U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
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No. ACM 38836 (reh)
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UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Paul D. VOORHEES
Major (O-4), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
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Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
Decided 20 July 2018
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Military Judge: Mark Rosenow.
Approved sentence: Dismissal. Sentence adjudged 5 April 2017 by GCM
convened at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
For Appellant: Major Patrick A Clary, USAF; Terri R Zimmerman, Es-
quire; Jack B. Zimmerman, Esquire.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Major Tyler
B. Musselman, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before HARDING, SPERANZA, and HUYGEN, Appellate Military
Judges.
Senior Judge HARDING delivered the opinion of the court, in which
Judges SPERANZA and HUYGEN joined.
________________________
This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 18.4.
________________________
HARDING, Senior Judge:
In United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836, 2016 CCA LEXIS 752 (A.F.
Ct. Crim. App. 23 Nov. 2016) (unpub. op.), this court set aside a finding of guilty
United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
for a charge and specification in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Mil-
itary Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920, and dismissed the charge and specifica-
tion with prejudice. We also set aside the sentence. 1 We affirmed the remaining
findings comprised of five specifications of conduct unbecoming an officer and
a gentleman, in violation of Article 133, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 933, and authorized
a sentence rehearing on the affirmed findings. At the sentence rehearing, the
military judge sentenced Appellant to a dismissal and a reprimand. The con-
vening authority approved only the dismissal.
Appellant raises four issues for our review: (1) whether the military judge
failed to grant meaningful relief for violation of Article 13, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §
813; (2) whether Appellant is entitled to sentence relief because the rights and
privileges lost as a result of his dismissed conviction for sexual assault have
not been restored; (3) whether Appellant’s waiver of members for resentencing
was involuntary because he did not have information about a comment made
by the military judge three years prior to Appellant’s forum selection; and (4)
whether the sentence is inappropriately severe. We find no prejudicial error
and affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant’s convictions for conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman
are rooted in the sexual comments and actions he directed toward three subor-
dinate female Airmen with whom he deployed or went on temporary duty as-
signments (TDY) on different occasions. Appellant performed duty as an EC-
130 pilot, aircraft commander, and co-pilot during several deployments to Af-
ghanistan. While TDY, deployed, and transiting to and from deployment, Ap-
pellant used electronic communications to make a variety of comments with
sexual undertones to Senior Airman (SrA) HB, Technical Sergeant (TSgt) BR,
and Captain (Capt) MQ. The comments included telling SrA HB he wanted to
take her back to his hotel room, asking all three individuals if they cheated on
their husband or “significant other,” and asking two of them about the under-
garments they were wearing.
All five specifications state that Appellant engaged in conduct of a sexual
nature with military members junior in rank to him and that the conduct “un-
der the circumstances, was unbecoming an officer and a gentleman.” Specifi-
cation 1 of Charge II states Appellant asked SrA HB “inappropriate questions,”
to wit: “Have you ever cheated on your husband?”; “Have you ever sent him
1At the initial trial, officer members adjudged and the convening authority approved
a sentence to dismissal, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and confinement for three
years.
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United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
pictures?”; and “Can I have pictures of you?” or words to that effect. Specifica-
tion 2 of Charge II states Appellant massaged SrA HB’s back. Specification 1
of the Additional Charge states Appellant made an “inappropriate statement”
to SrA HB, to wit: “I would like to take you back to my room” or words to that
effect. Specification 3 of the Additional Charge states Appellant sent “unpro-
fessional” texts to Capt MQ, to wit: “What I want to say could end my career
and marriage”; “Your [sic] a very beautiful woman and I would love to be close
to you”; “What’s your definition of cheating?”; and “So if I asked what color
panties you were wearing?” or words to that effect. Specification 4 of the Addi-
tional Charge states Appellant sent “unprofessional” texts to another enlisted
subordinate, TSgt BR, to wit: “This is about to become a game to see what else
I can say that will slip by you”; “Mind if I ask u [sic] a couple personal ques-
tions?”; “What I want to say could end my career so I just want to make sure
you can keep what I say between us because you seem really cool?”; “Oh really,
what’s under there?”; and “I’ve had a crush on you,” or words to that effect.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Illegal Punishment Prior to the Sentence Rehearing
On 29 December 2016, a little over a month after the issuance of our origi-
nal opinion, The Judge Advocate General remanded Appellant’s case to the
convening authority for action consistent with our decision. As of that date,
Appellant remained confined and had served nearly two years of the original
sentence. A continued confinement hearing was held on 18 January 2017 and
Appellant was released. 2 Appellant asserts three violations of Article 13,
UCMJ, occurred between 29 December 2016 and the date of the sentence re-
hearing: (1) that he remained illegally confined after 29 December 2016 until
his release on 18 January 2017; (2) that his pay and allowances were not fully
restored after his release (18 January 2017 to 5 April 2017); and (3) that his
duty status improperly remained “prisoner” even after his release. Appellant
claims on appeal that the military judge failed to grant meaningful relief for
these asserted violations of Article 13, UCMJ, and that we should now do so by
setting aside the dismissal. We disagree.
Prior to the sentence rehearing, Appellant filed a motion for confinement
credit under Article 13, UCMJ. Appellant requested five-for-one credit for each
day he was confined from 29 December 2016 until his release, and two-for-one
credit for every day after his release up to the date his new sentence was an-
2 The continued confinement review officer determined that continued confinement
was not necessary and Appellant was released. The Government did not oppose Appel-
lant’s release.
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United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
nounced. The military judge found no evidence of “any intent to punish [Appel-
lant] by keeping him confined, without full pay, or designated in a particular
status as [the] case moved toward a sentence rehearing.” His finding of non-
punitive intent was not clearly erroneous. Moreover, having examined the rec-
ord, we agree with the military judge there was no punitive intent. The mili-
tary judge denied Appellant’s motion on the grounds raised by Appellant, but
provided modest relief on a separate basis. The military judge concluded that
the Government had exceeded the deadlines in Rules for Courts-Martial
(R.C.M.) 305(h) and (i) and granted Appellant 19 days of confinement credit,
one for each day after the 48-hour probable cause determination was missed.
As there was no adjudged confinement to apply this credit to, the military
judge, consistent with United States v. Zarbatany, 70 M.J. 169, 177 (C.A.A.F.
2011), then considered whether the awarded credit should be applied against
the adjudged sentence to a dismissal and reprimand to ensure meaningful re-
lief. Taking into consideration the nature of the violation, the harm suffered
by Appellant, whether the relief sought was disproportionate to the harm suf-
fered by Appellant, and in light of the offenses of which Appellant was con-
victed, the military judge concluded that “such relief would be disproportionate
within the context of this case.” 3
At the outset, we note that a lack of punitive intent coupled with legitimate
government objectives inevitably lead us to deny Appellant’s requested relief
whether we analyze the claims of unlawful punishment as potential violations
of Article 13, UCMJ, as framed by Appellant, or more generally as a basis for
sentence appropriateness relief under Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c),
for unlawful post-trial punishment. As noted, we agree with the military judge
that there was no punitive intent and, having conducted our own review, we
find that the Government reasonably pursued legitimate interests even if its
pursuit was at a pace slower than Appellant would have desired.
Having considered what Appellant has alleged as three distinct Article 13,
UCMJ, violations, we conclude we have jurisdiction over one of his claims. We
have jurisdiction to determine whether his post-trial confinement from 29 De-
cember 2016 until his release on 18 January 2017 resulted in more severe pun-
ishment than what Appellant should have experienced. As to Appellant’s
claims that his pay and allowances were not fully restored after his release and
that the update to his duty status was delayed, we find no punitive intent and
conclude that we do not have jurisdiction over these collateral matters absent
3 The military judge further ruled that even if he had found an Article 13, UCMJ,
violation on the grounds argued by Appellant and provided the requested relief of 259
days of confinement credit, he still would have found a set aside of the dismissal to be
disproportionate relief in this case.
4
United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
such intent. United States v. Buford, 77 M.J. 562 (A.F. Ct. Crim App. 2017).
Assuming arguendo that we have jurisdiction, we decline to exercise our au-
thority to grant relief for administrative issues that are unrelated to the legal-
ity or appropriateness of the court-martial sentence in this case.
As to Appellant’s claim he is due relief for the time spent in confinement
from 29 December 2016 until his release on 18 January 2017, the Government
contends Appellant is not entitled to his requested relief for three distinct rea-
sons. First, citing to United States v. Kreutzer, 70 M.J. 444 (C.A.A.F. 2012), the
Government argues that the protections of Article 13, UCMJ, and R.C.M. 305
did not apply to Appellant as he was not being “held for trial.” Second, even if
those protections did apply, Appellant failed to meet his burden of demonstrat-
ing his right to relief under Article 13, UCMJ, or failed to show that the mili-
tary judge’s determination of lack of punitive intent was clearly erroneous. Fi-
nally, the Government agrees with the military judge that the requested relief
“would be disproportionate within the context of this case.”
Assuming arguendo a violation occurred when Appellant remained con-
fined from 29 December 2016 until his release on 18 January 2017, taking into
consideration the harm suffered by Appellant, whether the relief sought was
disproportionate to the harm suffered by Appellant, and the offenses of which
Appellant was convicted, we conclude, as the military judge did, that setting
aside the dismissal would be disproportionate.
B. Illegal Punishment After the Sentence Rehearing
Appellant also asserts he is entitled to relief from this court because he has
yet to have been restored the rights and privileges lost as a result of his sexual
assault conviction, which we dismissed. Specifically, Appellant argues that, be-
cause he has not received either monies owed him from the period of time from
his release until placement on appellate leave or back-pay and allowances cov-
ering the period of confinement he served, this court should intervene and
grant sentencing relief by setting aside the sentence of dismissal. Appellant
asserts he has been improperly denied his pay and this court has jurisdiction
under Article 66(c), UCMJ, to provide a remedy. We disagree.
We note that Appellant does not challenge the legality of the approved sen-
tence. Instead, he takes issue with the decisions of military officials and a delay
in the restoration of his pay and implores us to grant sentence appropriateness
relief. As this dispute over Appellant’s claim to back pay concerns a matter not
directly connected to the approved sentence, we must first determine whether
we have jurisdiction to grant relief. We hold that we do not.
In United States v. Dodge, we determined an appellant’s claim for back-pay
was not within our statutory jurisdiction. 60 M.J. 873 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App.
2005), aff’d, 61 M.J. 288 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (mem.). Notwithstanding our holding
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United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
in Dodge, Appellant, relying primarily on United States v. Gay, 75 M.J. 264
(C.A.A.F. 2016), contends this court has jurisdiction to remedy his lack of pay
because Article 66(c), UCMJ, grants broad discretion to determine which part
of a sentence “should be approved.” In Buford, however, we noted that Gay did
not recognize unlimited authority to grant sentencing relief and held that Ar-
ticle 66(c), UCMJ, does not grant this court jurisdiction over a pay dispute ab-
sent a nexus to the approved sentence. Buford, 77 M.J. at 562.
Appellant further characterizes his claim as an allegation of illegal post-
trial punishment. However, other than captioning this assignment of error as
“Illegal Post-Trial Punishment” and asserting that this court has the authority
to consider claims of illegal post-trial punishment, Appellant does not specifi-
cally claim and, more importantly, does not put forward any evidence of puni-
tive intent. In Dodge, we also considered and rejected the appellant’s claim that
lack of pay amounted to illegal post-trial punishment. We found the appellant
fell “far short of demonstrating that a failure to restore the appellant to a pay
status was based on an intent to subject him to illegal punishment” and that a
bare claim of illegal punishment, absent some evidence of intent to subject an
appellant to illegal post-trial punishment, did not establish jurisdiction over
collateral pay issues. Dodge, 60 M.J. at 878. Appellant has similarly failed to
present any evidence to establish that any member of his command or other
military official has delayed or denied him back-pay to increase the severity of
his sentence and impose illegal post-trial punishment. Following our prior de-
cisions in Dodge and Buford and in light of Appellant’s failure to demonstrate
punitive intent, we thus conclude we do not have jurisdiction over Appellant’s
back-pay disputes. 4
C. The Comment
Appellant asserts his waiver of members was not knowing and voluntary
because full disclosure of the relevant facts that might reasonably call into
question the military judge’s impartiality did not occur. Specifically, Appellant
claims his waiver of members was involuntary because the military judge
failed to inform Appellant of a joking comment the judge made over three years
prior to Appellant’s forum selection about a favorable outcome for an appellant
in another case. In that case a conviction was set aside on appeal. The military
judge was a senior trial counsel at the time and made the comment to the mil-
itary appellate defense counsel who obtained the favorable result for his client.
4Even if we had jurisdiction to grant sentence appropriateness relief for this claim, we
would decline to exercise our authority to do so. Article 75, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 875,
applies once a judgment as to the legality of the proceedings is final under Article 71,
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 871, and Appellant has other available avenues of relief such as
the Court of Federal Claims.
6
United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
According to that appellate defense counsel, he was asked by the military judge
and then-senior trial counsel how it felt “helping a rapist go free?” or words to
that effect. The appellate defense counsel understood the comment was in-
tended as a joke even though he personally was not amused. He was also not
personally offended or professionally concerned and did not believe that he
needed to officially report the matter. Instead, he informally shared the com-
ment with his fellow appellate defense counsel to include Appellant’s military
appellate defense counsel for his original Article 66, UCMJ, review.
1. Voluntary and Knowing Waiver of Members
Whether an accused’s forum selection is knowing, voluntary, and intelli-
gent is reviewed de novo. See United States v. St. Blanc, 70 M.J. 424, 427
(C.A.A.F. 2012). If an accused requests trial by military judge alone, “the mili-
tary judge should inquire personally of the accused to ensure that the accused’s
waiver of the right to trial by members is knowing and understanding.” R.C.M.
903(c), Discussion. The military judge must determine: (1) whether the accused
has consulted with defense counsel, (2) whether the accused has been informed
of the identity of the military judge, and (3) whether the accused has been no-
tified of the right to trial by members. Id at 428 (quoting R.C.M. 903(c)(2)(A)).
These requirements “ensure[,] that an accused understands the nature of the
choice before waiving the right to trial by members.” Id. at 428. In considering
the scope of the voluntary and knowing requirement, the CAAF held suc-
cinctly: “R.C.M. 903 does not require that a military judge inquire into any
non-enumerated factors or collateral matters that may have influenced the ac-
cused’s election.” Id. at 430. Appellant now urges that a “non-enumerated fac-
tor” and “collateral matter”—a non-disclosed potential basis for judicial dis-
qualification—should be considered in determining whether his waiver of the
right to trial by members was voluntary and knowing. Following St. Blanc, we
limit our waiver analysis to the requirements of R.C.M. 903 and address the
recusal issue injected by Appellant separately. We decline Appellant’s invita-
tion to conflate the two.
The military judge advised Appellant of his right to trial by members mul-
tiple times and granted Appellant’s request to defer his election of forum until
after motions practice was complete. At Appellant’s request, the military judge
also provided Appellant an overnight recess to consult with his counsel on his
forum choice. During motions practice, Appellant had the opportunity to ob-
serve the judge’s demeanor and receive the judge’s rulings. At an earlier ses-
sion, the military judge announced his qualifications and disclosed on the rec-
ord his prior assignment as a senior trial counsel and its overlap with the as-
signments of both the trial counsel and Appellant’s trial defense counsel. The
military judge also described steps he had taken upon his detail to Appellant’s
case to ensure that he had not been involved in any capacity in Appellant’s case
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United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
when it was originally tried or on appeal. Appellant not only knew the identity
of the military judge when Appellant waived his right to members, but also
was aware of the judge’s prior assignment as a senior trial counsel and had
observed the judge in court.
Appellant, after consultation with his counsel, chose to be sentenced by mil-
itary judge alone, confirmed that at the time he made this selection he knew
the military judge’s identity, verified that his choice was a voluntary one, and
that he knew he was giving up his right to trial by members. The requirements
of R.C.M. 903 were satisfied and thus we conclude Appellant’s waiver of the
right to members was knowing and voluntary.
2. Recusal of the Military Judge
Although Appellant did not directly raise the issue of recusal of the military
judge, Appellant did reference judicial disqualification in the context of the
waiver of the right to trial by members. We find no abuse of discretion by the
military judge for failure to recuse himself or for failing to disclose the com-
ment prior to Appellant’s waiver of his right to trial by members.
We review a military judge’s refusal to recuse himself for an abuse of dis-
cretion. United States v. Butcher, 56 M.J. 87, 90 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citation omit-
ted). The standard for identifying the appearance of bias of a military judge is
an objective one: “[a]ny conduct that would lead a reasonable man knowing all
the circumstances to the conclusion that the judge’s impartiality might reason-
ably be questioned.” Hasan v. Gross, 71 M.J. 416, 418 (C.A.A.F. 2012) (altera-
tion in original) (quoting United States v. Kincheloe, 14 M.J. 40, 50 (C.M.A.
1982)). “There is a strong presumption that a judge is impartial, and a party
seeking to demonstrate bias must overcome a high hurdle, particularly when
the alleged bias involves actions taken in conjunction with judicial proceed-
ings.” United States v. Quintanilla, 56 M.J. 37, 44 (C.A.A.F. 2001). “[R]emarks,
comments, or rulings of a judge do not constitute bias or partiality, ‘unless they
display a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that would make fair judgment
impossible.’” Id. at 44 (quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555
(1994)). Further, the Supreme Court has made clear that “expressions of im-
patience, dissatisfaction, annoyance, and even anger, that are within the
bounds of what imperfect men and women, even having being confirmed as
federal judges, sometimes display[]” do not establish bias or partiality. Liteky,
510 U.S. at 555–56. Of course, the comment at issue in this case was made
when the military judge was a prosecutor.
Given the totality of all the surrounding circumstances attendant to the
military judge’s comment regarding another appellant’s case when the military
judge was a senior trial counsel years prior to Appellant’s sentence rehearing,
the comment is most aptly characterized as a light-hearted attempt at banter
8
United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
among professional peers and, given its benign intent and remoteness in time,
is hardly the stuff recusals are made of. We find no actual or apparent bias on
the part of the military judge and no abuse of discretion in the military judge’s
decision to not recuse himself or disclose the comment.
D. Sentence Severity
Finally, Appellant asserts that his sentence of dismissal is inappropriately
severe. We disagree.
We review sentence appropriateness de novo. United States v. Lane, 64
M.J. 1, 2 (C.A.A.F. 2006). We “may affirm only such findings of guilty and the
sentence or such part or amount of the sentence, as [we] find[,] correct in law
and fact and determine[ ], on the basis of the entire record, should be ap-
proved.” Article 66(c), UCMJ. “We assess sentence appropriateness by consid-
ering the particular appellant, the nature and seriousness of the offense[s], the
appellant’s record of service, and all matters contained in the record of trial.”
United States v. Anderson, 67 M.J. 703, 705 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2009) (cita-
tions omitted). While we have great discretion in determining whether a par-
ticular sentence is appropriate, we are not authorized to engage in exercises of
clemency. United States v. Nerad, 69 M.J. 138, 142–48 (C.A.A.F. 2010).
Appellant argues that dismissal is “an unduly harsh punishment for the
relatively minor conduct” underlying his convictions when considered against
“the fact that [he] is a highly decorated combat veteran with an established
record of good character.” We note, however, that Appellant’s misconduct was
not a limited one-time lapse of judgment, indiscretion, or aberration. In each
instance, Appellant was a superior commissioned officer or senior aircrew
member to each of the three subordinates he subjected to inappropriate com-
ments and actions. In each instance, he recognized that he was placing his
military career at risk and asked them not to report him. In each instance, he
negatively affected his subordinates’ morale and attitude toward military ser-
vice, degraded his squadron’s operational effectiveness, and disgraced himself
as a military officer. After giving individualized consideration to Appellant, his
record of service, the nature and severity of the offenses, and all other matters
contained in the record of trial, we do not find Appellant’s sentence to be inap-
propriately severe.
III. CONCLUSION
The approved findings and sentence are correct in law and fact, and no error
materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Articles
59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c).
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United States v. Voorhees, No. ACM 38836 (reh)
Accordingly, the findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.
FOR THE COURT
CAROL K. JOYCE
Clerk of the Court
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