decision is based on those considerations.”
M.J.M. v. M.L.G. , 63 A.3d 331, 336 (Pa. Super. 2013). A court’s explanation
of reasons for its decision, which adequately addresses the relevant factors,
complies with Section 5323(d). A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 823 (Pa. Super.
2014).
While the trial court must consider all of the factors outlined in Section
5328(a) and give weighted consideration to those factors which affect the
safety of the child, we have acknowledged that the amount of weight a court
gives any one factor is almost entirely discretionary. See M.J.M. v. M.L.G.,
63 A.3d 331, 339 (Pa. Super. 2013). It is “within the trial court’s purview as
the finder of fact to determine which factors are most salient and critical in
each case.” Id. The primary caretaker doctrine is no longer viable, but one
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parent’s status as the primary caretaker may be considered when engaging in
the statutory inquiry. Id.
With these considerations in mind, we turn to Mother’s first issue.
Essentially, Mother argues that the trial court erred in finding some factors in
favor of Father, or not placing sufficient weight on other factors. See
Appellant’s Brief at 17-44. However, the trial court considered each factor
and placed its reasoning on the record in open court. See N.T., 10/25/17, at
262-76. With the exception of Mother’s argument concerning 23 Pa.C.S. §
5328(a)(2.1), she recognizes that the court’s decision was supported by the
reasonable evidence of the record. See Appellant’s Brief at 17-44.
Nevertheless, she avers that the factors were improperly found to either be
neutral or in favor of Father, or that in cases of conflicting testimony,
credibility determinations were improperly made in favor of Father. See
Appellant’s Brief at 17-44. Despite Mother’s arguments, we accept the
findings of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence and defer
issues of credibility and weight of the evidence to the trial court. See V.B.,
55 A.3d 1197. Accordingly, we accept the trial court’s findings and decline to
find an abuse of discretion.
Next, Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion in failing
to consider and give appropriate weight to Father’s “indicated” child abuse
history and to have him properly evaluated. See Appellant’s Brief at 45.
Mother argues that because Father had an indicated incident of child abuse
and because he did not appeal the determination, the court was required to
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weigh this factor more heavily and to order a mental health evaluation or a
risk assessment. Id.
Section 5328(a)(2.1) provides that the court shall consider “[t]he
information set forth in section 5329.1(a) (relating to consideration of child
abuse and involvement with protective services).” 23 Pa.C.S. § 5329.1
provides that where a party seeks custody, the court shall determine whether
1) the child is subject of an indicated report of child abuse; 2) whether a party
or a member of the party’s household has been identified as the perpetrator
in an indicated report of child abuse; 3) the date and circumstances of the
abuse; 4) the jurisdiction in which the investigation took place. Id.
Initially, we note that Mother has waived the issue insofar as it refers to
mental health evaluations. See In re R.P., 957 A.2d 1205, 1222 (Pa. Super.
2008); see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (issues not raised in the lower court are
waived and cannot be considered for the first time on appeal). Although a
petition seeking such evaluations was filed, Mother later voluntarily withdrew
it. Further, insofar as the record shows, Mother never requested a risk
evaluation at the custody trial.1 Accordingly, Mother has waived this issue for
purposes of appeal. Id. at 1222.
____________________________________________
1 We note that Pa.R.C.P. 1915.3-2 provides that petitions for custody
modification must include verifications regarding abuse history. See Pa.R.C.P.
195.3-2(a). Further, after initial in-person contact, the judge performs an
initial evaluation to determine whether the existence of abuse history poses a
threat to the child and whether counseling is necessary. Id. at (b). The court
may order further evaluation where necessary, and while the court shall
consider this evidence, it is not required to order further evaluation.
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Further, the court considered the indicated report. See N.T., 10/25/17,
at 262-72. However, it found that 1) further counseling was not required
because the Children were already in therapy; and 2) that Father did not pose
a danger to the Children, and they were not unsafe in either household. See
TCO at 5; N.T., 10/25/17, at 262-72. This is well within the court’s purview
both as a factfinder assessing the credibility of witnesses, and as an evaluator
of whether a further independent investigation or risk assessment is required.
See, e.g., Pa.R.C.P. 1915.3-2(b) (noting that the court shall consider
evidence of abuse history and may order further evaluation where necessary).
As we have noted above, we accept the findings of the trial court that are
supported by competent evidence and defer issues of credibility and weight of
the evidence to the trial court. See V.B., 55 A.3d 1197. Accordingly, we
decline to find an abuse of discretion.
Finally, Mother argues that the trial court erred when it failed to properly
consider and give appropriate weight to the testimony of the Children’s
treating therapist. See Appellant’s Brief at 50. Mother contends that the
court ignored the uncontradicted testimony of Shannon Oliver O’Neal in
contravention of established case law. Id.
The trial court is under no obligation to delegate decision-making
authority to an expert witness, though it is an abuse of discretion for a trial
court to dismiss as unpersuasive or totally discount uncontradicted expert
testimony. See M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d 11, 19-20 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en
banc). A trial court is not required to accept the conclusions of the expert
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witness, but must consider them, and if it chooses not to follow the
recommendations, the decision must be supported by competent evidence of
the record. Id.
Here, while the trial court opinion does not refer to the evidence, the
record speaks for itself. Ms. Oliver O’Neal is a licensed social worker who has
been treating the Children for PTSD and anxiety. See N.T., 10/25/17, at 218-
220. Ms. Oliver O’Neal testified that the Children had expressed to her that
they would like the visitation arrangement to stay the same, and that it was
her opinion the court should respect the preferences of the Children. See
N.T., 10/25/17, at 237-38. However, the in camera hearings reflected mixed
preferences by the Children, and the court considered but expressed concern
with the information the expert had been given, specifically noting that Mother
had consistently attempted to alienate the Children from Father. See N.T.,
10/25/17, at 264-65. Accordingly, 1) the testimony was not entirely
uncontradicted; 2) the court did consider but chose not to follow the
recommendations, and the decision was supported by competent evidence of
the record. See M.A.T., 989 A.2d at 19-20. Accordingly, we decline to find
an abuse of discretion in the court’s ruling. Id.; see also V.B., 55 A.3d 1197.
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 6/26/18
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