Filed 8/3/18
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
MARY ANSELMO, D072549
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2016-00038290-
CU-NP-CTL)
GROSSMONT-CUYAMACA
COMMUNITY COLLEGE DISTRICT,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Randa
Trapp, Judge. Reversed.
Gigliotti Law Group and Robert L. Gigliotti for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Meyers Fozi & Dwork, Neal S. Meyers and Daniel S. Modafferi for Defendant
and Respondent.
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Mary Anselmo attended Los Angeles Pierce College (Pierce College), a
public community college within the Los Angeles Community College District. On
March 4, 2016, Anselmo traveled to Grossmont College as a member of the Pierce
College Women's Volleyball team to participate in an intercollegiate beach volleyball
tournament. The Grossmont College campus and the volleyball courts where the
tournament took place are owned, controlled, and maintained by defendant Grossmont-
Cuyamaca Community College District (Grossmont). Anselmo alleged she was injured
during one of the tournament games when she dove into the sand and her knee struck a
rock in the sand.
On October 31, 2016, Anselmo filed a complaint against Grossmont alleging
claims for negligence, gross negligence, and premises liability. In response to a meet and
confer session, Anselmo amended her complaint to replace the premises liability claim
with a cause of action for a dangerous condition of public property. Grossmont demurred
to the first amended complaint on, among other grounds, the field trips and excursions
immunity of section 55220 of title 5 of the California Code of Regulations (hereafter,
section 55220). On March 3, 2017, the trial court sustained Grossmont's demurrer with
leave to amend on the ground that Anselmo had not alleged sufficient facts to show the
immunity provisions did not apply to Grossmont.
By way of a second amended complaint filed on March 13, 2017, Anselmo alleged
only one cause of action for a dangerous condition of public property. She alleged her
participation in the game was required and she received credit for attendance. Grossmont
again demurred, asserting the field trips and excursions immunity provided in section
55220. On June 1, 2017, the trial court entered an order sustaining Grossmont's demurrer
without leave to amend.
Judgment in favor of Grossmont was entered on June 6, 2017. Anselmo filed a
timely notice of appeal.
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DISCUSSION
The sole issue raised on this appeal is whether the field trips and excursions
immunity provided in section 55220 applies here. We conclude that it does not apply to
an injury suffered by a member of a visiting team during an intercollegiate athletic event.
Grossmont provided the athletic facility to be used, and it is responsible for the condition
of that facility. This duty of care protects all participants in the event, not just members
of the Grossmont team. We therefore reverse the order granting the demurrer and
remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings.
On appeal from a judgment after a demurrer is sustained without leave to amend,
we review the trial court's ruling de novo, exercising our independent judgment on
whether the complaint states a cause of action. (Lazar v. Hertz Corp. (1999) 69
Cal.App.4th 1494, 1501.) " 'We treat the demurrer as admitting all material facts
properly pleaded, but not contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law.
[Citation.] We also consider matters which may be judicially noticed.' [Citation.]
Further, we give the complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole, with and
its parts in their context. [Citation.] When a demurrer is sustained, we determine
whether the complaint states facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action." (Blank v.
Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 318; Peterson v. San Francisco Community College
District (1984) 36 Cal.3d 799, 804.)
Anselmo alleged that she was injured due to a dangerous condition existing at
Grossmont's beach volleyball facility. Government Code section 835 prescribes the
conditions under which a public entity is liable for injuries caused by a dangerous
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condition of its property. Grossmont had a duty under Government Code section 835 to
maintain its property and athletic facilities in a safe condition.1
The benefits of intercollegiate activities to a college and its corresponding duties
were discussed in Avila v. Citrus Community College District (2006) 38 Cal.4th 148
(Avila). Schools and colleges receive multiple benefits from interscholastic and
intercollegiate competition. "Without a visiting team, there can be no competition.
Intercollegiate competition allows a school to, on the smallest scale, offer its students the
benefits of athletic participation and, on the largest scale, reap the economic and
marketing benefits that derive from maintenance of a major sports program." (Id. at
p. 162.) In light of those benefits, the community college owed a duty to "home and
visiting players alike to, at a minimum, not increase the risks inherent in the sport."
(Ibid.) The Avila court largely discussed the duty of supervision, not applicable here, and
1 Government Code section 835 provides:
"Except as provided by statute, a public entity is liable for injury
caused by a dangerous condition of its property if the plaintiff
establishes that the property was in a dangerous condition at the time
of the injury, that the injury was proximately caused by the
dangerous condition, that the dangerous condition created a
reasonably foreseeable risk of the kind of injury which was incurred,
and that either:
"(a) A negligent or wrongful act or omission of an employee of
the public entity within the scope of his employment created the
dangerous condition; or
"(b) The public entity had actual or constructive notice of the
dangerous condition under Section 835.2 a sufficient time prior to
the injury to have taken measures to protect against the dangerous
condition."
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did not discuss the potential application of field trip immunity, but the opinion sets the
framework of the duty of care toward visiting teams. (Id. at pp. 162–163.)
Section 55220 provides immunity to community college districts such as
Grossmont that conduct field trips or excursions. It provides in relevant part:
"(a) The governing board of a community college district may:
(1) Conduct field trips or excursions in connection with courses
of instruction or instructionally-related social, educational, cultural,
athletic, or band activities to and from places in the state. . . .
(2) Engage instructors, supervisors, and other personnel . . . and
provide equipment and supplies for the field trip or excursion.
(3) Transport students, instructors, supervisors or other personnel
to and from places in the state . . . .
(4) Provide supervision of students involved in field trips or
excursions by academic employees of the district.
"[¶] . . . [¶]
"(h) All persons making the field trip or excursion shall be deemed
to have waived all claims against the district or the State of
California for injury, accident, illness, or death occurring during or
by reason of the field trip or excursion."
The Legislature granted immunity for field trips and excursions to enhance and
enrich the educational goals of schools, by reducing costs caused by the exposure to
additional liabilities which may accrue. (Sanchez v. San Diego County Office of
Education (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1580, 1584 (Sanchez); Casterson v. Superior Court
(2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 177, 184–186 (Casterson).2) The narrow question we must
address in this case is whether this immunity extends to an injury sustained during an
2 Both Sanchez and Casterson involved Education Code section 35330, which
provides field trip and excursion immunity for elementary and secondary schools.
Sections 35330 and 55220 use nearly identical language.
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interscholastic athletic competition by a member of the visiting team caused by the
negligence of the home team's district.
As the Supreme Court's Avila decision makes clear, a district that hosts an
interscholastic athletic event owes a general duty to all participating teams—both home
and visitor—to avoid acts or omissions that materially increase the risks to participants
beyond those inherent in the sport. (Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 162.) Here, Grossmont
acknowledges there would be no field trip immunity if a Grossmont student participating
in the volleyball tournament had injured herself on the very same rock. But in suggesting
that field trip immunity applies to preclude liability for any injuries to Pierce College
students, Grossmont argues for a result that is both absurd and unfair. Even if a "field
trip" or "excursion" might take place while the Pierce College students were being
transported to and from Grossmont, it does not continue during the athletic competition
itself. Once the visiting teams arrived, Grossmont had an ongoing responsibility to all
participants—home team and visitors—to provide a reasonably safe premises.
We explained in Sanchez that immunity is provided to those who conduct or
substantially participate in conducting--i.e. directing or managing--the trip or excursion.
(Sanchez, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 1585.) In Sanchez, the defendant San Diego
County Office of Education (SDCOE) operated a school camp, with students from
different school districts rotating through on a weekly basis. The camp was not
mandatory. It did not involve interscholastic athletic competition. There was no home or
visiting teams; every camp participant was engaged in a field trip for the entirety of the
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activity. SDCOE provided the instructors, equipment and supplies for the camp, and
supervised the pupils involved in the trips to its school camp. (Id. at p. 1582.)
The facts at hand are completely different. Grossmont did not "conduct" or
operate Pierce College's travel to Grossmont for intercollegiate play in any sense of
section 55220, subdivision (a). Grossmont provided a sports facility, to which Anselmo
and her team travelled. Pierce College, Anselmo's home school, had the responsibility of
getting Anselmo to the host facility, and it did so. Grossmont's provision of sports
equipment and general supervision was not specific to the Pierce College trip or
excursion, but fell instead within the realm of Grossmont's provision of the sports facility
for the intercollegiate competition. Grossmont, as the receiving or hosting team, had the
responsibility to provide a safe beach volleyball court, in accordance with any applicable
regulations. It had some shared responsibility to supervise, which is not at issue in this
claim based on the condition of Grossmont's property. Grossmont's duty to the visiting
team entailed not increasing the risks inherent in beach volleyball. (Avila, supra, 38
Cal.4th at p. 162.) It had an ongoing responsibility to its students and its invitees to
provide reasonably safe premises, and it had, undoubtedly, insurance for any mishaps due
to the negligence of its maintenance crew. Grossmont did not conduct Anselmo's field
trip or excursion and does not benefit from the immunity liability provided to such
conductors.
Grossmont relies on several cases in which immunity was granted to school
districts that were conducting athletic-related field trips or excursions for their students,
but the facts of those cases are readily distinguishable. In both Barnhart v. Cabrillo
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Community College (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 818 and Myricks v. Lynwood Unified School
District (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 231, the plaintiffs were traveling to interscholastic athletic
events via transportation conducted or organized by the defendant school district.
(Barnhart, at pp. 821, 828–829; Myricks, at pp. 234, 239–240.) In Roe ex rel. Callahan
v. Gustine Unified School District (2009) 678 F.Supp.2d 1008, the plaintiff suffered
injuries at a sports camp conducted jointly by the plaintiff's school and by a school that
hosted the sports camp. (Roe ex rel. Callahan, at p. 1011.) The federal court found that
the plaintiff's own school district had immunity under the field trip and excursion
immunity provision of the Education Code. (Id. at pp. 1040–1044.) These cases are not
pertinent here, where Grossmont provided a facility, but did not conduct Anselmo's team
on her trip to Grossmont. Neither are Wolfe v. Dublin Unified School District (1997) 56
Cal.App.4th 126, 134, where a plaintiff sued his school for injuries that occurred during a
class trip to a farm that his school conducted, nor Castro v. Los Angeles Board of
Education (1976) 54 Cal.App.3d 232, 234, where the plaintiffs' son died at a camp
conducted by the school district.3
Grossmont did not conduct a field trip for Anselmo within the meaning of section
55220 and Sanchez, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at p. 1580. Field trip immunity under
section 55220 does not extend to Grossmont as the host of an interscholastic athletic
competition for injuries suffered by a player on a visiting team merely because her team
3 In Castro, the defense of immunity was denied at the demurrer stage because the
school district may have required attendance at the camp. (Castro v. Los Angeles Board
of Education, supra, 54 Cal.App.3d at pp. 236–237.)
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traveled to the site of the competition. The trial court erred in sustaining Grossmont's
demurrer on this ground.
DISPOSITION
The order sustaining Grossmont's demurrer is reversed and the case is remanded
for further proceedings in the trial court. Anselmo is awarded her costs on appeal.
BENKE, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
AARON, J.
DATO, J.
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Anselmo v. Grossmont-Cuyamaca Com. College Dist.
Combined Opinion