Rife v. Jefferson

FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT August 2, 2018
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
CLYDE ALLEN RIFE,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 17-7037
(D.C. No. 6:14-CV-00333-GKF)
JOE JEFFERSON, (E.D. Okla.)

Defendant - Appellant,

and

OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC SAFETY; JOHNNY TADLOCK;
CHAD DALE; JONATHON WILLIS;
MCCURTAIN COUNTY JAIL TRUST;
SCOTT MCCLAIN,

Defendants.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

CLYDE ALLEN RIFE,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 17-7038
(D.C. No. 6:14-CV-00333-GKF)
CHAD DALE; JONATHON WILLIS, (E.D. Okla.)

Defendants - Appellants,

and

OKLAHOMA DEPARTMENT OF
PUBLIC SAFETY; JOE JEFFERSON,
State Trooper; MCCURTAIN COUNTY
JAIL TRUST,
 Defendants.
_________________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________

Before LUCERO, McKAY, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________

To survive a motion for summary judgment on qualified-immunity grounds, a

plaintiff must make a two-part showing. First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that

under the relevant version of the facts, the defendant violated a constitutional right.

Second, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the contours of that constitutional right

were clearly established at the time of the alleged violation.

Here, the district court initially ruled that Joe Jefferson, Chad Dale, and

Jonathon Willis (collectively, the defendants) were entitled to qualified immunity on

plaintiff Clyde Rife’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims because Rife failed to satisfy the first

part of this two-part test. Specifically, the district court ruled that Rife failed to

demonstrate the defendants violated the Fourteenth Amendment by displaying

deliberate indifference to Rife’s serious medical needs. And in light of that

conclusion, the district court granted the defendants’ motions for summary judgment

without addressing whether the law was clearly established.

Rife appealed, and a panel of this court reversed. It held that under the relevant

version of the facts, Rife indeed demonstrated a constitutional violation. But like the

*
This order and judgment isn’t binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for its
persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
2
district court before it, the panel declined to address whether the defendants’ conduct

violated clearly established law. Instead, the panel remanded that question to the

district court. And this time, the district court ruled in Rife’s favor. That is, it

determined that the defendants violated clearly established law by displaying

deliberate indifference to Rife’s serious medical needs. Thus, the district court denied

the defendants’ motions for summary judgment. The defendants now appeal that

ruling.

We affirm in part and reverse in part. To the extent the district court ruled that

Jefferson’s conduct violated clearly established law, we agree. Accordingly, we

affirm the portion of the district court’s order denying Jefferson’s motion for

summary judgment on qualified-immunity grounds. But we disagree with the district

court’s conclusion that Willis’ and Dale’s conduct violated clearly established law.

So we reverse the portion of the district court’s order denying their motion for

summary judgment and remand with directions to enter summary judgment in their

favor.

Background

In an interlocutory appeal from an order denying qualified immunity at the

summary-judgment stage, “[t]he district court’s factual findings and reasonable

assumptions” generally “comprise ‘the universe of facts upon which we base our

legal review.’” Cox v. Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231, 1242 (10th Cir. 2015) (quoting Fogarty

v. Gallegos, 523 F.3d 1147, 1154 (10th Cir. 2008)). Thus, our first step is typically to

determine just what those “factual findings and reasonable assumptions” are. Id. But

3
here, another panel of this court has already made those determinations in a previous

appeal. See generally Rife v. Okla. Dep’t of Pub. Safety (Rife I), 854 F.3d 637 (10th

Cir.), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 364 (2017). Accordingly, under the law-of-the-case

doctrine, we derive the following historical facts from our decision in that appeal. See

Rohrbaugh v. Celotex Corp., 53 F.3d 1181, 1183 (10th Cir. 1995) (“[W]hen a case is

appealed and remanded, the decision of the appellate court establishes the law of the

case and ordinarily will be followed by both the trial court on remand and the

appellate court in any subsequent appeal.”).

On May 14, 2013, Jefferson, an Oklahoma state trooper, found Rife sitting on

a motorcycle on the side of a road. See Rife I, 854 F.3d at 641. Rife told Jefferson

that he was fine. But there were obvious signs to the contrary. For instance, Rife had

dried blood on his nose. There were grass stains on his clothes. And there were grass

and grass stains on his motorcycle, “indicating that he had been thrown from” the

bike. Id. at 643. Rife also appeared to be confused: his speech was slurred and he

couldn’t provide the date, the time, or his social security number. Likewise, although

Rife knew he’d been in Idabel, Oklahoma earlier that day, he couldn’t remember

what he’d done there. Id.

Jefferson suspected that Rife was intoxicated. But because intoxication and

head injuries can manifest in similar ways, Jefferson performed further testing. Rife

displayed no other signs of a head injury, such as “unequal tracking of the pupils,

unequal pupil size, and resting nystagmus.” Id. at 643–44. Yet he did exhibit six

“clues” of intoxication. Id. at 644. Rife also failed or was unable to complete “four

4
additional tests” for intoxication that Jefferson attempted to perform. Id. Before one

of those tests, Rife told Jefferson he felt “floaty.” Id. at 644. During another, “Rife

lost his balance.” Id.

Nevertheless, Jefferson knew Rife wasn’t drunk. Instead, he suspected that

Rife “had taken too much pain medication.” Id. at 644. On that basis, Jefferson

arrested Rife for public intoxication. At the time of the arrest, Jefferson knew that

Rife had—despite Rife’s repeated protestations to the contrary—“obviously been in

an accident.” Id. But Jefferson didn’t think the accident was a serious one. For one

thing, Rife didn’t “have the type of visible injuries that would likely result from a

high-speed or high-impact accident.” Id. For another, “there was little damage to the

motorcycle or [its] saddlebags.” Id. Thus, Jefferson transported Rife directly to jail.

Id. at 645. Along the way, Rife said that his chest and heart hurt and “groaned in

pain.”1 Id. at 648. At some point, Rife also “stated that he felt sick.” Id. Nevertheless,

Jefferson didn’t seek medical attention for Rife. Id. at 649.

When Jefferson arrived at the jail with Rife in tow, he told jail officials Willis

and Dale that Rife was under arrest for public intoxication. But neither Jefferson nor

Rife “mentioned the motorcycle accident.” Id. at 641, 651. Nor did they indicate that

Rife “might have been injured.” Id. at 651.

1
Jefferson insists that “these statements were mumbled in a barely audible
manner.” Aplt. Br. 13. But we have already determined otherwise. See Rife I, 854
F.3d at 648 n.6 (“Rife did not whisper these statements; a factfinder could reasonably
infer that the statements were loud enough for [Jefferson] to hear.”); Rohrbaugh, 53
F.3d at 1183.
5
 During the booking process, Rife “was dazed”: he “slurr[ed] his words and

show[ed] confusion about where he was [and] what he was doing.” Id. As a result,

Willis and Dale both suspected that Rife was “on” something. Id. But Willis wasn’t

sure what, and neither man could smell alcohol on Rife’s breath. Nevertheless, Willis

placed Rife on medical observation, “fearing that he might throw up in his sleep. This

placement required jail personnel to check on [Rife] every [15] minutes.”2 Id.

After booking him into the jail, Willis and Dale moved Rife to a holding cell.

As he entered the cell, “Rife moaned loudly, showed obvious pain, and repeatedly

complained of stomach pain.”3 Id. Nevertheless, neither Willis nor Dale “obtain[ed]

medical attention for” him. Id. at 652.

The next morning, Rife collapsed in the bail bondsman’s office. Id. As it turns

out, Rife wasn’t intoxicated after all; instead his behavior was the result of a head

injury that he suffered in the motorcycle accident. Id. at 641.

Rife later sued the defendants under § 1983, asserting that their failure to seek

medical attention for him violated his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. See

Rife I, 854 F.3d at 642; id. at 647 (“[T]he Fourteenth Amendment is violated if state

2
Rife asserts that he “was not checked on every fifteen minutes as required by
policy.” Aplee. Br. 26. But he doesn’t suggest that any of the defendants were
responsible for, or even aware of, this breach.
3
Willis and Dale insist that Rife didn’t complain, moan, or otherwise indicate
he was in pain until “after [they] had already placed [him] in the holding cell,” at
which point they were no longer present. Rep. Br. 8. But again, we have already
determined otherwise. See Rife I, 854 F.3d at 651 (noting that Rife’s cellmate
unambiguously stated Rife displayed these signs of pain “when he entered the
holding cell” (emphasis added)); id. at 652 (concluding that Willis and Dale “were
present at the time”); Rohrbaugh, 53 F.3d at 1183.

6
officials are deliberately indifferent to a pretrial detainee’s serious medical needs.”).

The defendants moved for summary judgment and the district court granted their

motions, concluding that Rife failed to demonstrate the defendants’ conduct rose to

the level of deliberate indifference. Id. at 642.

Rife appealed and this court reversed in part, holding that a reasonable jury

“could find facts supporting [Rife’s] deliberate indifference claims against” the

defendants. Id. We then remanded to the district court to determine in the first

instance whether the defendants’ conduct violated clearly-established law. Id.

On remand, the district court ruled that the law was clearly established.

Specifically, it concluded that Jefferson violated Rife’s “clearly established right to

medical attention following a motorcycle accident,” and that Willis and Dale violated

Rife’s “clearly established right to medical attention when placed in a holding cell

while ‘obviously in pain.’” App. vol. 8, 1312–13 (quoting Rife I, 854 F.3d at 651).

Thus, the district court denied the defendants’ motions for summary judgment. The

defendants appeal.

Discussion

Section 1983 provides a federal cause of action against any individual who,

while acting under color of state law, deprives another individual of his or her federal

rights. But the doctrine of “[q]ualified immunity ‘protects governmental officials

from liability for civil damages’” unless their conduct “violate[s] ‘clearly established

statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’”

Weise v. Casper, 593 F.3d 1163, 1166 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan,

7
555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009)). Thus, when a defendant asserts qualified immunity as a

defense to a § 1983 claim at the summary-judgment stage, the burden shifts to the

plaintiff to make a two-part showing. First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that on the

facts as alleged, the defendant violated a constitutional right. Second, the plaintiff

must demonstrate that the contours of that right were clearly established at the time

of the alleged violation. Cox, 800 F.3d at 1245. “If the plaintiff fails to satisfy either

part of the two-part inquiry, the court must grant the defendant qualified immunity.”

Medina v. Cram, 252 F.3d 1124, 1128 (10th Cir. 2001).

Here, Rife has already cleared the first of these two hurdles. That is, a panel of

this court has already held that, based on the relevant “universe of facts,” Jefferson,

Willis, and Dale violated the Fourteenth Amendment by displaying deliberate

indifference to Rife’s serious medical needs. Cox, 800 F.3d at 1242 (quoting Fogarty,

523 F.3d at 1154); see also Rife I, 854 F.3d at 642. Thus, the lone question before us

in this appeal is whether the law was clearly established at the time of that violation.4

See Rohrbaugh, 53 F.3d at 1183 (explaining law-of-the-case doctrine).

4
As a preliminary matter, Rife asserts that the defendants “waived” their
clearly-established arguments by raising them “for the first time during a post-
remand hearing.” Aplee. Br. 12. The defendants disagree, maintaining that they
consistently advanced these arguments below. We need not resolve the parties’
disagreement on this point. Even assuming the defendants never expressly asserted
below that the law wasn’t clearly established, we would reach this issue on appeal for
two reasons. First, Rife doesn’t dispute that the defendants initially asserted qualified
immunity as a defense, “[a]nd this defense necessarily included the clearly-
established-law question.” Cox, 800 F.3d at 1245. Second, the district court
addressed the clearly-established-law question below, and “both parties had full
opportunity to argue—and did argue—this issue on appeal.” Margheim v. Buljko, 855
8
 In determining whether the law was clearly established, we ask whether Rife

has “identif[ied] an on-point Supreme Court or published Tenth Circuit decision;

alternatively, ‘the clearly established weight of authority from other courts must have

found the law to be as [he] maintains.’” Quinn v. Young, 780 F.3d 998, 1005 (10th

Cir. 2015) (quoting Weise, 593 F.3d at 1167). Of course, this isn’t to say that Rife

must direct us to a case that is “exactly on point.” Weise, 593 F.3d at 1167 (emphasis

added) (explaining that plaintiff can demonstrate law was clearly established even if

“the very action in question” hasn’t “previously been held unlawful” (quoting

Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987))). “[B]ut existing precedent must

have placed the . . . constitutional question beyond debate.” Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S.

Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011)). And to

do that, a previous decision must be “‘particularized’ to the facts of the case” before

us. White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 552 (2017) (quoting Creighton, 483 U.S. at 640)

(warning courts not to define the clearly-established right “at a high level of

generality” (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742)).

In other words, to demonstrate the law was clearly established, Rife must

identify a case in which a defendant “acting under similar circumstances as”

Jefferson, Willis, and Dale “was held to have violated” the Eighth or Fourteenth

Amendments. Id.; see also Martin v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs, 909 F.2d 402, 406 (10th

Cir. 1990) (explaining that the Fourteenth Amendment entitles pretrial detainees to

F.3d 1077, 1089 (10th Cir. 2017). Thus, we opt to resolve this purely legal question.
See id. at 1087.
9
“the same degree of protection regarding medical attention afforded convicted

inmates under the [E]ighth [A]mendment”). Thus, our task is to examine the cases

that the district court relied on below and those that Rife cites on appeal and ask

whether any of those cases satisfy this test. See Apodaca v. Raemisch, 864 F.3d 1071,

1076 n.3 (10th Cir. 2017) (explaining that plaintiff bears burden of identifying

decision that clearly establishes relevant right and declining to consider “potential

sources” of authority that plaintiffs didn’t rely on), petition for cert. filed Mar. 13,

2018 (No. 17-1284); Cox, 800 F.3d at 1247 (noting that because plaintiff failed to

“direct[] our attention” to decision that clearly established relevant right, we could

hold—“[o]n this basis alone”—that plaintiff failed to “properly la[y] the groundwork

to defeat [defendant’s] assertion of qualified immunity”).

In undertaking this inquiry, we first address whether Rife has identified a case

that clearly establishes Jefferson’s conduct violated the Fourteenth Amendment. We

then turn to the question of whether he has identified such a case vis-à-vis Willis and

Dale.

I. Jefferson

In ruling that Jefferson’s conduct violated Rife’s clearly established

Fourteenth Amendment rights, the district court cited six cases: Barton v. Taber, 820

F.3d 958 (8th Cir. 2016); Marquez v. Board of County Commissioners, 543 F. App’x

803 (10th Cir. 2013) (unpublished); Olsen v. Layton Hills Mall, 312 F.3d 1304 (10th

Cir. 2002); Garcia v. Salt Lake County, 768 F.2d 303 (10th Cir. 1985); Marquez v.

Board of County Commissioners, No. 11-CV-838 JAP/WDS, 2012 WL 12895017

10
(D.N.M. Dec. 3, 2012), aff’d 543 F. App’x 803; and Kraft v. Laney, No. CIV S-04-

0129 GGH, 2005 WL 2042310 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 24, 2005).

But as Jefferson points out, two of these six cases were decided after May 14,

2013—the date on which the events at issue here transpired. See Barton, 820 F.3d

958; Marquez, 543 F. App’x 803. Thus, these cases are “of no use in the clearly

established inquiry.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2018) (quoting

Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 200 n.4 (2004)); see also Haugen, 543 U.S. at

200 n.4 (explaining that when judicial decisions “postdate the conduct in question,”

they are incapable of “giv[ing] fair notice” to government officials). Similarly,

because two of the other cases the district court cited (Marquez, 2012 WL 12895017,

and Kraft, 2005 WL 2042310) are district-court cases, they are likewise incapable of

clearly establishing the law. See Camreta v. Greene, 563 U.S. 692, 709 n.7 (2011)

(“[D]istrict court decisions—unlike those from the courts of appeals—do not

necessarily settle constitutional standards . . . .”); Estate of B.I.C. v. Gillen, 761 F.3d

1099, 1106 (10th Cir. 2014) (“[W]e can disregard district-court decisions cited by the

[plaintiff], which can be persuasive on the merits of a constitutional claim but cannot

clearly establish what the law is.”).

Of the cases the district court relied on, that leaves only Olsen, 312 F.3d 1304,

and Garcia, 768 F.2d 303. And as Rife points out, some of the underlying facts in

Garcia are indeed similar to the facts before us here. For instance, the decedent in

Garcia was arrested for driving under the influence after he was involved in a traffic

accident. 768 F.2d at 305. But when the decedent complained of back pain, he “was

11
transported by ambulance to a hospital.” Id. Left unmonitored, he then “ingested an

overdose of a . . . prescribed medication[]” and escaped from the exam room. Id.

Officers later found him “passed out on the pavement.” Id. Unaware that he had

ingested any drugs, officials transferred the then semi-conscious decedent to the jail

and placed him in a holding cell, where an officer checked on him every 30 minutes.

The decedent was found unconscious at approximately 8:30 p.m. and “found

apparently dead” approximately two hours after that. Id. at 305–06. An internist later

testified that the decedent “would have survived the . . . overdose and could have

been stabilized if he had been transported to the hospital when observed at 8:30 p.m.

. . . and found to be unconscious.” Id. at 306.

The decedents’ widow and parents brought suit against the county, several of

its officials, and various other individual defendants under § 1983. They alleged “that

the decedent’s death was caused by the execution of official policies, practices or

customs of” the county that “were deliberately indifferent to the serious medical

needs of” the jail’s pretrial detainees and that “violated the decedent’s constitutional

right to receive reasonable and adequate medical care.” Id. at 305. A jury agreed,

finding that the county violated the decedent’s constitutional rights. But importantly,

the jury concluded that none of the individual defendants violated those rights. See

id. at 309 n.6.

On appeal, the county characterized the jury’s verdict as inconsistent, asserting

that “a finding of unconstitutional conduct by” at least one of the individual

defendants was “a prerequisite to a finding that the [c]ounty [was] liable.” Id. at 306.

12
We rejected that argument, explaining that “the combined acts or omissions of

several employees acting under a governmental policy or custom may violate an

individual’s constitutional rights,” even if “the acts or omissions” of one single

employee do not. Id. at 310. And we also found sufficient evidence to support the

jury’s finding that the county was deliberately indifferent to the decedent’s serious

medical needs, citing the county’s “gross deficiencies . . . in staffing and procedures

to monitor persons admitted to the jail in an unconscious condition who [were]

suspected of being intoxicated.” Id. at 308. Accordingly, we affirmed the judgment

against the county. Id. at 310.

According to Rife, “there are obvious parallels between Garcia and the case at

bar.” Aplee. Br. 27. We don’t necessarily disagree. But Rife overlooks a critical

distinction between the two cases: Garcia involved a finding of municipal liability.

That is, Garcia establishes that a municipality violates the Fourteenth Amendment

when (1) it has a policy of admitting intoxicated, unconscious individuals into its jail;

(2) it fails to adequately staff the jail in a manner that keeps those individuals safe

from serious harm; and (3) injury results from its employees’ “execution of [the

municipality’s] policy or custom.” Id. at 307–08, 310. Here, though, Rife doesn’t

suggest that Jefferson was responsible for creating or implementing a policy that

caused Rife’s injuries. Nor does Rife suggest Jefferson had anything to do with

staffing the jail or ensuring that he was adequately monitored once he was booked

into the jail. Accordingly, Garcia isn’t a case in which a defendant “acting under

13
similar circumstances as” Jefferson “was held to have violated” the Fourteenth

Amendment. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. at 552.

To the extent that Olsen, 312 F.3d 1304, also involved a finding of municipal

liability, we reach the same conclusion. There, the defendant-officer arrested the

plaintiff—who suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)—and then

transferred him to the county jail. Id. at 1309–10. “[E]n route to the jail,” the plaintiff

informed the arresting officer that he was having a panic attack. Id. at 310. But the

arresting officer “neglected to address [the plaintiff’s] two pleas for assistance.” Id.

When the two men arrived at the jail, the plaintiff informed jail employees

“that he had OCD and required medication to stave off panic attacks.” Id.

Nevertheless, “jail officers took [the plaintiff’s] medication from him and insisted—

per search procedure—that he remove his shoes and socks.” Id. The plaintiff

“recoiled at the request, refusing because of a fear of contamination from the dirty

floor.” Id. He later “acceded to the demand, but incurred another panic attack in the

process” Id. “The prebooking officers also forced [the plaintiff] to be fingerprinted

without heeding his concerns about cleanliness.” Id.

As relevant here, the plaintiff sued the arresting officer and the county under

§ 1983, alleging deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs. Id. at 1308–09.

The district court granted summary judgment to both defendants, and the plaintiff

appealed. Id. at 1311. We reversed the district court’s order granting summary

judgment to the arresting officer on qualified-immunity grounds, concluding that on

the facts alleged, a jury could find the officer violated the plaintiff’s clearly

14
established rights by displaying deliberate indifference to the plaintiff’s serious

medical needs. Id. at 1315–17. Likewise, we reversed the district court’s order

granting summary judgment to the county, reasoning “that disputed material facts

exist[ed] as to” (1) whether the county “expressed deliberate indifference to an OCD-

sufferer’s rights via a failure to train” its jail staff on how to recognize and respond to

individuals suffering from OCD and (2) “whether any deliberate indifference could

operate as a causal link to his alleged injuries.” Id. at 1319–20.

To the extent we reversed the district court’s award of summary judgment to

the county in Olsen, we did so based on a theory of municipal liability: we held that a

reasonable jury could find the county liable for its failure to train jail staff regarding

how to recognize and respond to individuals suffering from OCD. See 312 F.3d at

1320. This aspect of Olsen’s holding—like the finding of municipal liability in

Garcia, 768 F.2d 303—wouldn’t have put Jefferson on notice that his individual

conduct in failing to obtain medical care for Rife violated the Fourteenth

Amendment. See Pauly, 137 S. Ct. at 552.

But we cannot say the same of Olsen’s discussion of the arresting officer. In

evaluating whether he violated the plaintiff’s constitutional rights, we recognized that

the plaintiff’s panic attack may not have “manifest[ed] itself . . . visibly.” Olsen, 312

F.3d at 1317. Yet we reasoned that, much like the symptoms of a heart attack, the

symptoms of a panic attack may be “subtler and consequently more capable of being

described by the sufferer than noticed by an outsider.” Id. And in light of the fact that

the plaintiff in Olsen “described” his “subtler” symptoms to the arresting officer by

15
expressly informing him that he was experiencing a panic attack, we concluded that

the officer’s failure to obtain medical treatment for the plaintiff “ma[d]e summary

judgment” on qualified-immunity grounds “improper.” Id.

The same is true here. Rife may not have had “the type of visible injuries that

would likely result from a high-speed or high-impact accident.” Rife I, 854 F.3d at

644. Nevertheless, Jefferson admitted that he knew “Rife had been in a motorcycle

accident.” Id. And much like the plaintiff in Olsen, Rife repeatedly relayed to

Jefferson the “subtler” symptoms of the injuries he suffered in that accident. Olsen,

312 F.3d at 1317. For instance, Rife (1) informed Jefferson “that he felt sick” and

“floaty”; (2) repeatedly told Jefferson that his chest and heart hurt; and (3) “groaned

in pain.” Rife I, 854 F.3d at 644.

In fact, if anything, the case against Jefferson is stronger than was the

plaintiff’s case against the arresting officer in Olsen. Here, in addition to verbally

informing Jefferson about those aspects of his condition that weren’t necessarily

subject to “notice[] by an outsider,” Olsen, 312 F.3d at 1317—including, critically,

heart and chest pain—Rife also displayed readily discernable signs that he needed

medical care as the result of his motorcycle accident: there was “dried blood on [his]

nose,” and he appeared dizzy and confused, Rife I, 854 F.3d at 648; see also Sealock

v. Colorado, 218 F.3d 1205, 1210 (10th Cir. 2000) (holding that prisoner presented

sufficient evidence to demonstrate constitutional violation where prison guard failed

to obtain medical care for him, despite fact that prisoner informed guard he believed

he might be having heart attack and also “displayed symptoms consistent with a heart

16
attack”). Thus, we conclude that at the time of the alleged constitutional violation,

existing circuit precedent would have “put a reasonable official” in Jefferson’s

position “on notice that his conduct was unlawful.” Weise, 593 F.3d at 1167.

But this conclusion doesn’t necessarily resolve the clearly-established

question. That’s because Jefferson asserts that “[e]ven assuming” there exists “on-

point circuit precedent involving materially similar facts to this case and finding that

the defendant . . . violated the Constitution, this [c]ourt’s other precedents are so

favorable to Jefferson’s position that the law would still be unclear due to apparent

contradictions in the precedent.” Aplt. Br. 29–30.

In support, Jefferson cites a series of cases in which we have held that medical

professionals didn’t violate the Constitution by misdiagnosing prisoners. See, e.g.,

Self v. Crum, 439 F.3d 1227, 1228, 1234 (10th Cir. 2006) (“At worst, the evidence

shows [prison physician] misdiagnosed [inmate’s] condition. But a misdiagnosis,

even if rising to the level of medical malpractice, is simply insufficient under our

case law to satisfy the subjective component of a deliberate indifference claim.”);

Mata v. Saiz, 427 F.3d 745, 750, 760–61 (10th Cir. 2005) (finding no constitutional

violation where record demonstrated that prison nurse “made a good faith effort to

diagnose and treat [prisoner’s] medical condition” even though it was later

determined that prisoner had indeed “suffered a heart attack”); Sealock, 218 F.3d at

1208, 1211 (“At worst, [prison nurse] misdiagnosed appellant and failed to pass on

information to [another defendant] about appellant’s chest pain. Appellant has failed

17
to show that [prison nurse] was deliberately indifferent to his serious medical

needs.”).

Jefferson’s reliance on this line of authority is misplaced. As even he

acknowledges, we held in Rife I that the “specialized” deliberate-indifference

standards that apply to medical professionals don’t apply to “laypersons such as

[Jefferson].” 854 F.3d at 647; see also Rohrbaugh, 53 F.3d at 1183 (explaining law-

of-the-case doctrine). And although Jefferson asserts that “[t]his development was

unforeseen because neither this [c]ourt nor any other court of appeals had previously

made such a distinction,” he fails to identify any cases holding that a layperson may

successfully assert a misdiagnosis defense to a deliberate-indifference claim. Indeed,

we expressly noted the dearth of such cases in Rife I. See 854 F.3d at 647 (“We have

not applied these [misdiagnosis] standards to deliberate indifference claims against

laypersons such as police officers.”). Thus, contrary to Jefferson’s assertions, none of

the misdiagnosis cases he cites “would have indicated to a reasonable officer” in

Jefferson’s position that his “conduct did not violate the Constitution.” Aplt. Br. 33.

The same is true of the cases from outside our circuit that Jefferson cites in his

brief. According to Jefferson, “it is difficult to see how even an on-point circuit

precedent could render the law ‘clearly established’ if the same conduct in another

circuit would be constitutional.” Aplt. Br. 34 n.97. But even assuming the cases

Jefferson cites suggest that other circuits might reach a different conclusion about the

constitutionality of Jefferson’s conduct in this case, “the decisions of one circuit

court of appeals are not binding upon another circuit.” Garcia ex rel. Garcia v.

18
Miera, 817 F.2d 650, 658 (10th Cir. 1987) (“To give preclusive effect to a conflict

among the circuits” in context of clearly-established analysis “would effectively bind

this circuit by the decisions of others. Moreover, the binding would always be in

denigration of the constitutional right at issue.”). Thus, to the extent that Jefferson

suggests another circuit’s cases can disestablish the clearly established law of this

circuit, we disagree.5 And in this circuit, it has been clearly established for more than

a decade that when an arrestee not only informs an arresting officer of the internal

symptoms of a serious medical condition but also displays outward signs of the need

for medical attention, the arresting officer violates the Fourteenth Amendment by

failing to seek such care. See Olsen, 312 F.3d at 1317; Sealock, 218 F.3d at 1210.

Accordingly, Jefferson isn’t entitled to qualified immunity, and we therefore affirm

the district court’s order denying his motion for summary judgment.

5
Jefferson cites Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct. 1843, 1868 (2017), for the proposition
that “[w]hen the courts are divided on an issue . . . , a reasonable official lacks the notice
required before imposing liability.” But Jefferson appears to acknowledge that Ziglar’s
pronouncement on this point isn’t binding. Presumably that’s because only four members
of the Court joined this portion of the opinion. See Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 737
(1983) (noting that such opinion isn’t binding). Accordingly, we remain bound by
Garcia’s pronouncement that, to the extent other circuits have held conduct like
Jefferson’s doesn’t violate the Constitution, those decisions don’t muddle our clearly
established law. See 817 F.2d at 658; see also Coriz ex rel. Coriz v. Martinez, 915
F.2d 1469, 1470 n.2 (10th Cir. 1990) (reaffirming that “Garcia rule . . . applies to
interjurisdictional conflicts”); cf. Morfin v. Albuquerque Pub. Sch., 906 F.2d 1434,
1439 (10th Cir. 1990) (“In the absence of contemporary Tenth Circuit precedent
directly concerning the issue, we may look to the law of other circuits when deciding
whether or not a right was clearly established.” (emphasis added)).

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II. Willis and Dale

We turn next to the question of whether any of the cases that the district court

cited below or that Rife identifies on appeal clearly establish that Willis’ and Dale’s

conduct violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

First, for the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the district court erred

in relying on Barton, 820 F.3d 958; Marquez, 543 F. App’x 803; Marquez, 2012 WL

12895017; and Kraft, 2005 WL 2042310. See Haugen, 543 U.S. at 200 n.4

(explaining that when judicial decisions “postdate the conduct in question,” they are

incapable of “giv[ing] fair notice” to government officials); Estate of B.I.C., 761 F.3d

at 1106 (“[D]istrict-court decisions . . . can be persuasive on the merits of a

constitutional claim but cannot clearly establish what the law is.”). Likewise, for the

reasons discussed above, we conclude that to the extent Olsen, 312 F.3d 1304, and

Garcia, 768 F.2d 303, involve findings of municipal liability, they are incapable of

clearly establishing that Willis’ and Dale’s individual conduct here violated the

Constitution.

Whether Olsen’s individual-individual liability discussion clearly establishes

as much is a closer question. Like the plaintiff in Olsen, Rife verbally informed

Willis and Dale of his internal discomfort: he “repeatedly complain[ed] of stomach

pain” as Willis and Dale were moving him to the holding cell. Rife I, 854 F.3d at 652;

see also Olsen, 312 F.3d at 1317 (noting that certain conditions have symptoms that

are “more capable of being described by the sufferer than noticed by an outsider,”

20
and pointing out that plaintiff told arresting officer he was suffering from panic

attack).

Nevertheless, we cannot say that Olsen places the constitutional question here

“beyond debate.” Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 308 (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741).

Recall that when they booked him into the jail, Willis and Dale didn’t know (or even

have reason to suspect) that Rife had been thrown from his motorcycle, let alone that

he might have suffered any internal injuries as a result. That’s because when

Jefferson delivered Rife to the jail for booking, “no one mentioned the motorcycle

accident or said that [Rife] might have been injured.” Rife I, 854 F.3d at 651. Thus,

Willis and Dale knew only that Rife was suffering from stomach pain—a common

malady that doesn’t necessarily require any sort of immediate medical intervention.

And we simply cannot say that Olsen would place every reasonable official in Willis’

and Dale’s position on notice that every detainee who entered the jail complaining of

stomach pain (even “considerable” stomach pain, Rife I, 854 F.3d at 652 n.58), was

constitutionally entitled to immediate medical treatment for that ailment. More

importantly, unlike the arresting officer in Olsen—who apparently ignored the

plaintiff’s condition completely—Willis placed Rife on medical observation, a

designation that “required jail personnel to check on [Rife] every [15] minutes.” Id.

at 641; see also Olsen, 312 F.3d at 1317. In light of this proactive conduct, we hold

that Olsen doesn’t place “beyond debate” the question of whether Willis and Dale

were deliberately indifferent to Rife’s serious medical needs. Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at

308 (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741).

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 Thus, we agree with Willis and Dale: the district court erred in defining the

right at issue here at too “high [a] level of generality.” Pauly, 137 S. Ct. at 552

(quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 742). That is, the district court characterized the law as

clearly established without first “identify[ing] a case where an officer acting under

similar circumstances as [Willis and Dale] was held to have violated the [Eighth or

Fourteenth] Amendment.” Id. But that doesn’t necessarily mean we must reverse. On

appeal, Rife cites two additional cases in support of his assertion that Willis and Dale

violated his clearly established rights: Mata, 427 F.3d 745, and Sealock, 218 F.3d

1205.

Yet in arguing that Mata and Sealock would have put reasonable officials in

Willis and Dale’s position on notice that their conduct violated his Fourteenth

Amendment rights, Rife doesn’t discuss the facts of either case. Thus, he necessarily

fails to demonstrate that either case is “‘particularized’ to the facts” present here.

Pauly, 137 S. Ct. at 552; cf. Cox, 800 F.3d at 1245 (citing “unique briefing burdens

of the nonmovant plaintiff in the qualified-immunity context”). Nevertheless, we

have sua sponte reviewed the facts of both cases, and we find them distinguishable.

First, to the extent that Mata and Sealock involved defendants who were

medical professionals, see, e.g., Mata, 427 F.3d at 750; Sealock, 218 F.3d at 1208,

we held in Rife I that such cases don’t establish the deliberate-indifference standards

that apply to laypeople like Willis and Dale, see Rife I, 854 F.3d at 647, 651;

Rohrbaugh, 53 F.3d at 1183 (explaining law-of-the-case doctrine). Thus, we

conclude that Mata—a case in which all four defendants were medical

22
professionals—was therefore incapable of putting Willis and Dale on notice that their

conduct violated the Fourteenth Amendment. See 427 F.3d at 750.

To the extent that two of the defendants in Sealock were also medical

professionals, we reach the same conclusion. See 218 F.3d at 1208. But the other two

defendants in Sealock were prison guards. See id. And as discussed above, we held

that one of those guards violated the Eighth Amendment when (1) the plaintiff and

his cellmate both informed the guard “that [the plaintiff] was or might be having a

heart attack”; (2) the guard “was present when [the plaintiff] displayed symptoms

consistent with a heart attack”; and (3) the guard nevertheless “refused to transport

[the plaintiff] immediately to a doctor or a hospital.” Id. at 1210–11.

Sealock clearly establishes that when an inmate or pretrial detainee complains

of and displays symptoms consistent with a potentially life-threatening condition, a

prison official who refuses the inmate’s or detainee’s request for medical treatment

and takes no other action violates the Constitution. But that’s simply not what

happened here. Although Rife groaned and complained of stomach pain, he never

suggested that his stomach pain was linked to injuries that might require—or even

benefit from—immediate medical treatment. That’s because Willis and Dale were

unaware that Rife had been in a motorcycle accident, and therefore had no reason to

link his stomach pain to a more serious condition. Cf. Sealock, 218 F.3d at 1208

(noting that inmate told guard that “he was having chest pain and might be having a

heart attack”). Moreover, unlike the guard in Sealock, Willis took at least some action

to ensure Rife’s safety: he placed Rife on medical monitoring, Rife I, 854 F.3d at

23
651. In light of these distinctions, Sealock doesn’t place “beyond debate” the

question of whether Willis and Dale were deliberately indifferent to Rife’s serious

medical needs. Mullenix, 136 S. Ct. at 308 (quoting al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 741).

In short, neither the cases the district court relied on below nor any of the

cases that Rife cites on appeal clearly establish that Willis and Dale violated Rife’s

Fourteenth Amendment rights.6 Accordingly, because Willis and Dale are entitled to

qualified immunity, we reverse the portion of the district court’s order denying their

motion for summary judgment. See Medina, 252 F.3d at 1128.

Conclusion

We affirm the portion of the district court’s order denying Jefferson’s motion

for summary judgment on qualified-immunity grounds. But because Rife fails to

demonstrate that the law was clearly established as to Willis and Dale, they are

entitled to qualified immunity. We therefore reverse the portion of the district court’s

6
Willis and Dale also argue that even assuming Rife identified a Tenth Circuit
or Supreme Court decision that clearly established the contours of the right at issue,
the constitutional question nevertheless wouldn’t be “beyond debate” because the
district court in this case “initially found that [their] acts or omissions did not violate
the Constitution.” Aplt. Br. 43. Because we agree with Willis and Dale that Rife fails
to identify such a case, we need not reach this argument.
24
order denying their motion for summary judgment and remand with instructions to

grant summary judgment in their favor.

Entered for the Court

Nancy L. Moritz
Circuit Judge

25