Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida
Opinion filed July 11, 2018.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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No. 3D16-2371
Lower Tribunal No. 15-17219
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Milton Jackson,
Appellant,
vs.
The State of Florida,
Appellee.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Richard L.
Hersch, Judge.
Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Harvey J. Sepler and James Odell,
Assistant Public Defenders, for appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, and Christina L. Dominguez, Assistant
Attorney General, for appellee.
Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and LAGOA and EMAS, JJ.
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
EMAS, J.
We deny appellant’s motion for rehearing, withdraw our previous opinion,
and substitute the following in its stead.
Milton Jackson was charged by information with armed burglary of an
occupied structure with an assault or battery, domestic battery by strangulation,
and kidnapping. Following a trial, the jury returned a verdict finding Jackson
guilty of trespass (as a lesser included offense of burglary) and misdemeanor
battery (as a lesser included offense of domestic battery by strangulation). The
jury acquitted Jackson of the kidnapping charge.
On appeal, Jackson contends he is entitled to a new trial because the
prosecutor made improper “golden rule” arguments in closing.1 We affirm,
concluding that the prosecutor’s arguments were not improper, but were relevant
1 Upon appellant’s motion, we granted supplemental briefing in which appellant
raised additional instances of allegedly improper comments made by the State
during its rebuttal closing argument. However, we find no merit in these claims;
the trial court properly overruled objections to comments made in fair response to
the defense closing, and properly sustained objections to comments it found
improper. To the extent that the trial court improperly overruled an objection to
any of these isolated comments, we conclude such error was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt. See Evans v. State, 177 So. 3d 1219 (Fla. 2015); Muhammad v.
State, 782 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 2001). The trial court did not abuse its discretion
denying appellant’s motion for mistrial. Salazar v. State, 991 So. 2d 364 (Fla.
2008).
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arguments supported by the evidence at trial, and were made in fair response to the
defense’s trial theory and closing argument.
EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENT AT TRIAL
On August 19, 2015, the victim was walking with a friend to a neighbor’s
house around the corner when Jackson pulled up in his car and called the victim
over to talk with him. Jackson and the victim had previously been in an on-again,
off-again relationship. The victim told Jackson that she would talk with him when
she returned from the neighbor’s house. When the victim returned a few minutes
later, however, she did not see Jackson or his car. The victim said goodbye to her
friend and went inside her house.
Immediately after entering her house, Jackson came up from behind the
victim and put her in a chokehold. The victim began to lose consciousness, and
Jackson proceeded to drag the victim by her hair into the bedroom where he beat
her. Jackson then took the victim into the bathroom where he placed her in the
bathtub. While in the bathtub, the victim pretended to be passed out. When
Jackson left the bathroom, the victim got out of the bathtub and ran through her
back door, fully nude, towards her neighbor, who was outside. The neighbor saw
the victim, and also saw Jackson running behind the victim, holding a ceramic
crucifix above his head. The neighbor grabbed a glass bottle, broke it in two and
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used it to threaten Jackson. Jackson started to laugh, saying “God told me to do
it.” The police arrived soon thereafter, and Jackson was taken into custody.
At trial, the defense’s theory was that the incident didn’t even happen, given
the absence of any visible injuries on the victim which would be consistent with
her description of the vicious attack by Jackson. In closing argument, defense
counsel attempted to point out this absence of evidence:
DEFENSE COUNSEL: [The victim’s] version of events is not
really what happened that day.
....
[T]here is no[t] even [a] break-up or anything that happens prior
to this.
The defendant just happens to be in her home and just happens
to decide that he just wants to attack her.
....
He must have been holding on to [the victim] so tightly that she
passed out and could not remember and lost consciousness.
Yet, we talked about corroboration in jury selection. You have
these photographs [of the victim’s injuries]. There’s no marks
around her neck. There’s no bruising around her neck. There’s
no redness.
There’s not one swelling, bruise, fingermarks, scratches,
anything around her neck.
It’s not there because there was no strangulation, members of
the jury. There’s no corroboration.
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....
[A]nd also, she mentioned . . . that she was dragged by her hair
from one room to the next.
Members of the jury, if someone is holding on to your hair so
tightly dragging you from one room to the next you would
expect for there to be hair on the floor.
When you look at these photographs you’re not going to see
that.
....
If you get hit repeatedly to the head over and over again with a
Grey Goose bottle you’re going you have bleeding; you’re
going to have cuts; you’re going to need stitches. When you
look at those photographs of [the victim] there’s no bleeding.
....
It is impossible to believe her story if there is no Grey Goose
bottle and if there is no blood.
They can try and say that, you know, the Rescue cleaned
her up and that’s why there’s no blood in any of the
photographs, except that’s not what [the victim] said. [The
victim] said they didn’t do anything. They gave me an ice
pack.
She didn’t get stitches. She didn’t get any bandages. She
didn’t go to the hospital. No. There’s no blood and there’s no
Grey Goose bottle because it didn’t happen the way [the victim]
is saying it happened. It didn’t happen.
The defense also compared the victim’s trial testimony and the statements
she made to the officer who arrived on the scene shortly after the crime was
committed, noting the inconsistencies.
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DEFENSE COUNSEL: You’re also allowed to consider the prior
inconsistent statements. Now, you heard [the victim] testify that she
hit her head on the wall. You heard her admit on the stand today that
that was the – today in court, over a year later, that is the first time she
ever testified to that.
Members of the jury, you didn’t leave your common sense at the door.
Everyone knows that memories actually fade over time; they don’t get
better.
We are now over a year, a year and a month later and this is the first
time that she’s testifying that Mr. Jackson slammed her head into the
wall as he was bringing her into the bathroom.
Why is today the first day that she’s talking about that? Why is today
the first day that she brings that up because her story is starting to
unravel. Her version of events is not what really happened that day.
....
As I mentioned there’s conflicting testimony if Mr. Jackson even lives
there. She sat there and said no, he didn’t live there; he didn’t live
there. You . . . heard Officer Michel say [the victim] told him on the
date of the incident that [Jackson] lived there. Well, which one is it:
did he live there; did he not live there?
In response to the defense’s closing argument, the State made the following
argument in its rebuttal closing:
PROSECUTOR: Something that’s also very important that I want
everybody here to understand. [The victim] walked into her home
that night, was put into a chokehold, was dragged by her hair, was hit
across the head numerous times with a bottle, and when she
realized at one point that she can actually get free she took that
option.
But now the defense is trying to say that at the end part of all of this
beating, after it all takes place because there’s certain things she said –
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that the Rescue gave her an ice pack instead of cleaning her up. Oh,
she wasn’t bleeding; she was lying.
Think about what state of mind she’s in. You heard the officer. He
said trying communicating with her, and she was hyperventilating like
she couldn’t breathe. She was having a hard time.
Think about the state of mind she’s in at that point in time that all
these questions were asked to her. What happened? What happened?
And she’s trying to deal with her own health issues while trying to
interact with police-
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Objection, golden rule.
THE COURT: Overruled. Continue. You’ve got about five minutes
left.
The defense preserved this asserted error by contemporaneous objection, and
later moved for a mistrial, which the trial court denied. On appeal, Jackson asserts
that a new trial is required, because the prosecutor impermissibly invited the jurors
to place themselves in the victim’s shoes and to feel the pain and suffering
experienced by the victim.
ANALYSIS
A trial court’s ruling on a motion for mistrial is within the sound discretion
of the court and will be sustained on appeal absent an abuse of that discretion.
Salazar v. State, 991 So. 2d 364 (Fla. 2008); Ford v. State, 802 So. 2d 1121, 1129
(Fla. 2001). See also Diaz v. State, 139 So. 3d 431, 434 (Fla. 3d DCA 2014)
(noting: “A trial court’s rulings regarding the propriety of comments made during
closing argument are reviewed for an abuse of discretion”). In the context of
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closing arguments, if the trial court overruled the defense’s contemporaneous
objection, and we determine that the comments were indeed improper, we apply
the harmless error standard of review. Snelgrove v. State, 921 So. 2d 560, 568
(Fla. 2005). This standard places “the burden on the state, as the beneficiary of the
error, to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not
contribute to the verdict or, alternatively stated, that there is no reasonable
possibility that the error contributed to the conviction.” Ibar v. State, 938 So. 2d
451, 466 (Fla. 2006) (quoting State v. DiGuilio, 491 So. 2d 1129, 1135 (Fla.
1986)).
Jackson contends that the prosecutor’s comments were a prohibited “golden
rule” argument, impermissibly inviting the jurors to place themselves in the
victim’s shoes and to imagine the pain and suffering experienced by the victim.
We do not agree.
“‘Golden rule’ arguments are arguments that invite the jurors to place
themselves in the victim’s position during the crime and imagine the victim’s
suffering.” Mosley v. State, 46 So. 3d 510, 520 (Fla. 2009).2 Closely related is the
2 It is worth noting that the concept of a “golden rule” violation was originally
limited in application to civil trials where the plaintiff invited jurors to place
themselves in the shoes of the plaintiff and asked jurors to award an amount of
damages they (the jurors) would want if they suffered the same injuries suffered by
plaintiff. See, e.g., Bullock v. Branch, 130 So. 2d 74, 75-76 (Fla. 1st DCA 1961)
(disapproved on other grounds by Murphy v. Int’l Robotic Syss., Inc., 766 So. 2d
1010 (Fla. 2000)) (first reported Florida case addressing “golden rule” violation,
where plaintiff’s counsel argued to the jury: “[T]he court will instruct you that
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concept that closing argument “must not be used to inflame the minds and passions
of the jurors so that their verdict reflects an emotional response to the crime or the
defendant rather than the logical analysis of the evidence in light of the applicable
law.” Lewis v. State, 780 So. 2d 125, 129 (Fla. 3d DCA 2001).
[plaintiff is] entitled to compensation at your hand at such figure that you think is
right for his pain suffering and for his discomfort, not only in the past but in the
further. How much would you pay to have half inch cut inflicted in your skull? . . .
. What would I have to pay to inflict a half inch cut into your skull, to render you
unconscious, to put you home in bed for a week, to force you to use a cane or
crutches for months after that, and to leave you for the balance of your life with
your walk affected, with your speech affected, with a tremor, with your memory
affected, with your handwriting affected? What do you think it's worth?”) Some
years later, the concept of golden rule migrated to closing arguments in criminal
trials as well. See, e.g., Cumbie v. State, 378 So. 2d 1 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978)
(quashed on other grounds by State v. Cumbie, 380 So. 2d 1031 (Fla. 1980))
(holding it was a golden rule violation for state to argue to jury in sexual battery
case: “Now, we men often times can't appreciate the assault on a body that a
woman has to undergo when she is being raped or attempted to be raped, but I
think we can think about it and kind of try to imagine, if you think of yourself in a
similar situation . . . .”)
Nevertheless, most of the decisions condemning arguments as golden rule
violations in the criminal trial context could just as easily have been condemned on
broader principles which prohibit arguments that, for example, “unduly arouse and
inflame the sympathy, prejudice and passions of the jury to the detriment of the
accused.” Barnes v. State, 58 So. 2d 157, 159 (Fla. 1951). See also Gonzalez v.
State, 136 So. 3d 1125, 1153 (Fla. 2014). The salient point is this: assigning a
label (such as “golden rule”) to an argument in a vacuum does little to advance the
requisite analysis. The mere fact that a prosecutor in closing argument addresses a
victim’s mental state, physical state, or injuries suffered does not, standing alone,
render the argument a golden rule violation. Such an ipso facto analysis ignores
the need to consider the surrounding circumstances of the comment, including the
trial evidence supporting the argument, the context in which the argument is made,
the relevance and purpose for the argument, and whether it is in fair reply to the
issues raised or arguments advanced by the defense.
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Importantly, the State “can comment on the crime as long as the comments
‘are based on evidence introduced at trial and are relevant to the circumstances of
[the crime] . . .’ but may not ‘cross the line by inviting the jurors to place
themselves in the position of the victim.’” Braddy v. State, 111 So. 3d 810, 842
(Fla. 2012) (quoting Mosley, 46 So. 3d at 521).
Thus, in evaluating whether an argument violates the “golden rule,” we
should not limit our consideration to the words uttered. Rather, we must also
consider the relevance and purpose for which the argument was made; the trial
evidence supporting the argument; the context in which the argument is made; and
whether the argument is in fair reply to the issues raised or arguments advanced by
the defense.
Applying these considerations to the instant case, we conclude there was no
golden rule violation. The State’s closing arguments did not ask or invite the
jurors to place themselves in the shoes of the victim to imagine her pain and
suffering. Rather, the State pointed to the trial testimony and other evidence in an
effort to rebut the defense theory (as argued in the defense closing) that the
incident did not even happen, or at least did not happen in the manner and to the
extent contended by the State. In support of this theory, the defense closing
highlighted the inconsistencies between the victim’s trial testimony and her
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statements to the police, as well as the absence of evidence to corroborate the
victim’s account of the physical violence visited upon her by Jackson.3
On direct examination, Officer Michel testified that the victim was “wet all
around,” was “perspiring heavily and breathing heavily. She couldn’t speak
because she was gasping for air. She seemed to be fading in and out of
consciousness.” Officer Michel further testified that he tried to speak with the
victim but “it wasn’t feasible to talk to her. She couldn’t talk. She could barely
breathe. All she kept saying was that she wanted to lay down. She couldn’t breathe.
Her eyes kept rolling in the back of her head.”
We conclude that the prosecutor’s argument was advanced in response to the
defense’s claim that the victim’s version of the events was not credible, was
inconsistent with her prior statements to the police, and was uncorroborated by any
evidence of injuries one would expect to see from the attack she described.
Viewed in the context of the record and juxtaposed against the defense’s theory,
the complained-of comments were simply a part of the State’s argument that
Officer Michel’s observations of the victim and her condition, made shortly after
3 Indeed, it has not escaped our notice that the jury, by its verdict, apparently
agreed with defense counsel that there was at least a reasonable doubt regarding
the nature and severity of any attack upon the victim: Jackson was charged with
domestic battery by strangulation, but the jury found him guilty of the lesser
included offense of simple (misdemeanor) battery; Jackson was charged with
armed burglary with an assault or battery, but the jury found him guilty of the
lesser included offense of trespass; and Jackson was charged with kidnapping, but
the jury found him not guilty of this charge.
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the crime, supported the victim’s version of what happened on the night in
question. The comments were also offered in support of the State’s contention that
any inconsistencies between the victim’s statements on the scene and her trial
testimony could be explained by the victim’s mental and physical state at the time
she first spoke with Officer Michel.
CONCLUSION
The mere fact that the State asked the jury to consider the victim’s mental
and physical condition shortly after the crime was committed did not transform this
argument into a golden rule violation. Instead, because the arguments advanced by
the State were based upon and supported by the evidence introduced at trial, were
relevant to an issue in dispute, were made in fair reply to the arguments and
theories advanced at trial by the defense, and were not made to inflame the
passions or sympathy of the jury or otherwise improperly prejudice the defendant,
we find the complained-of argument was not a golden rule violation and the trial
court properly overruled the objection.
Affirmed.
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