UNITED STAT_ES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING
COMMISSION, '
Plaintiff,
Civil Action No. 12-1902 (R_cL)
V.‘
TRADE EXCHANGE NETWORK
LIMITED and INTRADE THE
PREDICTION MARKET LIMITED,
VVVVVVVVVV
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before the Court is plaintiff Commodity Futures Trading Commission’s Motion and Brief
in Support as to the Appropriate Amount of Disgorgement and Civil Monetary Penalties for
defendants Intrade The Prediction Market Limited and Trade Exchange Network’s Violations of
the Commodity Exchange Act and Commission Regulations. ECF No. 71. Upon consideration,
the Court GRANTS plaintiffs Motion for an assessment of a civil monetary penalty (“CMP”) of
S3 million and post-judgment interest against defendants; for_ which they are to be held jointly and
severally liable.
I. _ BACKGROUND
A. Parties
The plaintiff Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) (“plaintiff’) is an
independent federal regulatory agency tasked by Congress with overseeing and enforcing the
Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), the CEA as Amended by the Dodd-Frank Act, and the
regulations enacted thereunder (“Commission Regulations”). ECF No. l at 11 13.
, Defendants Intrade The Prediction Market Limited (“Intrade”) anlerade Exchange Network
(“TEN”) are companies organized under the laws of Ireland. ECF No. 7 at ‘|H[ 14-15. In 2007, TEN
deconsolidated into three distinct entities. TEN’s 3d Supp. Resp. Interrog. No. 6, ECF No. 51-2.
Following this deconsolidation, “which took effect on or about February 28, 2007, TEN transferred
its non-sports prediction markets and technology-related intellectual property to defendant
Intrade.” Id. Following this transfer, a majority of Intrade’s shareholders also held shares of TEN.
ECF No. 47-1 at 1[ 47. Additionally, defendants had the same overlapping directors and officers.
ECF No. _47-1 at 11 48. Defendants also operated from “the same premises” during the period
pertinent to plaintiffs complaint. ECF No. 47-1 at TH[ 51, 64.
B. Procedural History
On November 26, 2012, plaintiff CFTC flled its three-count Complaint for Permanent
Injunction, Civil Monetary Penalty, and Other Equitable Relief (“Complaint”) against defendants
TEN and Intrade in this Court. ECF No. l.
Count I of the Complaint alleges that during the period of September 2007 through June 25,
2012 (“the relevant period”), defendants offered, solicited, and accepted orders from U.S.
customers via www.intrade.com for the trading of off-exchange binary option contracts, allowing
U.S. customers to predict whether or not a certain event would occur in the future. ECF No. l at
1111 5, 17, 19-25. These binary options included predictions regarding future crude oil prices,
fluctuations in the U.S. unemployment rate, and the probability of future acts of war. Id. at 1111 5,
20. By allowing U.S. customers to trade these binary options, the Complaint alleges, defendants
violated Section 4c(b) of the CEA and Commission Regulation (“Regulation”) 32.1 l, 17 C.F.R. §
32.11. ECF No. l at 11141-43.
Count II of the Complaint alleges that TEN defied a 2005 administrative order entered against
it by the CFTC (“2005 Commission Order”). Id. at 1111 47-51. The 2005 Commission Order alleged
that TEN violated Section 4c(b) of the CEA, 7 U.S.C. § 6c(b), and Regulation 32.11, by “soliciting
and accepting orders from U.S. residents for commodity options not otherwise excepted or
exempted from the Commission’s ban on options” through its affiliated websites including
intrade.com. Trade Exchange Network, Comm. Fut. L. Rep. 11 30135 (CFTC Sept. 29, 2005)
(“2005 Commission Order”), ECF No. 47-3; ECF No. l 1[ 1. TEN consented to the entry of the
2005 Commission Order. 2005 Commission Order; ECF No. 47-2 1[ l. As part of the 2005
Commission`Order, TEN agreed not to violate Section 4c(b) of the CEA and Regulation 3'2.11 in
the future, to pay a CMP of $ l 50,000, and to carry out additional requirements, including notifying
its U.S. customers that certain contracts were off limits for trading on TEN’s trading platforms via
a pop-up notice. 2005 Commission Order at 3, 5. The Complaint alleges that TEN offered contracts
for trade to U.S. customers that were off limits under the 2005 Commission Order, failed to provide
the aforementioned pop-up notices to users of its website during the relevant period, neglected to
notify the CFTC of its intent to change the individual designated to receive written requests arising
from the 2005 Commission Order, and failed to designate a new representative following the prior
designee’s withdrawal. ECF No. l at 1111 29-33, 47-51.
The Court granted plaintiffs Motion for Summary Judgment as to Counts I and II of the
Complaint (ECF No. 47) and found that TEN and Intrade violated Section 4c(b) of the CEA and
Regulation 32.11 by permitting U.S. customers to trade 5,503 option contracts involving
Commission-regulated commodities during the relevant period, ECF No. 60. The Court also found
that TEN violated the 2005 Commission Order by (l) allowing for US customers to trade those
5,503 option contracts, (2) failing to have blocks in place for U.S. customers on 2,027 prohibited
option contracts, (3) lifting blocks on prohibited option contracts, and (4) failing to notify the
CFTC of its intent to change its U.S. representative within fourteen days of the change. ECF No.
60.
Plaintiff filed its Motion as to the Appropriate Amount of Disgorgement and Civil Monetary
Penalties for Defendants’ Violations of the Commodity Exchange Act and Commission
Regulations. ECF No. 7l. With regard to the appropriate CMP, plaintiff argued that the Court
should impose a CMP, jointly and severally, of “not less than $3 [million]” against defendants
ECF No. 71 at 2.
As to the appropriate amount of disgorgement, the Court granted the parties’ Joint Motion for
Entry of Consent Order Regarding Distribution of Disgorgement Amount, in which they agreed to
disgorge $248,334.74 of defendants’ funds held in an affiliate company’s bank account. ECF Nos.
87 and 88.
Plaintiff, without opposition from defendants, filed a motion to vacate the portion of the
Court’s Consent Order terminating the case, which the Court granted ECF Nos. 89 and 90.
Plaintiff notified the Court that defendants’ appointed liquidator-Bermingham & Company_had
made a complete disbursement of the disgorgement fund specified in the Court’s Order and
identified the proper amount for a CMP as the only remaining issue to be decided by the Court.
ECF Nos. 88 and 91. This opinion resolves that issue.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The CEA dictates that the Court has the authority to impose on any person who has been found
to have violated the CEA a CMP of (l) not more than the greater of triple the monetary gain to a
person for each violation, or (2) $130,000 for each violation from October 23, 2004, through
October 222 2008, and $140,000 for each violation occurring on October 23, 2008, through
November 1, 2015. 7 U.S.C. § 13a-l(d)(l)(A); 17 C.F.R. § 143.8(b)(1)(ii).
The Court has the authority to impose a CMP that is appropriate to the seriousness of the
violator’s offense. Miller v. CFTC, 197 F.3d 1227, 1236 (9th Cir. 1999). Conduct that “violates
core provisions of the CEA’s regulatory system” is considered very serious. JCC, Inc. v. CFTC,
63 F.3d 1557, 1571 (l lth Cir. 1995) (quoting In Re Premex, [1987-1990 Transfer Binder] Comm.
Fut. L. Rep. (CCH) 11 24,165 (CFTC Feb. 17, 1988)).
In addition to the seriousness of the violations, courts consider several mitigating and
aggravating circumstances when determining the appropriate CMP: (1) whether the violation was
an isolated mistake made “in the face of an ambiguous statutory duty or from circumstances that
are unique and unforeseeable” as opposed to a violation that was made “knowingly and repeatedly
. to gain a competitive edge,” ’(2) if the individual actually benefitted from the violation or if
the violation caused “direct harm to customers or the market,” as well as (3) the individual’s “post-
violation cooperation with authorities, attempts to cure the violation, and/or provide restitution.”
JCC, 63 F.3d at 1571.
The CMP imposed should bear a rational relation to the violation. CFTC v. Levy, 541 F.3d
1102, 1112 (l lth Cir. 2008). CMPs should be “sufficiently high to deter future violations, that is,
to make it beneficial financially for a respondent to comply with the requirements of the [CEA]
and [CFTC] regulations rather than risk violations.” In re Grossfeld, [1996-1998 Transfer Binder]
Comm. Fut. L. Rep. (CCH)1] 26,921 (CFTC Dec. 10, 1996), ajj"d, 137 F.3d 1300 (l lth Cir. 1998).
As the CFTC has stated, CMPS “remind both the recipient of the penalty and other persons subject
to the [CEA] that non-compliance carries a cost. To effect this exemplary purpose, that cost must
not be too low or potential violators may be encouraged to engage in illegal conduct.” CFTC v.
Emerald Worldwide Holdings, Inc.-, No. CV03-8339AHM, 2005 WL 1130588 at *ll '(C.D. Cal.
April 19, 2005) (quoting In re GNP Commodities, Inc., [1990-1992 Transfer Binder] Com. Fut. L.
Rep. (CCH) 11 25,360 (August 11, 1992), ajj"d sub nom. CFTC v. Mom`eson, 996 F.2d 852 (7th
Cir. 1995)).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Defendants Committed Serious Violations.
The CEA defines its purpose as “serving the public interest . . . through a system of effective
self-regulation of trading facilities, clearing systems, market participants, and market professionals
under the oversight of the [CFTC].” 7 U.S.C. § S(b). Defendants not only repeatedly violated the
CEA, but did so in direct defiance of the 2005 Commission Order entered against TEN.
Defendants’ violations, therefore, severely compromised the regulatory purpose of the CEA and
are serious. In re Grossfela', [1996-1998 Transfer Binder] Comm. Fut. L. Rep. (CCH) 11 26,921
(CFTC Dec. 10, 1996), aj}`d, 137 F.3d 1300 (11th Cir. 1998). Given that the initial $150,‘000 CMP
entered against TEN as part of the 2005 Commission Order did not prevent defendants from
continuing to violate the CEA, a substantial CMP is warranted for the purpose of maintaining the
deterrence function of CMPs.
B. The Mitigating Circumstances Put Forth by Defendants Do Not Support a
Minimal CMP.
Defendants argue that their violations are the result of an ambiguous statutory duty or
“unsettled law” and, therefore, do not warrant a substantial CMP. ECF No. 74 at 9-10. This
argument fails because violations resulting from the statutory duty were by no means “isolated.”
See JCC, 63 F.3d at 1571 (finding that violations of the CEA committed “knowingly and
repeatedly” do not serve to mitigate a defendant’s culpability). Defendants allowed 1,275 U.S.
6
customers to trade 5,503 prohibited contracts during the relevant period. ECF No. 77 at 12. The
2005 Commission Order provided unambiguous notice to defendant TEN that offering certain
binary option contracts was forbidden under the CEA and was by no means “unsettled law.” ECF
No. 47-3; ECF No. 71 at 18. Nevertheless, defendants traded contracts that were identical to those
identified in the 2005 Commission Order. ECF No. 47-3 at 119-l l. 'I`hus, plaintiffs characterization
of defendants’ misconduct as “intentional” and “reckless” is accurate. ECF No. 71 at 15.
Defendants’ prolonged non-compliance after the CFTC notified them of their failure to abide by
the 2005 Commission Order further supports this characterization Id. at 16-17.
` Defendants argue that the violations at issue in this matter are the result of the “unauthorized
acts of a rogue director.” ECF No. 74 at 10. 'I'hey claim that their then-director, Mr. John Delaney,
acted beyond the scope of his authority in lifting the blocks that defendants had put in place as a
result of the 2005 Commission Order. Id. at 10. But the text of the CEA forecloses this argument
by stating that “the act, omission, or failure of any official agent, or other person acting for an
individual, association, partnership, corporation or trust within the scope of his employment or
office shall be deemed the act, omission, or failure of such individual, association, partnership,
corporation or trust, as well as of such official, agent or other person.” 7 U.S.C. § 2(a)(l) (emphasis
added). Even if Mr. Delaney did exceed his authority as director, defendants are strictly liable for
his actions if he was acting as their agent. Stotler & Co. v. CFTC, 855 F.2d 1288, 1291-92 (7th
Cir. 1988). Whether or not Mr. Delaney was acting as an agent for defendants depends on “an
overall assessment of the totality of the circumstances.” Id. (quoting Berisko v. E. Capital Corp.,
[1984-1986 Transfer Binder] Com. Fut. L. Rep. (CCH) 11 22,772 (October 1, 1985)). From 2003
until his death in May 2011, Mr. Delaney served as director and CEO of defendants TEN and
Intrade. ECF No. 47-1 at 11 11 101-102. He executed the 2005 Offer of Settlement, wherein
defendant TEN consented to the 2005 Commission Order. ECF No. 47.1 at 11 19-22. An e-mail
exchange between Mr. Delaney and Intrade’s exchange operations manager, Mr. Wolfenden,
reveals that he ordered Mr. Wolfenden to lift the trading blocks in order to facilitate trading activity
on intrade.com. ECF No 47.1 at 1[1[ 125-32.The combination of these circumstances allows for the
Court to find that Mr. Delaney acted as an official agent of defendants Thus, defendants are strictly
liable for his actions.
Defendants’ argument that Mr. Delaney’s death undermines any deterrent effect of a CMP
fails. ECF No. 74 at ll. Defendants continued to violate the CEA long after the death of Mr.
Delaney in May 2011. ECF No. 77 at 15. In fact, defendants violated the CEA*well after they were
contactedby the CFTC following Mr. Delaney’s death, only refraining from offering prohibited
contracts after plaintiff filed its Complaint in November 2012. Id. Not only do these facts
effectively negate defendants’ depiction of Mr. Delaney’s actions as “unauthorized” and “rogue,”
it also underscores the necessity of imposing a substantial CMP for the sake of deterring such
prolonged and brazen violations.
Defendants argue that they received at most $52,294.96 in monetary benefits as a result of their
violations. ECF No. 74 at 11. But the accounting method that defendants employ fails to account
for the monetary benefits that indirectly resulted from their misconduct. By soliciting customers
to trade prohibited option contracts, defendants generated new business and drew additional
customers to their website to trade non-prohibited option contracts. Thus, the figure that defendants
have put forth as “minima ” and mitigating is incomplete Additionally, the CFTC has stated that
benefitting in any way from a violation of the CEA is more serious than potentially benefitting.
JCC, Inc. v. CFTC, 63 F.3d 1557, 157l (llth Cir. 1995) (quoting In Re Premex, [1987-1990
Transfer Binder] Comm. Fut. L. Rep. (CCH) 1[ 24,165 (CFTC Feb. 17, 1988)). ln this instance,
defendants’ concession that they did benefit underscores the seriousness of their violations.
Finally, the Court does not find defendants’ return of funds that rightthly belonged to U.S.
customers, and to which defendants had no legal right to retain, particularly persuasive as a basis
for a minimal CMP.
C. The Facts Support a $3 Million CMP.
The CEA provides the Court with the authority to impose a penalty of $130,000 or $l40,000
for each of defendants’ 'violations, depending on the date. 7 U.S.C. § l3a-l(d)(l)(A); 17 C.F.R. §
l43.8(b)(1)(ii). The Court would, therefore, be well within its power to award a CMP exceeding
$700 million.l However, the Court is aware of defendants’ ongoing liquidation and considered
their potential financial shortcomings in coming to a decision. See ECF No. 92. The facts dictate
that the prior, lesser penalty of $150,000 served as no deterrent to defendants For the sake of
maintaining the hinction of CMPs and upholding the regulatory purpose of the CEA and
Commission Regulations, a more severe penalty is required While the Court believes any CMP
approaching $700 million would be excessive, the Court finds that defendants’ repeated violations
of the CEA and Commission Regulations, coupled with their brazen defiance of the 2005
Commission Order, warrant a CMP of $3 million.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, the Court finds that defendants’ violations of the CEA and
Commission Regulations warrant a substantial CMP. Plaintiff s motion for an assessment of a $3
l This penalty could range from $715,390,000 (5,503 violations multiplied by $130,000) to $770,420,000 (5,503
violations multiplied by $140,000) depending on the chronology of the violations.
9
million CMP, plus post-judgment interest, for which defendants are to be held jointly and severally
liable, will be GRANTED.
A separate order consistent with this opinion shall issue this date.
Dare: July __§_J 2018