FILED
United States Court of Appeals
Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
July 11, 2018
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
_________________________________ Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 17-2096
(D.C. No. 2:17-CR-00332-WJ-1)
ALEJANDRO MEJIA-RIOS, (D. N.M.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT ∗
_________________________________
Before MATHESON, MCKAY, and MCHUGH, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Alejandro Mejia-Rios appeals the validity of his guilty plea for re-entering the
country in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and (b). He argues that his plea hearing
violated Rule 11(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and deprived him of due
process under the Fifth Amendment. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we
affirm.
∗
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
In November 2016, United States Border Patrol Agents arrested Mr. Mejia-Rios, a
Mexican citizen, in Doña Ana County, New Mexico. He had previously been deported
from the United States four times. He was charged with Illegal Reentry of a Removed
Alien under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and (b).
B. Procedural History
Mr. Mejia-Rios filed a notice of intent to plead guilty. He also consented to
proceed with his plea before a magistrate judge. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b). The court
scheduled his plea hearing, grouping him with other defendants 1 who also intended to
plead guilty to an illegal entry or reentry charge.
The Plea Hearing 2
The plea hearing was recorded. We have listened to the recording, which is part
of the record on appeal, see generally ROA, Supp. Vol., and cite to it in the following
overview.
a. Advisement
1
Neither party reports exactly how many other defendants were present at the plea
hearing. See, e.g., Aplt. Br. at 3 (“[A]n unknown number of defendants appeared before
the magistrate.”); Oral Arg. at 1:17-1:36 (counsel for defendant saying she is not sure of
the number, but believes “at least between ten and fifteen defendants [were] present”).
2
The defendants had access to an interpreter who translated in real time. An
interpreter also translated the defendants’ responses back to the magistrate judge in
English. The written transcript of the hearing contains only the translated responses from
the interpreter, not the original Spanish.
2
The magistrate judge began the plea hearing by addressing all of the defendants
and explaining how the hearing would proceed. After describing the rights that the
defendants would forgo by pleading guilty, the magistrate judge stated the consequences
of a non-citizen’s guilty plea, including removal from and a bar on entry to the United
States.
b. Pleas
The magistrate judge divided the group into sub-groups and placed Mr. Mejia-
Rios with three other defendants who intended to plead guilty to the same crime. The
court called Mr. Mejia-Rios first out of his sub-group. The magistrate judge asked Mr.
Mejia-Rios’s counsel whether there was “[a]ny objection to my taking these pleas
together?” Counsel responded no. ROA, Vol. III at 14; ROA, Supp. Vol. at 3:44-3:50.
The court clerk swore in the four defendants and told them to “answer all of the
questions one at a time beginning with Mr. Mejia-Rios.” ROA, Vol. III at 15. The
magistrate judge posed questions to the sub-group as a whole, and each defendant
answered each question individually. ROA, Supp. Vol. at 3:50-10:23. He asked whether
they were under the influence of drugs or had other drug or health issues, and each
defendant answered no. The court then asked, “Your attorney has told me that you wish
to plead guilty to the felony charges against you. Is that correct?” ROA, Vol. III at 16;
ROA, Supp. Vol. at 5:24-5:28. Each of the four defendants individually responded “yes”
or “yes, sir.” ROA, Supp. Vol. at 5:29-5:33. The court asked them whether they were
under threat or force to plead guilty, and each responded that he was not.
3
The magistrate judge reiterated the rights that the defendants were forgoing and
the consequences they were facing by pleading guilty. He asked if they understood, and
each defendant responded that he did.
The court then explained the reentry charge and asked the defendants whether they
understood the charges. Each defendant individually said yes. The Government then
explained that the maximum penalty was “up to a 20-year term of imprisonment, a three-
year term of supervised release, a $250,000 fine, and a $100 special penalty assessment.”
ROA, Vol. III at 17; ROA, Supp. Vol. at 7:02-7:12. When the magistrate judge asked if
the defendants understood “those maximum penalties,” each defendant said yes. ROA,
Vol. III at 18; ROA, Supp. Vol. at 7:14-7:21.
Finally, the court asked defendants whether they were satisfied with their
representation and had sufficient time to discuss their cases with counsel. Each defendant
said yes. The magistrate judge also explained that attorneys provide only their best guess
when estimating sentences, that the United States Sentencing Guidelines are only
advisory, that a judge could impose a harsher sentence, and that each could receive the
maximum sentence under the law. Each defendant individually affirmed that he
understood this explanation.
The magistrate judge then took the guilty pleas. He asked the sub-group, “How do
you plead to the felony charge of reentry of a removed alien, guilty or not guilty?” ROA,
Vol. III at 19; ROA, Supp. Vol. at 8:49-8:53. Each individually responded “guilty”
through the interpreter. ROA, Vol. III at 19; ROA, Supp. Vol. at 8:55-9:01. The
Government then explained the facts it could prove at trial about the four defendants: (1)
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none had legal status, (2) each was found in New Mexico after knowingly entering the
United States, (3) each had previously been deported, removed, or excluded, and (4) none
had permission to reenter. The magistrate judge asked the defendants if these facts were
true, and each responded affirmatively. Then he was asked, “Are you pleading guilty
today because you are, in fact, guilty of the charges against you?” ROA, Vol. III at 20;
ROA, Supp. Vol. at 9:48-9:52. Mr. Mejia-Rios responded, through a translator, “Yes,
sir.” ROA, Vol. III at 20; ROA, Supp. Vol. at 9:53.
The magistrate judge declared that each defendant was competent to enter a guilty
plea and aware of the nature and consequences of his plea. He found that the pleas were
knowing and voluntary and accepted them, adjudging all defendants in the sub-group
guilty. 3
Mr. Mejia-Rios’s counsel did not object to any of these proceedings.
3
Mr. Mejia-Rios and his counsel also signed two documents relating to the plea:
(1) “Consent to Proceed before United States Magistrate Judge in a Felony Case,” ROA,
Vol. I at 10, and (2) “Waiver of Indictment,” ROA, Vol. I at 11. The Magistrate Consent
read:
The United States Magistrate Judge has explained to me the
nature of the offense(s) with which I am charged and the
maximum possible penalties which might be imposed if I
plead guilty. I have been informed of my right to the
assistance of legal counsel and of my right to plead or go to
trial, judgment and sentencing before a United States District
Judge.
Id. at 10. The “Waiver of Indictment” listed the charge and further stated: “Alejandro
Mejia-Rios . . . being advised of the nature of the charge, the Information, and of
defendant’s rights, hereby waives in open court prosecution by Indictment and consent to
proceedings [sic] by Information rather than by Indictment.” Id. at 11.
5
Sentencing
Mr. Mejia-Rios’s Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) calculated an
imprisonment range of 30 to 37 months under the Sentencing Guidelines, based on a total
offense level of 17 and a criminal history category of III. Mr. Mejia-Rios did not file an
objection to the PSR.
At sentencing, Mr. Mejia-Rios allocuted, “I would like to apologize for having
entered illegally.” ROA, Vol. III at 5. His counsel reported to the magistrate judge his
client’s frustration with the length of his potential sentencing range, which accounted for
defendant’s previous illegal entry convictions:
[T]his is one of the cases where he doesn’t understand why
he’s being punished for something that he already served his
time on. I think those were the same issues that [his previous
lawyer] had in trying to explain to him the enhancements and
what he looked -- what he would be looking at if he came
back. I did my best to explain that to him. I know he doesn’t
believe our -- our system is fair in that regard. I told him
there’s not a lot I can do about it or -- or the prosecutor or
your Honor, that those are the rules under which we operate
and he needs to be aware of that if he’s going to try to come
back again, because his sentence would only keep increasing.
ROA, Vol. III at 5-6. The court sentenced Mr. Mejia-Rios to 30 months in prison and
three years of supervised release.
Mr. Mejia-Rios timely appealed the final judgment.
II. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Mr. Mejia-Rios challenges his guilty plea as invalid, arguing the group
plea hearing violated: (1) Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b)(1) because it was
6
not sufficiently “personal”; 4 (2) Rule 11(b)(1)(G) because he did not understand how his
sentence range was calculated and therefore did not understand the nature of the charged
offense; and (3) his right to due process because he did not knowingly and voluntarily
waive his rights.
As noted above, Mr. Mejia-Rios did not present any of these objections in the
district court. We affirm because Mr. Mejia-Rios forfeited these arguments in district
court and has not adequately addressed all of the elements of plain error review on
appeal.
A. Standard of Review
“Whether a guilty plea was entered knowingly and voluntarily is generally a
question of law we review de novo.” United States v. Rollings, 751 F.3d 1183, 1191
(10th Cir. 2014). When, as here, the defendant did not object to the validity of the plea,
he must demonstrate plain error on appeal. Id. “We find plain error only when there is
(1) error, (2) that is plain, (3) which affects substantial rights, and (4) which seriously
affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States
v. Romero, 491 F.3d 1173, 1178 (10th Cir. 2007).
As to the second step, an error is plain if it is “clear or obvious under current, well-
settled law.” United States v. Dazey, 403 F.3d 1147, 1174 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotations
omitted). “In general, for an error to be contrary to well-settled law, either the Supreme
4
As conceded at oral argument, Mr. Mejia-Rios does not challenge the
“advisement” portion of his plea hearing. He contests only the proceedings involving
him and his sub-group after advisement. See Oral Arg. at 1:36-1:48, 10:47-10:57.
7
Court or this court must have addressed the issue.” United States v. Hill, 749 F.3d 1250,
1258 (10th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. DeChristopher, 695 F.3d 1082, 1091
(10th Cir. 2012)). This court may also look at the “weight of authority from other
circuits” to determine whether error is plain. Id. (quoting United States v. Hardwell, 80
F.3d 1471, 1484 (10th Cir. 1996)). “When neither the Supreme Court nor this Court has
resolved an issue, and other circuits are split on it, there can be no plain error in regard to
that issue.” United States v. Story, 635 F.3d 1241, 1249 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting United
States v. Moriarty, 429 F.3d 1012, 1019 (11th Cir. 2005)).
When a defendant fails to object in district court, failure to argue plain error on
appeal waives a claim for appellate relief. United States v. Fisher, 805 F.3d 982, 992
(10th Cir. 2015).
B. Legal Background
Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11
Rule 11 states that “[b]efore the court accepts a plea of guilty . . . , the defendant
may be placed under oath, and the court must address the defendant personally in open
court.” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1). As relevant here, “During this address, the court must
inform the defendant of, and determine that the defendant understands” the rights he
forfeits by not going to trial, id. at 11(b)(1)(B)-(F); “the nature of each charge to which
[he] is pleading,” id. at 11(b)(1)(G); the maximum possible penalties and mandatory
minimum penalties he faces, id. at 11(b)(1)(H)-(I); the court’s obligation to calculate and
consider an applicable Sentencing Guidelines range, possible Sentencing Guidelines
departures, and other 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors, id. at 11(b)(1)(M); and
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removal consequences for non-U.S.-citizens, id. at 11(b)(1)(O). The court must also,
before accepting a guilty plea, “determine that the plea is voluntary and did not result
from force, threats, or promises (other than promises in a plea agreement).” Id. at
11(b)(2).
Group Plea Hearings
Neither the Supreme Court nor the Tenth Circuit has addressed whether group plea
hearings involving defendants charged separately with the same or similar crimes may
violate Rule 11(b), but the Ninth Circuit has. It has held that, to be sufficiently
“personal” under Rule 11(b), defendants must individually answer a judge on whether
they understand the nature of their crime, applicable penalties, and rights being forfeited.
United States v. Roblero-Solis, 588 F.3d 692, 699-700 (9th Cir. 2009). This principle
holds whether the group of defendants is large, id. at 700, or small, United States v.
Arqueta-Ramos, 730 F.3d 1133, 1138-39 (9th Cir. 2013). Answering individually is
necessary but not sufficient for a judge to ascertain the voluntariness of a defendant’s
plea. United States v. Aguilar-Vera, 698 F.3d 1196, 1200-01 (9th Cir. 2012). For
instance, undue delay between the advisement portion of a plea hearing and the taking of
the plea may violate Rule 11(b). Id. at 1201.
Other circuits have rejected Rule 11(b) challenges to group plea hearings
involving co-defendants facing the same or related charges. United States v. Martinez-
Martinez, 69 F.3d 1215, 1223 (1st Cir. 1995) (failure to address a defendant individually
is not per se reversible error); United States v. Hobson, 686 F.2d 628, 629-30 (8th Cir.
1982) (per curiam) (questioning defendants as a group permissible where responses were
9
individual); United States v. Fels, 599 F.2d 142, 148 (7th Cir. 1979) (per curiam) (no
reversible Rule 11 error in group questioning where defendant responded individually).
Due Process in Plea Hearings
Because a guilty plea forfeits several constitutional rights, including “the privilege
against compulsory self-incrimination guaranteed . . ., the right to trial by jury . . ., [and]
the right to confront one’s accusers,” Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 243 (1969)
(citations omitted), the plea hearing must comport with due process, id. at 243 n.5. “[I]f a
defendant’s guilty plea [or no contest plea] is not . . . voluntary and knowing, it has been
obtained in violation of due process and is therefore void.” Tovar Mendoza v. Hatch, 620
F.3d 1261, 1269 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Boykin, 395 U.S. at 243 n.5) (alterations in
original). A plea must be “the product of a deliberate, intelligent choice,” Cunningham v.
Diesslin, 92 F.3d 1054, 1060 (10th Cir. 1996), and the defendant must have “a full
understanding of what the plea connotes and of its consequences,” id. (quoting Boykin,
395 U.S. at 244). We will uphold a guilty plea on a due process challenge “if the
circumstances demonstrate that the defendant understood the nature and consequences of
the charges and the defendant voluntarily chose to plead guilty.” Id.
Neither the Supreme Court nor the Tenth Circuit has addressed whether a group
plea hearing violated due process. The Ninth Circuit has held that a group plea hearing
does not in itself violate a defendant’s due process protection, provided there are
sufficient guarantees that defendant’s plea was voluntary and knowing. See United States
v. Diaz-Ramirez, 646 F.3d 653, 657-58 (9th Cir. 2011).
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C. Analysis
Mr. Mejia-Rios forfeited the three arguments he attempts to present on appeal
when he did not make them before the district court. See United States v. Olano, 507
U.S. 725, 731 (1993). Although Mr. Mejia-Rios acknowledges he must show plain error
on appeal, Oral Arg. at 4:47-5:12, Aplt. Br. at 7, he has not adequately addressed all four
plain-error prongs. 5 We therefore affirm.
On appeal, Mr. Mejia-Rios does not brief the second or fourth prong. With regard
to prong two, he makes no argument and merely concludes his alleged errors were plain.
See Aplt. Br. at 15 (“The Violation of Rule 11 Was Plain-Error . . .”); id. at 19 (“This
[due process] error was plain . . .”). He presents nothing on prong four. 6 Because “the
failure to argue for plain error and its application on appeal . . . surely marks the end of
the road for an argument for reversal not first presented to the district court,” United
5
The Government contends that Mr. Mejia-Rios waived his appellate arguments
when he failed to object at the plea hearing. See Aplee. Br. at 14. It points to the outset
of the plea colloquy when the magistrate judge gave Mr. Mejia-Rios the opportunity to
object to having his plea taken in a group. Because he did not do so, the Government
argues, he waived his argument here. But agreeing to the sub-group colloquy was not a
waiver of an objection to anything that might have happened later during the colloquy.
Mr. Mejia-Rios forfeited his arguments only when he did not make them to the district
court during the plea colloquy. He may seek plain error review on appeal, United States
v. Carillo, 860 F.3d 1293, 1300 (10th Cir. 2017), but, as explained above, he has not
presented arguments on two prongs of plain error.
6
At oral argument, when asked whether a prong-four argument was made, counsel
for Mr. Mejia-Rios contended that the argument was “there” and “identified . . . in the
brief” but the brief did not focus on it. Oral Arg. at 5:52-6:05; 7:20-8:29. The only
mention of prong four in the brief, however, is in the standard of review section, which
simply lays out the plain error standard. Aplt. Br. at 7. No prong-four argument was
presented.
11
States v. Lamirand, 669 F.3d 1091, 1099 n.7 (10th Cir. 2012) (alteration in original)
(quotations omitted), Mr. Mejia-Rios has waived his arguments on appeal. See also
McKissick v. Yuen, 618 F.3d 1177, 1189 (10th Cir. 2010) (“[E]ven if
[appellant’s] . . . arguments were merely forfeited before the district court, her failure to
explain in her opening appellate brief . . . how they survive the plain error standard
waives the arguments in this court.”). 7
7
Even if Mr. Mejia-Rios had adequately presented plain error arguments on
appeal, we would still affirm. Any error was not plain, given the dearth of applicable
Supreme Court and Tenth Circuit case law. In fact, Mr. Mejia-Rios concedes this is a
case of first impression. Oral Arg. at 0:49-0:55; see United States v. Turrietta, 696 F.3d
972, 981 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[W]here the law is unsettled, a matter of first impression will
generally preclude a finding of plain error.”).
No other circuit case has found a breach of Rule 11(b) based on a group plea
hearing colloquy like Mr. Mejia-Rios’s. In Roblero-Solis, 588 F.3d at 700, and Arqueta-
Ramos, 730 F.3d at 1138-39, the Ninth Circuit held that groups of defendants may not
collectively answer whether they understand the nature of their plea, charged offense,
rights, and relevant penalties. By contrast, Mr. Mejia-Rios answered questions
individually, as did all of the other defendants in his sub-group. ROA, Supp. Vol. at
3:50-10:23. Other circuits have allowed district courts to take pleas from multiple
defendants simultaneously without violating Rule 11(b). Martinez-Martinez, 69 F.3d at
1223; Hobson, 686 F.2d at 629-30; Fels, 599 F.2d at 148.
Mr. Mejia-Rios also cannot show that the court’s failure to explain his sentence
calculation would constitute plain error under Rule 11(b). He offers no relevant Supreme
Court, Tenth Circuit, or other circuit authority.
Finally, Mr. Mejia-Rios’s due process argument would fail under plain error given
the lack of any Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit case law on the issue. Other circuit
authority would not help. We found only two pertinent cases, both from the Ninth
Circuit. One held that a group plea hearing did not violate due process even where some
of the magistrate judge’s questions to the group were answered in unison. See Diaz-
Ramirez, 646 F.3d at 658. The other held that a group plea hearing did not violate due
process despite a long delay between advisement and colloquy. See United States v.
Escamilla–Rojas, 640 F.3d 1055, 1061-62 (9th Cir. 2011). Mr. Mejia-Rios individually
answered each question from the magistrate judge, and there was no delay in his hearing.
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III. CONCLUSION
We uphold the district court’s acceptance of Mr. Mejia-Rios’s plea and affirm its
judgment.
Entered for the Court
Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
Circuit Judge
13