NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 11 2018
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JASWINDER SINGH, No. 15-73696
Petitioner, Agency No. A089-716-977
v.
MEMORANDUM*
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III, Attorney
General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Argued and Submitted May 18, 2018
San Francisco, California
Before: N.R. SMITH and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and LYNN,** Chief
District Judge.
Jaswinder Singh petitions for review of a decision by the Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying him asylum, humanitarian asylum,
withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Barbara M. G. Lynn, Chief United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
(“CAT”). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we GRANT in
part and DENY in part Singh’s petition for review.
1. Singh contends that (A) the BIA improperly shifted to him the burden of
showing that he can (1) relocate safely to another part of India and (2) if he can
relocate safely, it is reasonable to require him to do so, and (B) even assuming the
agency did not improperly shift the burden, substantial evidence does not support
the BIA’s conclusion that he can safely or reasonably relocate. We disagree.
First, with respect to whether Singh can safely relocate, the immigration
judge (“IJ”) repeatedly stated that the Government bore the burden of proof, and
the IJ’s reasoning confirms that it applied the correct standards. Substantial
evidence also supports both the IJ’s and the BIA’s conclusion that Singh can safely
relocate. See, e.g., Gonzalez-Hernandez v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 995, 1000 (9th Cir.
2003) (“[W]here the BIA rationally construes an ambiguous or somewhat
contradictory country report and provides an ‘individualized analysis of how
changed conditions will affect the specific petitioner’s situation,’ substantial
evidence will support the agency determination.” (quoting Borja v. INS, 175 F.3d
732, 738 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc))). Finally, the agency did not misapply
precedent, because it is sufficient to define an area of relocation generally. See,
e.g., Knezevic v. Ashcroft, 367 F.3d 1206, 1214 (9th Cir. 2004).
Second, with respect to whether Singh can reasonably relocate, the IJ did not
2
improperly shift the burden of proof. Once the IJ determined that it was safe for
Singh to relocate, he balanced the factors identified in 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(3) “in
light of the applicable burden of proof.” See Matter of M-Z-M-R-, 26 I. & N. Dec.
28, 36 (BIA 2012). Because the factors set forth in 8 C.F.R. §1208.13(b) “may, or
may not, be relevant” to every petitioner’s situation, the IJ did not err in requiring
Singh to introduce evidence that bears on the reasonableness of relocation. See
Afriyie v. Holder, 613 F.3d 924, 936 n.8 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[E]ven an applicant . . .
who establishes or is presumed to have suffered past persecution should introduce
evidence bearing on reasonableness with the expectation that the government will
attempt to rebut the presumption that relocation is unreasonable.”). The
requirement to present evidence bearing on reasonableness does not shift the
burden, because the government must rebut any evidence presented to show
relocation was unreasonable.
In this case, Singh testified that relocation was not safe, because the
government could track him, and relocation was not reasonable, because his family
lived in Punjab and he spoke only Punjabi and some English. He presented no
evidence that other social or cultural constraints (i.e., his Dalit class) made it
unreasonable for him to relocate. Further, the record does not establish that his
Dalit class would pose an impediment to his relocation. Singh only referenced his
Dalit class to explain the difficulties he had with his former girlfriend’s family,
3
who did not want their daughter to marry a person of a lower class. This testimony
does not suggest that his Dalit class would make it unreasonable for him to relocate
to another location.1
Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s decision that relocation is
reasonable. The BIA considered whether Singh can participate in politics
elsewhere in India when concluding that he can safely relocate, and Singh has
provided no authority for the notion that the agency must also reference that
analysis when deciding whether Singh could reasonably relocate—especially given
that political participation was the cause for his past persecution. Substantial
evidence also supports the BIA’s conclusion that Singh’s education (job skills),
language skills, age, and health are all factors that support a reasonableness
finding.
For these reasons, we DENY Singh’s petition for review of his asylum and
withholding of removal claims.
2. Singh additionally argues that the agency abused its discretion when it
1
Although the government submitted evidence regarding discrimination against
the Dalit class, Singh did not suggest he suffered from “impediments to the means
of social advancement, such as education, jobs, access to justice, freedom of
movement, and access to institutions and services.” To the contrary, Singh never
testified that his class precluded him from engaging in any of these activities.
Instead, the evidence shows Singh was employed as a potter. He did not have any
difficulty obtaining medical care after his incidents. He attended primary and
secondary school, college, and computer education. The IJ found this evidence
supported a conclusion that relocation was reasonable.
4
denied him humanitarian asylum under both 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A) and 8
C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B). We agree that the agency abused its discretion
when applying Section 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A). By relying on the country condition
reports, the agency replicated its relocation analysis instead of focusing on whether
Singh had “demonstrated compelling reasons for being unwilling or unable to
return to the country arising out of the severity of [his] past persecution.” Id. at
§ 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A) (emphasis added). But we disagree that the agency abused
its discretion when it denied him humanitarian asylum under section
1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B), because Singh failed to exhaust the argument that he would
face “other serious harm” based on his association with the Dalit caste that would
potentially warrant relief under that section.
For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT the petition for review of Singh’s
application for humanitarian asylum under section 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(A), and
REMAND for further proceedings on that claim, but DENY his petition for review
of his application under section 1208.13(b)(1)(iii)(B).
3. Finally, Singh maintains that the agency’s decision denying him
protection under CAT is not supported by substantial evidence. We disagree.
Singh’s arguments that the agency’s relocation analysis was flawed fails for the
reasons previously discussed. And his argument that the agency failed to consider
the relevant information is also not convincing. See Cole v. Holder, 659 F.3d 762,
5
771 (9th Cir. 2011) (“When nothing in the record or the BIA’s decision indicates a
failure to consider all the evidence, a ‘general statement that the agency considered
all the evidence before it’ may be sufficient.” (quoting Almaghzar v. Gonzales, 457
F.3d 915, 922 (9th Cir. 2006))).
We therefore DENY Singh’s petition for review of his CAT application.
GRANTED and REMANDED in part and DENIED in part.
6
FILED
Singh v. Sessions, No. 15-73696 JUL 11 2018
FRIEDLAND, J., DISSENTING: MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
The majority concludes that the BIA did not improperly shift the burden of
proving that Singh could reasonably relocate onto Singh. I disagree.
Singh presented the Government with evidence that he belonged to the Dalit
caste, and the Government submitted documents describing the plight of that caste,
which suggested that Singh was likely to face economic and social discrimination
that could impact his ability to reasonably relocate. At that point, I believe the
Government had the burden to show that Singh’s caste membership would not
make it unreasonable for him to relocate within India. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.13(b)(3) (noting that “social and cultural constraints, such as age, gender,
health, and social and familial ties” might be relevant to the reasonable relocation
analysis); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(3). I also believe that the Government’s
singular line of questioning about Singh’s previous employment, and its blanket
assertion in closing that Singh “appears to come from maybe a middle to low
income family,” are insufficient to show by a preponderance of the evidence that
Singh can reasonably relocate despite his caste membership.
Further, although Singh did not mention his caste status when asked by the
IJ whether there were reasons other than his political beliefs that might prevent him
from relocating, the IJ’s question was misplaced, because the Government—and
not Singh—bore the burden of proving an ability to relocate. Instead, the IJ should
have asked the Government why Singh could reasonably relocate despite his caste
membership. Indeed, it makes sense that the immigration laws would impose this
burden on the government, because the government has expertise in country
conditions, and it is entirely possible that an oppressed individual from one region
of a large country would not know what life for him would be like in another part
of that country. Accordingly, I do not think that Singh’s response to the IJ’s
question could have waived an argument that he did not bear the burden of making
originally. Cf. Afriyie v. Holder, 613 F.3d 924, 935-36 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[T]he
presence of evidence favorable to [the petitioner] is not what is determinative here;
rather, [what matters for an] asylum claim is [whether there is an] absence of
evidence refuting the regulatory presumption.” (quoting Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d
646, 662-63 (9th Cir. 2000))).
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.