UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DOE,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil Action No. 18-666 (CKK)
ROE,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(August 9, 2018)
Defendant Roe requests leave to proceed pseudonymously in a civil case
against him for alleged sexual assault and related claims. Plaintiff Jane Doe opposes this
motion. Although the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (“D.C.
Circuit”) has not expressly adopted a test for evaluating such a request, courts in this Circuit have
often applied a five-factor test in cases involving plaintiffs’ motions to proceed under pseudonyms.
The Court finds no reason not to apply this test to such a motion by Defendant, who nevertheless
is unable to prevail. Upon consideration of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the
record as a whole, in an exercise of the Court’s discretion, the Court shall DENY Defendant’s [6]
Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym.
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The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents:
• Def.’s Mot. to Proceed Under Pseudonym, ECF No. 6 (“Def.’s Mot.”);
• Pl.’s Mem. of P&A in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Proceed Under Pseudonym, ECF No. 7
(“Pl.’s Opp’n”);
• Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. to Proceed Under Pseudonym, ECF No. 8 (“Def.’s
Reply”); and
• Def.’s Notice of Suppl. Auth. in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. to Proceed Under Pseudonym, ECF
No. 10 (“Def.’s Notice”).
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I. BACKGROUND
The Court shall draw on the allegations in the [1] Complaint for the few factual details
pertinent to this motion. During the summer of 2017, Plaintiff, then a seventeen-year-old rising
high school senior, worked as an intern in the District of Columbia. Compl., ECF No. 1, ¶¶ 6, 12.
Defendant, then a rising college sophomore, also lived in the District at the time. Id. ¶ 10. On
July 22, 2017, Plaintiff met Defendant, who had been invited to Plaintiff’s apartment by her
roommates. Id. ¶¶ 11, 14. At the end of an evening of drinking games with other guests, Defendant
allegedly pressured Plaintiff to drink further alcohol and allegedly carried her to a bedroom in her
apartment, where he allegedly engaged in sexual intercourse with her without her consent. Id.
¶¶ 11, 13, 15, 17, 24-31.
On Plaintiff’s behalf, her father brought this action against Defendant, seeking damages
for allegations of 1) sexual assault and battery, and 2) negligence and gross negligence. Id. ¶¶ 33-
41. Plaintiff has since attained the age of majority and has been substituted for her father as the
real party in interest in this case. See Min. Order of Aug. 9, 2018.
Defendant has sought to proceed in this case under pseudonym, which the Court instructed
the parties to brief. Def.’s Mot.; Min. Order of May 7, 2018. Upon the conclusion of briefing, the
Court held a teleconference on the record on June 14, 2018, in order to gather further information
pertinent to Defendant’s motion. Min. Order of June 14, 2018. Of note, Plaintiff’s counsel
indicated that there is a report prepared by the District of Columbia Department of Forensic
Sciences that identifies the parties by name. Defendant’s counsel represented that although
Defendant was again living and working as a summer intern in the District of Columbia at the time
of the teleconference, he does not attend college in the District.
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II. LEGAL STANDARD
“Although it is within the discretion of the district court to grant the ‘rare dispensation’ of
anonymity against the world (but not the plaintiff), even in that situation the court has ‘a judicial
duty to inquire into the circumstances of particular cases to determine whether the dispensation is
warranted.’” United States v. Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d 1448, 1464 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting
James v. Jacobson, 6 F.3d 233, 238 (4th Cir. 1993)). The D.C. Circuit has indicated that district
courts considering requests for pseudonyms should evaluate both the likelihood of any unfairness
to the non-movant and the presumption of transparency vis-à-vis the public. Id. (citing S.
Methodist Univ. Ass’n of Women Law Students v. Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d 707, 713 (5th Cir.
1979); Doe v. Stegall, 653 F.2d 180, 186 (5th Cir. 1981) (“customary and constitutionally-
embedded presumption of openness in judicial proceedings”)).
The D.C. Circuit’s Microsoft ruling made clear, at the least, “that courts must be prepared
to thoroughly analyze motions that would permit parties to remain anonymous throughout the
course of litigation.” Doe v. Teti, No. 1:15-mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at *1 n.1 (D.D.C. Oct.
19, 2015) (citing Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d 1448). In the absence of a detailed standard from the
D.C. Circuit, courts in this Circuit have often deployed the following test articulated in the Fourth
Circuit’s James decision, which the Microsoft Court had cited approvingly:
[1] [W]hether the justification asserted by the requesting party is merely to avoid
the annoyance and criticism that may attend any litigation or is to preserve privacy
in a matter of sensitive and highly personal nature; [2] whether identification poses
a risk of retaliatory physical or mental harm to the requesting party or even more
critically, to innocent non-parties; [3] the ages of the persons whose privacy
interests are sought to be protected; [4] whether the action is against a governmental
or private party; and, relatedly, [5] the risk of unfairness to the opposing party from
allowing an action against it to proceed anonymously.
James, 6 F.3d at 238; see also, e.g., Yacovelli v. Moeser, No. 02-596, 2004 WL 1144183, at *6
(M.D.N.C. May 20, 2004) (quoting James, 6 F.3d at 238); Nat’l Ass’n of Waterfront Emp’rs v.
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Chao, 587 F. Supp. 2d 90, 99 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Yacovelli, No. 02-596, 2004 WL 1144183, at
*6-8); Roe v. Bernabei & Wachtel PLLC, 85 F. Supp. 3d 89, 96 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Chao, 587
F. Supp. 2d at 99). “No single factor is necessarily determinative; a court ‘should carefully review
all the circumstances of a given case and then decide whether the customary practice of disclosing
the [movant’s] identity should yield’ to the [movant’s] request for anonymity.” Teti, No. 1:15-
mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at *2 (quoting Doe v. Frank, 951 F.2d 320, 323 (11th Cir. 1992)
(discussing Fifth Circuit’s standard in Stegall)).
“Pseudonymous litigation is for the unusual or critical case, and it is the litigant seeking to
proceed under pseudonym that bears the burden to demonstrate a legitimate basis for proceeding
in that manner.” Qualls v. Rumsfeld, 228 F.R.D. 8, 13 (D.D.C. 2005).
III. DISCUSSION
This Court shall join others in this Circuit that apply the five-factor James test. The James
factors reflect the high standard for granting anonymity and account for the fairness and
transparency considerations that the D.C. Circuit requires. Application of these factors to the
present case shall demonstrate that Defendant has not discharged his burden to establish a
“legitimate basis” for proceeding pseudonymously. Id.
A. Defendant’s Privacy Interest
As to the first James factor, Defendant urges that a pseudonym is warranted based on the
“extraordinarily private and sensitive nature” of the allegations, for they involve the “private
sexual lives” of the parties. Def.’s Mot. at 1, 4. At least historically, courts have found that
“[m]atters of a sensitive and highly personal nature include those dealing with birth control,
abortion, homosexuality or the welfare rights of illegitimate children or abandoned families.”
Chao, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 99 n.8 (citing Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d at 712-13). Courts in this Circuit
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have split regarding whether plaintiff-victims, as opposed to defendants, in alleged sexual assault
cases satisfy this factor. Compare Bernabei & Wachtel PLLC, 85 F. Supp. 3d at 96-97 (“Sexual
harassment is not typically considered a matter so highly personal as to warrant proceeding by
pseudonym.”), with Doe v. Cabrera, 307 F.R.D. 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2014) (“Courts generally allow a
plaintiff to litigate under a pseudonym in cases containing allegations of sexual assault because
they concern highly sensitive and personal subjects.”), and Doe v. De Amigos, LLC, No. 11-1755,
2012 WL 13047579, at *2 (D.D.C. Apr. 30, 2012) (“The Court agrees with plaintiff that the
information about the sexual assault at issue in this case is a matter of a sensitive and highly
personal nature in which she seeks to preserve a legitimate privacy interest.”). But the Court need
not decide whether Defendant’s, as opposed to Plaintiff-alleged victim’s, privacy interest warrants
proceeding pseudonymously based purely on the nature of the alleged sexual assault and related
claims.
Notwithstanding the type of allegations, certain facts in this case diminish Defendant’s
privacy interest in proceeding under pseudonym. First, according to Plaintiff’s counsel, the
incident report prepared by the District of Columbia Department of Forensic Sciences identifies
by name both Plaintiff and Defendant. The Court presumes that this report is accessible. Allowing
Defendant to proceed under pseudonym would protect only a weak privacy interest, as anyone
seeking to discover Defendant’s identity need only locate the incident report for the alleged assault
against Plaintiff.
Second, Defendant’s residence in the District of Columbia is only temporary. Defendant’s
fears that the allegations will be stigmatizing or that he will be publicly labeled a sex offender are
unlikely to materialize because he is not a long-term member of the community in which this
incident occurred and is being litigated. See Def.’s Mot. at 4. Defendant offers no basis for his
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assertion that the media will draw significant attention to this case. See id. at 5 (alleging in support
of second factor that this case is “likely to garner national media attention”). Perhaps that would
be more likely if this case involved an alleged sexual assault by one college student against another
who is enrolled in the same institution. Absent media attention, it is unlikely that a member of the
public would search the Electronic Case Filing system in order to obtain information about this
action. Consequently, it is not likely that Defendant will be subject to reputational damage
attributable only to his naming in this action. The temporary nature of Defendant’s residence in
the District of Columbia accordingly weakens any privacy interest he may have, weighing against
his need for a pseudonym.
B. Risk of Retaliatory Mental or Physical Harm to Defendant or Non-Parties
Defendant has not shown that he will be subject to any plausible risk of retaliatory physical
or mental harm should the Court deny his motion. Moreover, the Complaint does not identify any
non-parties who may risk such harm. “Courts generally find a risk of retaliatory harm in cases
where the moving party provides evidence that psychological damage or violent threats are
anticipated if a party’s identity is disclosed.” J.W. v. District of Columbia, 318 F.R.D. 196, 200
(D.D.C. 2016) (citing Plaintiff B v. Francis, 631 F.3d 1310, 1318 (11th Cir. 2011); Stegall, 653
F.2d at 186); see also, e.g., Doe v. U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 15-cv-01971, 2015 WL 9647660, at
*1, *3 (D.D.C. Nov. 3, 2015) (identifying threats of physical harm, potentially death, to Iraqi
movant who assisted U.S. efforts in that country). “Mere ‘embarrassment and harassment’ is
‘insufficient to demonstrate’ the sort of ‘retaliatory harm’ necessary to satisfy [a] showing [of
retaliatory physical or mental harm].” J.W., 318 F.R.D. at 200 (quoting Yacovelli, No. 02–596,
2004 WL 1144183, at *7). Defendant offers little more than conclusory references to “threats,
harassment, and intimidation” in campus sexual misconduct cases that purportedly are “likely”
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here too if this case attracts significant media attention. Def.’s Mot. at 5; see also id. at 7 (arguing
that he is “likely to experience substantial retaliation from members of the public”). But in its
analysis above, this Court already rejected the prospect of such significant media attention as
unlikely. See also Teti, No. 15-mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at *3 (finding second factor unmet
where alleged reputational harms were only “speculative”).
In support of a different James factor, Defendant argues that a pseudonym would protect
his reputation with “employers and admissions officers as [he] applies to jobs and graduate schools
after graduation.” Def.’s Mot. at 6. But this interest is best understood as an economic one. And
“a threat of economic harm alone does not generally permit a court to let litigants proceeds [sic]
under pseudonym.” Qualls, 228 F.R.D. at 12 (citing Does I Thru XXIII v. Advanced Textile Corp.,
214 F.3d 1058, 1070 (9th Cir. 2000); Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d at 710). If an economic harm is to
justify a pseudonym, the movant must allege more than the “typical methods by which employers
retaliate against employees who assert their legal rights,” such as “threats of termination and
blacklisting,” and must instead encompass a risk of “extraordinary retaliation, such as deportation,
arrest, and imprisonment,” in which instance a threat of physical injury need not also be alleged.
Advanced Textile Corp., 214 F.3d at 1070-71 (citing Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d at 713).
Without anything to suggest that this case is likely to attract the kind of attention that could
generate retaliatory physical or mental harms to Defendant, this second factor also weighs against
allowing Defendant to proceed pseudonymously.
C. Defendant’s Age
Defendant was more than eighteen-years-old at the time of the incident. Courts in this
Circuit have recognized that the third James factor militates against proceeding pseudonymously
when the movant is an adult. See, e.g., Bernabei & Wachtel PLLC, 85 F. Supp. 3d at 96 (D.D.C.
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2015); Cabrera, 307 F.R.D. at 7-8. Defendant argues that as a college sophomore at the time of
his motion, he should be entitled to the deference that the “immaturity of adolescence” warrants.
Def.’s Mot. at 6 (quoting Yacovelli, No. 02–596, 2004 WL 1144183, at *8) (internal quotation
marks omitted); see also De Amigos, LLC, No. 11-1755, 2012 WL 13047579, at *2 (finding that
movant, as young college student, “may be more susceptible to scrutiny from peers than an older
adult would be”). In the Court’s view, this factor concerns a protected status that is generally
reserved to those who have not attained the age of majority. See, e.g., Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.2(a) &
(a)(3) (providing for redaction in court filings of “the name of an individual known to be a minor”
to include only “the minor’s initials”). The James Court articulated this factor presumably because
of the heightened privacy interests of the minor children in that case who had not yet been told of
the identity of the sperm donor by whom they may have been fraudulently conceived. See James,
6 F.3d at 235, 238-39 (citing, e.g., Stegall, 653 F.2d at 185-86 (observing the “special vulnerability
of these child-plaintiffs” in analysis of “gravity of danger posed by the threats of retaliation against
the Does [i.e., mother and children] for filing this lawsuit”)). A young person who has attained
legal adulthood may have room to grow in maturity, but still he has surpassed the age at which
protected status is typically accorded. While this factor is perhaps a closer call than some of the
others, it remains Defendant’s burden to persuade the Court, and he does not do so as to this factor
either.
D. Action Between Private Parties
That this action is between private parties also arguably weighs against allowing Defendant
to proceed under pseudonym. The fourth factor is somewhat difficult to apply to Defendant’s
motion, however, as precedent cases often frame it in terms of plaintiff-movants.
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For example, other courts in this Circuit have recognized that “[w]hen a plaintiff challenges
the government or government activity, courts are more like[ly] to permit plaintiffs to proceed
under a pseudonym than if an individual has been accused publicly of wrongdoing.” Chao, 587
F. Supp. 2d at 99 n.9 (quoting Yacovelli, No. 02-596, 2004 WL 1144183, at *8) (second alteration
in original) (internal quotation marks omitted); Teti, No. 1:15-mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at
*3 (reading Chao and other precedent to “suggest that the status of a defendant as a governmental
party tends to weigh in favor of granting a plaintiff’s motion to proceed pseudonymously”).
Evidently the rationale traces to the privacy interests possessed by private, human litigants for
which the government has no meaningful analogue. See J.W., 318 F.R.D. at 201 (“Courts have
concluded that anonymous litigation is more acceptable when the defendant is a governmental
body because government defendants ‘do not share the concerns about ‘reputation’ that private
individuals have when they are publicly charged with wrongdoing.’” (quoting Cabrera, 307 F.R.D.
at 8)).
The Court observes that at least some persuasive authority in other jurisdictions supports
the view that there is “more reason not to grant the plaintiff[’s] request for anonymity” in a suit
between private parties rather than against the government. Frank, 951 F.2d at 324 (citing Wynne
& Jaffe, 599 F.2d at 713). These circuit courts’ reasoning is that “the mere filing of a civil action
against other private parties may cause damage to their good names and reputation and may also
result in economic harm” that simply has no analogue in a suit against the government. Id. at 323-
24 (quoting Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d at 713) (internal quotation marks omitted). But see Doe v.
Public Citizen, 749 F.3d 246, 274 (4th Cir. 2014) (finding that litigation against governmental
entities renders “the public interest in the underlying litigation . . . especially compelling,” and
accordingly less conducive to use of a pseudonym by the non-governmental party). Those courts
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that find litigation between private parties ought to preclude pseudonyms refer to the “[b]asic
fairness” of requiring plaintiffs to use their actual names if they are going to drag defendants into
lawsuits and thereby cause damage to their reputations simply by virtue of suit. Frank, 951 F.2d
at 324 (quoting Wynne & Jaffe, 599 F.2d at 713) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Again, it is Defendant, not Plaintiff, that is moving here for a pseudonym, so the case law
does not line up cleanly. However, the Court finds certain principles of the foregoing analysis to
be consistent with the fairness and transparency that the D.C. Circuit expects. Just as Plaintiff is
proceeding under her own name to vindicate her alleged grievances, evidently unabashed that the
litigation may divulge sensitive and personal details of her own, so it would seem fair to require
that Defendant do so as well.
This intuition is consistent with other courts that have considered the fourth James factor
as “stand[ing] at the intersection of the first and fifth factors . . . rather than as a factor warranting
independent standing of its own.” U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 15-cv-01971, 2015 WL 9647660, at *3
(citing Teti, No. 15-mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at *3). The first and fifth factors are not framed
in terms that constrain their application beyond cases involving plaintiff-movants. The intersection
of the first and fifth factors accordingly pits the Defendant’s privacy interest against an evaluation
of fairness to Plaintiff.
When the Court approaches the fourth James factor in this way, Defendant again cannot
carry his burden. Should Defendant be permitted to proceed pseudonymously, Plaintiff may
unfairly be required to bear any criticism that those who bring allegations of sexual assault may
attract while Defendant “would be allowed to hide behind a cloak of anonymity.” De Amigos,
LLC, No. 11-1755, 2012 WL 13047579, at *3. Such reputational damage to Plaintiff would not
be at issue if Plaintiff were a governmental entity. Because Plaintiff is a private party with privacy
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interests of her own, the fourth factor arguably weighs against permitting Defendant to proceed
pseudonymously.
Where a movant seeks unsuccessfully to proceed pseudonymously, but nevertheless has
reason to anticipate injury to reputation were documents exposed during the course of litigation, a
protective order may serve the same goal at an appropriate time in the litigation. See Teti, No.
1:15-mc-01380, 2015 WL 6689862, at *4 (deeming “fear of injury [to be] premature” under fourth
factor given opportunity for protective order later in litigation). Both Defendant and Plaintiff, of
course, could avail themselves of the protections that such an order—if necessary in this
litigation—would bring.
E. Risk of Unfairness to Plaintiff
The fifth factor is the only one on which Defendant prevails. It is true, as stated above,
that Plaintiff has a reputational interest at stake, but the Court shall not double-count this against
Defendant. Indeed, other courts in this Circuit have identified a different consideration as more
pertinent to the fifth-factor analysis, namely whether the defendant has disclosed his identity to
the plaintiff. Defendant here is already known to Plaintiff. Accordingly, there is little risk of
unfairness to Plaintiff because she may adequately move forward with the litigation even if
Defendant were pseudonymous. See U.S. Dep’t of State, No. 15-cv-01971, 2015 WL 9647660, at
*3 (observing that opposing party was “fully apprised of all relevant information related to
[movant]”); De Amigos, LLC, No. 11-1755, 2012 WL 13047579, at *3 (finding that opposing party
would “not be barred from revealing [movant’s] identity during discovery” to third parties, absent
a protective order that movant had not requested).
***
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Although Defendant carries his burden as to the fifth James factor, the Court finds that he
has not done so as to the other four and accordingly is not entitled to the “‘rare dispensation’ of
anonymity against the world.” Microsoft Corp., 56 F.3d at 1464 (quoting James, 6 F.3d at 238).
IV. CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, in an exercise of the Court’s discretion, the Court shall
DENY Defendant’s [6] Motion to Proceed Under Pseudonym.
An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Dated: August 9, 2018
/s/
COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
United States District Judge
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