MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jul 25 2018, 8:48 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Stacy R. Uliana Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Bargersville, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Tyler G. Banks
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Anthony Gibson, July 25, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
27A04-1712-CR-2745
v. Appeal from the Grant Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Jeffrey D. Todd,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
27D01-1607-F4-31
Crone, Judge.
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Case Summary
[1] Anthony Gibson appeals his conviction, following a jury trial, for level 4 felony
child molesting. He asserts that the admission of certain evidence during trial
resulted in fundamental error. He also argues that the trial court abused its
discretion in the admission of other evidence and that the effect of the court’s
cumulative errors deprived him of his right to a fair trial. Finding no
fundamental error or abuse of discretion, and concluding that Gibson was not
deprived of his right to a fair trial, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On June 19, 2016, thirteen-year-old K.R. went to her friend C.H.’s house to
spend the night. Also at the home that evening were C.H.’s mother, Lindy, her
stepfather, Gibson, and five of C.H.’s nine siblings.1 K.R. had been to C.H.’s
home on other occasions and felt comfortable with C.H.’s family.
[3] K.R. and C.H. fell asleep around midnight in the same bed. At approximately
2:30 a.m., K.R. awoke and saw a tall shadowy figure that she recognized as
Gibson standing in the doorway of the bedroom. He was wearing a white shirt.
K.R. assumed that Gibson was probably just checking on the girls, so she closed
her eyes to return to sleep. K.R. heard footsteps coming toward her, but she
kept her eyes closed and pretended to be asleep. She could hear deep breathing
right next to her, and then she felt a large hand move up her lower thigh, under
1
C.H. has one seven-year-old biological brother. Gibson has three biological children, and he and Lindy had
recently adopted five children from foster care.
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her shorts, and squeeze her buttocks a few times. K.R. was “shaking, trying not
to cry” because she could not “believe it was happening to [her].” Tr. Vol. 2 at
36. She rolled over to her other side, and Gibson removed his hand and left the
room.
[4] K.R. stayed under the covers crying and shaking for about ten minutes before
she grabbed her cell phone and began texting her mother. K.R. asked her
mother to come pick her up immediately, telling her mother that she had
awakened to Gibson putting “his hand up [her] pants.” State’s Ex. 71 at 2.
K.R.’s mother told K.R. that she and her fiancé, Dwayne Collins, would come
pick K.R. up and stated, “I hope you are telling the truth.” Id. at 3. K.R.
responded, “Please don’t make me say anything” and “I didn’t see that it was
[Gibson] but I felt big hands.” Id. After her mother said that she was calling
the police, K.R. texted, “[B]ut [I don’t know] who it was mom! I don’t want to
get anyone in trouble I just want to go home.” Id. K.R.’s mother responded,
“[I]t’s not ok and just promise me you are telling the truth.” Id. at 4. K.R. said,
“I am.” Id.
[5] After texting with her mom, K.R. eventually woke up C.H. and told her what
had happened. K.R. told C.H. that she was leaving, and she asked C.H. to
walk her downstairs. C.H. responded that it could not have been Gibson and
put the idea in K.R.’s mind that somebody else “had to have came into the
house.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 52. The two girls walked downstairs and observed
Gibson, who appeared to be sleeping in a recliner. K.R. exited the home and
walked down the driveway to get picked up. She was still texting with her
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mother, and when her mother informed her that Collins was on his way, K.R.
stated, “Tell him to hurry please…[I] don’t think it was [Gibson]…I feel like
someone came in the house…but [ I don’t know].” State’s Ex. 71 at 5.
[6] Before Collins arrived to pick up K.R., Gibson exited the house and confronted
K.R., asking her why she was leaving. Because K.R. did not want Gibson to
know that she was awake when he touched her, K.R. said, “I just want go
home…I just had a bad dream.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 41. When Collins arrived, he
approached Gibson and told him that somebody had touched K.R.
inappropriately and that he was going to find out who. Gibson did not really
respond, but instead just nodded his head. Collins drove away with K.R.
[7] Shortly thereafter, Gibson called 911 and reported that “maybe someone [was]
in [his] house.” State’s Ex. 70. He told the dispatcher that he thought the
person had just left because he saw a vehicle parked off a road behind his house
and the vehicle was departing as he called 911. A police officer who was
nearby and quickly responded to the scene did not see or pass any vehicles as he
approached the residence, nor did he observe any vehicles as he continued to
search the area. Because Gibson told one of the officers that he thought he saw
a man get in the vehicle and drive away, another officer and his canine arrived
at the scene and walked that area, but the canine gave no indications or leads
for tracking a scent. Also, because Gibson reported that the vehicle was parked
in a grassy area, an officer went to the area but saw no evidence of tire tracks or
downed grass in the damp ground where Gibson stated the vehicle had been
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located. Photographs of Gibson taken that night reveal that he was wearing a
white shirt.
[8] After K.R. returned home, she immediately told her sister what had happened.
She was subsequently interviewed by police, and on July 7, 2016, the State
charged Gibson with level 4 felony child molesting. Following a jury trial,
Gibson was found guilty as charged. The trial court imposed a six-year
sentence with one year suspended to probation. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Section 1 – The trial court did not commit fundamental error
in admitting certain evidence.
[9] Gibson makes multiple claims of fundamental error. We begin by addressing
his assertion that the trial court’s admission of repeated vouching testimony
from K.R.’s mother, best friend, and sister resulted in fundamental error.
Gibson concedes that his counsel failed to object to the testimony as vouching
testimony, and the “[f]ailure to object to the admission of evidence at trial
normally results in waiver and precludes appellate review unless its admission
constitutes fundamental error.” Konopasek v. State, 946 N.E.2d 23, 27 (Ind.
2011) (quotation and citation omitted). Thus, Gibson seeks to avoid waiver
and obtain reversal of his conviction pursuant to the doctrine of fundamental
error.
[10] Generally speaking, the fundamental error doctrine is meant to permit appellate
courts a means to correct the most egregious and blatant trial errors that
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otherwise would have been procedurally barred, “not to provide a second bite
at the apple for defense counsel who ignorantly, carelessly, or strategically fail
to preserve an error.” Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 668 (Ind. 2014). Indeed, our
supreme court very recently explained,
An error is fundamental, and thus reviewable on appeal, if it
“made a fair trial impossible or constituted a clearly blatant
violation of basic and elementary principles of due process
presenting an undeniable and substantial potential for harm.”
These errors create an exception to the general rule that a party’s
failure to object at trial results in a waiver of the issue on appeal.
This exception, however, is “extremely narrow” and
encompasses only errors so blatant that the trial judge should
have acted independently to correct the situation. At the same
time, “if the judge could recognize a viable reason why an
effective attorney might not object, the error is not blatant
enough to constitute fundamental error.”
Durden v. State, 99 N.E.3d 645, 652 (Ind. 2018) (citations omitted).
[11] Indiana Evidence Rule 704(b) precludes witnesses from testifying to opinions
concerning the truth or falsity of allegations or whether a witness has testified
truthfully. Gibson claims that three witnesses improperly vouched for K.R.’s
credibility when they were permitted to tell the jury “that they believed” the
truth of her allegation against Gibson. Appellant’s Br. at 12. Such testimony is
considered an invasion of the province of the jurors in determining what weight
they should place upon a witness’s testimony. Bean v. State, 15 N.E.3d 12, 18
(Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.
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[12] First, Gibson contends that impermissible vouching took place during K.R.’s
mother’s testimony. Specifically, when asked about text messages between
mother and daughter in which K.R. stated that Gibson had touched her, K.R.’s
mother testified, “I believed her, especially when you see the physical
symptoms she was having. You don’t have those physical symptoms unless
something truly stressful or traumatic has happened to you.” Tr. Vol. 1 at 204.
Contrary to Gibson’s assertion, this comment could be interpreted as limited to
K.R.’s mother’s belief that an actual molestation occurred, rather than vouching
for K.R.’s identification of Gibson as the perpetrator. Regardless, even if K.R.’s
mother’s testimony was “potentially erroneous under the strict terms of Rule
704,” we agree with the State that it did not amount to fundamental error.
Appellee’s Br. at 13-14.
[13] As noted above, if the trial judge “could recognize a viable reason why an
effective attorney might not object, the error is not blatant enough to constitute
fundamental error.” Durden, 99 N.E.3d at 652. Here, we think the trial judge
could recognize a viable reason why Gibson’s attorney might not object to
K.R.’s mother’s testimony. Specifically, the entirety of the text message
exchange showed that K.R.’s mother clearly questioned the credibility of K.R.’s
allegation at the time of the incident (questioning her honesty and twice
imploring that she “better be” telling the truth). During vigorous cross-
examination, Gibson’s counsel was able to emphasize the inconsistency in
K.R.’s mother’s current testimony regarding K.R.’s credibility at the time of the
incident versus the questions as to her credibility expressed in the text messages.
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Counsel was further able to highlight that K.R. told her mother multiple times
that she did not know for sure who had touched her. K.R.’s mother admitted
that she believed that K.R. was also telling the truth when she said she did not
know who had touched her. In short, K.R.’s mother’s testimony highlighted
multiple inconsistencies and gave defense counsel a valuable impeachment
opportunity. Accordingly, the lack of objection could have been strategic, and
any error in the admission of the testimony is not blatant enough to constitute
fundamental error.
[14] Gibson next argues that K.R.’s sister and best friend impermissibly vouched for
K.R.’s credibility when the deputy prosecutor asked them for their opinions as
to K.R.’s character for truthfulness. When asked about K.R.’s character for
“truthfulness and honesty,” K.R.’s sister testified that “K.R. has never had a
reason to lie, ever” and “out of the three of us [sisters], she’s the most honest.
Always has been.” Tr. Vol. 3 at 42. Similarly, when asked whether K.R. was a
“truthful person,” her best friend responded, “yes.” Id. at 91.
[15] The State responds that the testimony was admissible pursuant to Indiana
Evidence Rule 608(a) which provides that a witness’s credibility may be
supported by testimony about the witness’s reputation for having a character for
truthfulness or by testimony in the form of an opinion about that character.
However, “evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the witness’s
character for truthfulness has been attacked.” Ind. Evidence Rule 608(a). This
is a close call. Unquestionably, it was the State and not Gibson that first
introduced evidence that some of K.R.’s prior statements were untrue. Indeed,
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it was the State’s theory that K.R. made untruthful statements at the time of the
incident, but that she was being truthful at trial. So, the State first introduced
the untruthful statements and then permitted K.R. to explain her prior
uncertainties and why she had been untruthful. On cross-examination, Gibson
responded, understandably so, by attacking K.R.’s credibility, emphasizing that
lies are still lies, and implying that her current testimony could not be trusted.
Under the circumstances, we conclude that while the credibility issue was first
interjected by the State, the opinion testimony subsequently solicited by the
State was intended to rehabilitate K.R.’s character for truthfulness which had
been attacked by Gibson during cross-examination.
[16] We acknowledge that, as a general matter, the State cannot open its own door
to inadmissible evidence. See Willey v. State, 712 N.E.2d 434, 444 (Ind. 1999)
(State cannot bootstrap otherwise inadmissible evidence by introducing it,
“forcing a denial, and then claiming it was put in issue by the defendant.”).
Nevertheless, both parties here relied heavily on K.R.’s prior inconsistent
statements to bolster their own theories. In fact, Gibson’s counsel
foreshadowed his attack on K.R.’s credibility as to her current allegation of
Gibson being the perpetrator of the molestation when during opening statement
he highlighted her anticipated inconsistent statements. K.R.’s credibility was
squarely at issue, and thus we conclude that the challenged testimony was
admissible pursuant to Evidence Rule 608(a).
[17] Moreover, even assuming that the opinion testimony of K.R.’s sister and her
best friend was inadmissible, we conclude that any error did not rise to the level
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of fundamental error. After an extensive review of the trial transcript, we find
no clearly blatant violation of basic and elementary principles of due process.
The opinion testimony regarding K.R.’s truthful character was incredibly brief
and isolated in light of the record as a whole. Consequently, Gibson’s
substantial rights were not affected by the admission of this testimony, and he
has not satisfied the lofty standard for fundamental error.
[18] Gibson also maintains that fundamental error occurred when testimony was
admitted regarding K.R.’s changed behavior since the molestation.
Specifically, K.R.’s family members, friend, and K.R. herself testified that since
the incident, she has become more reserved, does not want to be touched by
anyone, and is scared to be alone. Gibson argues that such evidence was
“irrelevant,” “highly inflammatory,” and aimed at invoking “an emotional
reaction” from the jury. Appellant’s Br. at 17, 20. However, we remind
Gibson that even if we were to assume that the evidence was irrelevant and
prejudicial, the mere fact that error occurred and that it was prejudicial will not
satisfy the fundamental error rule. Wilson v. State, 931 N.E.2d 914, 919 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2010), trans. denied. Rather, a finding of fundamental error “requires a
defendant to show greater prejudice than ordinary reversible error.” Id. (citation
omitted). Gibson has simply not done so.
Section 2 – The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting certain evidence.
[19] We next address Gibson’s assertion that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting opinion testimony from 911 dispatcher Kelly Fields that the format of
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Gibson’s call was “a little odd” and “unusual” as compared to other 911 calls.
Tr. Vol. 2 at 149. Gibson’s counsel objected to the testimony on relevance
grounds. The State responded that Fields could give her opinion based on her
perception and her experience in taking emergency calls. The trial court
overruled Gibson’s objection and allowed the testimony. On appeal, in
addition to questioning the admissibility of Fields’s opinion pursuant to
Evidence Rule 401, Gibson claims that any probative value to the evidence was
substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice pursuant to Evidence
Rule 403.
[20] Our supreme court recently explained:
Trial judges are called trial judges for a reason. The reason is that
they conduct trials. Admitting or excluding evidence is what they
do. That’s why trial judges have discretion in making evidentiary
decisions. This discretion means that, in many cases, trial judges
have options. They can admit or exclude evidence, and we won’t
meddle with that decision on appeal. There are good reasons for
this. Our instincts are less practiced than those of the trial bench
and our sense for the rhythms of a trial less sure. And trial courts
are far better at weighing evidence and assessing witness
credibility. In sum, our vantage point—in a far corner of the
upper deck—does not provide as clear a view.
Snow v. State, 77 N.E.3d 173, 177 (Ind. 2017) (citations and quotation marks
omitted). Because determinations of relevance and unfair prejudice can often
be resolved either way, trial courts have wide discretion in both determinations.
Id.
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[21] “Evidence is relevant when it has ‘any tendency’ to prove or disprove a
consequential fact. See Ind. Evidence Rule 401. This ‘liberal standard for
relevancy’ sets a low bar, and the trial court enjoys ‘wide discretion’ in deciding
whether that bar is cleared.” Id. (citation omitted). Similarly, opinion
testimony of a skilled witness, an individual whose knowledge is insufficient to
be termed an expert yet is beyond that of an ordinary juror, “generally needs
only rise to a relatively low bar in order to be admissible.” Hawkins v. State, 884
N.E.2d 939, 943-945 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied. Pursuant to Indiana
Evidence Rule 701, such a witness may provide an opinion or inference that is
rationally based on the perception of the witness and helpful to a clear
understanding of the witness’s testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.
[22] Here, Fields’s vast experience of taking emergency calls supported her
testimony as a skilled witness,2 and her opinion that the format of Gibson’s call
was unusual was rationally based on her perception and helpful to a clear
understanding of her testimony regarding the content of the call and her
subsequent response to the call. Any dispute as to the inferences to be drawn
from her opinion went to the weight of her testimony rather than to its
admissibility, and could be addressed on cross-examination.3 Hawkins v. State,
626 N.E.2d 436, 441 (Ind. 1993); Lyons v. State, 976 N.E.2d 137, 142 (Ind. Ct.
2
Gibson does not challenge that Fields was qualified as a skilled witness based on her more than fifteen years
of experience as a 911 dispatcher.
3
Gibson directs us to Cline v. State, 726 N.E.2d 1249, 1255 (Ind. 2000), in support of his argument that
Fields’s testimony was irrelevant, and therefore inadmissible. Cline is factually inapposite to the instant case.
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App. 2012). Indeed, Gibson’s counsel vigorously cross-examined Fields
regarding her opinion, offering the jury numerous reasonable explanations for
Gibson’s behavior during the call. As for prejudice, while we agree with
Gibson that Fields’s opinion testimony was prejudicial to him in the sense that
it may have been damaging to his case, we conclude that it was not unfairly so.
Her testimony was brief, and she gave the jury absolutely no indication as to
what, if anything, they should infer from her opinion that Gibson’s call was
unusual. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the testimony.
Section 3 – Cumulative error did not deprive Gibson of a fair
trial.
[23] Last, Gibson asserts that the combination of all the trial court’s evidentiary
errors, considered cumulatively, deprived him of a fair trial. Our supreme court
has acknowledged “for the sake of argument, that under some circumstances
the cumulative effect of trial errors may warrant reversal even if each might be
deemed harmless in isolation[.]” Hubbell v. State, 754 N.E.2d 884, 895 (Ind.
2001). However, as we concluded above, neither fundamental error nor an
abuse of discretion occurred that would support a cumulative error claim.
Moreover, a defendant is “entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect trial.” Inman v.
State, 4 N.E.3d 190, 203 (Ind. 2014) (citation omitted). We perceive no
significant breakdown in the adversarial process that deprived Gibson of his
right to a fair trial. Accordingly, we affirm his conviction.
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[24] Affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Brown, J., concur.
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Anthony Gibson v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion