United States Court of Appeals
For the Eighth Circuit
___________________________
No. 17-1408
___________________________
Zach Hillesheim
lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellant
v.
Myron’s Cards and Gifts, Inc.
lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellee
____________
Appeal from United States District Court
for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
____________
Submitted: May 16, 2018
Filed: July 27, 2018
____________
Before BENTON, KELLY, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.
____________
BENTON, Circuit Judge.
Zach Hillesheim sued Myron’s Cards and Gifts, Inc., seeking declaratory and
injunctive relief for alleged violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA),
42 U.S.C. §§ 12101-12213, and the Minnesota Human Rights Act, Minn. Stat.
chapter 363A.1 He also seeks state-law damages. Myron’s moved to dismiss.
Hillesheim did not respond to the motion, instead moving to amend his complaint.
The district court ruled that amendment would be futile and dismissed the lawsuit.
Hillesheim v. Myron’s Cards & Gifts, Inc., 2017 WL 379408 (D. Minn. Jan. 26,
2017). Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this court reverses and remands.
I.
Paralyzed from the waist down, Hillesheim uses a wheelchair. He alleged that
in October 2016, he visited a store owned and operated by Myron’s. He encountered
“displays and excess merchandise” in boxes that obstructed the aisles in the store.
This was, he concluded, discrimination under the ADA because the aisles had “a clear
width of less than 36 inches,” violating the ADA Accessibility Guidelines
(ADAAG)—“a comprehensive set of structural guidelines that articulates detailed
design requirements to accommodate persons with disabilities.” Davis v. Anthony,
Inc., 886 F.3d 674, 676 n.2 (8th Cir. 2018), quoting Daubert v. Lindsay Unified Sch.
Dist., 760 F.3d 982, 986 (9th Cir. 2014); see also 36 C.F.R. pt. 1191, app. D, §
403.5.1 (“the clear width of walking surfaces shall be 36 inches (915 mm)
minimum.”).
Moving to dismiss, Myron’s argued the displays and excess merchandise were
only temporary or removable obstructions that do not violate the ADA. Hillesheim
proposed an amended complaint, alleging he visited the store “approximately 15
times over the last four years. To the best of his recollection, the aisles were
obstructed by displays and excess merchandise each of the times he visited.” He
again pled that “temporary displays and excess merchandise” caused the aisles to
1
“[T]he MHRA parallels the ADA.” Fenney v. Dakota, Minnesota & E. R.
Co., 327 F.3d 707, 711 n.5 (8th Cir. 2003).
-2-
have a width less than 36 inches, violating the ADAAG. He also alleged “extra
displays near the entrance of the store narrow[ed] the path of travel.”
Myron’s countered that amendment was futile because, like the original, the
proposed complaint alleged that Hillesheim encountered only temporary or removable
obstructions that (according to Myron’s) do not violate the ADA. The district court
agreed: “temporary objects like excess merchandise blocking a store’s aisles is not
an ADA violations.” Hillesheim, 2017 WL 379408, at *2. It also concluded that
Hillesheim’s allegation that he encountered the barriers “approximately 15 times over
the last four years” was inconsequential: “Encountering temporary obstructions more
often does not change the fact that temporary obstructions do not violate the ADA.”
Id.
II.
“[D]enial of leave to amend pleadings is appropriate only in those limited
circumstances in which undue delay, bad faith on the part of the moving party, futility
of the amendment, or unfair prejudice to the non-moving party can be demonstrated.”
Roberson v. Hayti Police Dep’t, 241 F.3d 992, 995 (8th Cir. 2001), citing Foman v.
Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). “A district court’s denial of leave to amend a
complaint may be justified if the amendment would be futile.” Geier v. Missouri
Ethics Comm’n, 715 F.3d 674, 678 (8th Cir. 2013). An amendment is futile if the
amended claim “could not withstand a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6).” Silva
v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 762 F.3d 711, 719 (8th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted).
“To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the complaint must show
the plaintiff ‘is entitled to relief,’ Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), by alleging ‘sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”
In re Pre-Filled Propane Tank Antitrust Litig., 860 F.3d 1059, 1063 (8th Cir. 2017)
(en banc), quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). This court reviews
“the district court’s denial of the motion to amend a complaint for an abuse of
-3-
discretion and issues regarding an amendment’s futility de novo.” Geier, 715 F.3d
at 677.
Hillesheim argues that amendment is not futile because some temporary
obstructions to store’s aisles are ADA discrimination. “Title III of the ADA prohibits
discrimination against the disabled in the full and equal enjoyment of public
accommodations.” Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd., 545 U.S. 119, 128
(2005), citing 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a) (“No individual shall be discriminated against
on the basis of disability in the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services,
facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations of any place of public
accommodation by any person who owns, leases (or leases to), or operates a place of
public accommodation.”). An ADA discrimination claim “requires that a plaintiff
establish that (1) he or she is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (2) that the
defendants own, lease, or operate a place of public accommodation; and (3) that the
defendants discriminated against the plaintiff within the meaning of the ADA.”
Roberts v. Royal Atl. Corp., 542 F.3d 363, 368 (2d Cir. 2008). Only the third
element is at issue here.
One form of ADA discrimination occurs when a public accommodation is not
“readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.” 42 U.S.C. §
12183(a)(1). “A public accommodation shall maintain in operable working condition
those features of facilities and equipment that are required to be readily accessible to
and usable by persons with disabilities by the Act or this part.” 28 C.F.R. §
36.211(a).
That regulation, however, “does not prohibit isolated or temporary
interruptions in service or access due to maintenance or repairs.” 28 C.F.R. §
36.211(b). In addition to maintenance and repairs, section 36.211(b) permits “a
temporary interruption that blocks an accessible route, such as restocking of shelves.”
Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability by Public Accommodations and in
-4-
Commercial Facilities, 75 Fed. Reg. 56,236, 56,270 (Sept. 15, 2010). Specifically:
[T]he accessible routes in offices or stores are commonly obstructed by
boxes, potted plants, display racks, or other items so that the routes are
inaccessible to people who use wheelchairs. Under the ADA, the
accessible route must be maintained and, therefore, these items are
required to be removed. If the items are placed there temporarily—for
example, if an office receives multiple boxes of supplies and is moving
them from the hall to the storage room—then § 36.211(b) excuses such
“isolated or temporary interruptions.”
Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability by Public Accommodations and in
Commercial Facilities, 73 Fed. Reg. 34,508, 34,523 (June 17, 2008). Finally, the
Department of Justice’s “Technical Assistance Manual” explains, “An isolated
instance of placement of an object on an accessible route would not be a violation,
if the object is promptly removed.” Technical Assistance Manual § III–3.7000.5,
available at http://www.ada.gov/taman3.html (last visited Jul. 18, 2018).
These provisions mean that an obstruction of an accessible route violates the
readily accessible standard unless the obstruction is isolated or temporary, like those
due to maintenance or repairs, restocking shelves, or moving items to a storage room.
An obstruction is not isolated or temporary unless it is promptly removed. The
district court’s conclusion—that “temporary objects like excess merchandise blocking
a store’s aisles is not an ADA violations”—is too broad, reflecting neither §
36.211(b)’s text nor interpretations of it.
Myron’s emphasizes that the Seventh Circuit concluded that a “weather-related
breakdown of elevator service” did not violate the ADA because “occasional elevator
malfunctions, unaccompanied by systemic problems of poor maintenance policy or
frequent denials of access, do not constitute violations.” Foley v. City of Lafayette,
Ind., 359 F.3d 925, 930 (7th Cir. 2004), citing 49 C.F.R. § 37.161, interpreted in 49
-5-
C.F.R. pt. 37, app. D, subpt. G, § 37.161 (“temporary obstructions or isolated
instances of mechanical failure would not be considered violations of the ADA . . .
. Repairs must be made ‘promptly.’”). Affirming summary judgment for the public
accommodation, the court explained, “Nothing in the record indicates frequent denial
of access to disabled persons or a policy that neglects elevator maintenance,” and “the
undisputed facts” showed that the elevator “was repaired promptly.” Foley, 359 F.3d
at 929-30.
This case does not involve a mechanical failure, and has not been factually
developed like Foley because it is at the motion-to-dismiss stage. Hillesheim alleged
that on an October 2016 visit to the store, he encountered “temporary displays and
excess merchandise” in boxes that obstructed the accessible routes so they were less
than 36 inches wide. He attached pictures of the alleged obstructions to the
complaint. See Brown v. Medtronic, Inc., 628 F.3d 451, 459-60 (8th Cir. 2010)
(“Documents attached to or incorporated within a complaint are considered part of
the pleadings, and courts may look at such documents ‘for all purposes,’ Fed.R.Civ.P.
10(c), including to determine whether a plaintiff has stated a plausible claim.”). He
alleged: (1) “To the best of his recollection, the aisles were obstructed by displays
and excess merchandise” on 15 visits before October 2016; and (2) Myron’s
“violations of the ADA and ADAAG are ongoing.”
Myron’s contends that “it is undisputed that the alleged obstruction is a
merchandise shipment temporarily placed in the aisle to restock shelves.” That,
however, is not clear on the face of the complaint (or from the attached pictures).
This court must construe “all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving
party,” Hillesheim. Van Zee v. Hanson, 630 F.3d 1126, 1128 (8th Cir. 2011).
Hillesheim has alleged ADA discrimination—that the store is not “readily accessible
to and usable by individuals with disabilities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12183(a)(1); see
generally 73 Fed. Reg. at 34,523 (displays and boxes are “items [that] are required
to be removed” from accessible routes).
-6-
True, instead of “readily accessible” discrimination under § 12183(a)(1), the
amended complaint focuses mostly on “architectural barrier” discrimination. See §
12182(b)(2)(A)(iv) (discrimination includes “a failure to remove architectural barriers
. . . in existing facilities . . . where such removal is readily available”). But in addition
to the specific facts, the amended complaint alleges Myron’s discriminated against
Hillesheim under § 12182(a): “Defendant has discriminated against Plaintiff and
others in that they failed to make their place of public accommodation fully accessible
to persons with disabilities on a full and equal basis in violation of 42 U.S.C. §
12182(a) and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including the ADAAG, as
described above.” And, “discrimination for purposes of section 12182(a)” occurs
when a public accommodation is not “readily accessible to and usable by individuals
with disabilities.” § 12183(a)(1). The amended complaint also says that the district
court
has authority under 42 U.S.C. § 12188 to grant Plaintiff injunctive relief,
including an order requiring Defendant to make [the store] readily
accessible to and independently usable by individuals with disabilities
to the extent required by the ADA and ADAAG, and/or to close [the
store] until such time as Defendant cures the access barriers.
(Emphasis added.)
Hillesheim’s allegations “raise a right to relief above the speculative level” and
are not just “labels and conclusions.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
555 (2007); see also Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.) Inc., 779 F.3d 1001, 1008
(9th Cir. 2015) (where a store’s “aisles appear[ed] inaccessible due to the presence
of large items, such as furniture (armchairs and tables), or display racks holding
merchandise and ladders,” the court affirmed an injunction against the store, partly
due to no “indication that the interruption of access was ‘due to maintenance or
repairs,’ or occurred in the course of moving the items from one place to another, or
during re-stocking.”). Amendment here is not futile.
-7-
*******
The judgment is reversed, and the case remanded for proceedings consistent
with this opinion.2
______________________________
2
Myron’s cites an affidavit to argue that this case is moot, an issue the district
court may consider on remand. See Sellner v. MAT Holdings, Inc., 859 F.3d 610,
616 (8th Cir. 2017) (“Because the district court did not rule on this fact-intensive
issue, this court leaves it for remand.”).
-8-