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Supreme Court Date: 2018.08.14
15:10:45 -05'00'
Corbett v. County of Lake, 2017 IL 121536
Caption in Supreme KATHY CORBETT, Appellee, v. THE COUNTY OF LAKE et al.
Court: (City of Highland Park, Appellant).
Docket No. 121536
Filed November 30, 2017
Decision Under Appeal from the Appellate Court for the Second District; heard in that
Review court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Lake County, the Hon.
Christopher C. Stark, Judge, presiding.
Judgment Appellate court judgment affirmed.
Circuit court judgment reversed.
Cause remanded.
Counsel on Matthew B. Knight and Michael J. Atkus, of Knight, Hoppe, Kurnik &
Appeal Knight, Ltd., of Rosemont, for appellant.
Peter F. Higgins, of Lipkin & Higgins, of Chicago, and Lynn D.
Dowd, of Naperville, for appellee.
Edward F. Dutton, of Lisle, for amicus curiae Park District Risk
Management Agency.
Justices JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Chief Justice Karmeier and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride,
Garman, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 At issue in this appeal is the meaning of section 3-107(b) of the Local Governmental and
Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Act) (745 ILCS 10/3-107(b) (West 2012)). The
plaintiff filed a complaint at law in the circuit court of Lake County against the County of Lake
(County) and the city of Highland Park (City) for personal injuries arising out of a bicycling
accident on the Skokie Valley Bike Path. Defendants filed separate motions for summary
judgment alleging various immunities under the Act. The circuit court allowed both motions
and entered summary judgment in favor of defendants. Plaintiff appealed the judgment with
respect to the City only.
¶2 The appellate court reversed the part of the circuit court’s judgment pertaining to the City
and remanded the cause to the circuit court. 2016 IL App (2d) 160035. The appellate court held
that the circuit court erred in holding that the Skokie Valley Bike Path is a riding “trail” within
the meaning of section 3-107(b) of the Act. Id. ¶ 33. Thus, the City could not assert absolute
immunity under section 3-107(b). Id. We affirm the judgment of the appellate court but for
different reasons.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 On August 21, 2013, plaintiff, Kathy Corbett, was riding her bicycle with a group of other
cyclists on the Skokie Valley Bike Path.1 The group was riding south on a portion of the path
running parallel to Skokie Valley Road (U.S. Route 41), between Park Avenue West and Old
Deerfield Road, within the city of Highland Park. Plaintiff alleged that, prior to that date,
defendants had been informed of a dangerous condition on that section of the path, in which
“weeds and other vegetation were growing up through the asphalt ***, causing portions of the
path to be broken, bumpy and elevated.” Plaintiff alleged that she was thrown off her bicycle
while riding over the defective portion of the path, causing her to sustain severe injuries. She
alleged that her injuries were proximately caused by the willful and wanton acts or omissions
of defendants.
¶5 According to documents in the record, at the time of plaintiff’s accident the County was a
party to a recreational lease agreement over the Skokie Valley Bike Path with Commonwealth
Edison (ComEd). ComEd was the owner of the right-of-way encompassing the path, and the
County was a tenant. Other documents in the record reveal that the County and the City were
parties to a maintenance agreement, which provided that the City was responsible for routine
maintenance on the portion of the path within the corporate limits of Highland Park. According
to the agreement, “routine maintenance” included all activities necessary to keep the path in a
reasonably safe and serviceable condition for bicycle and pedestrian traffic.
Portions of the record refer to the path as the “Old Skokie Bike Path” or the “Skokie Valley
1
Bikeway.”
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¶6 In its answer to plaintiff’s complaint, the City raised various affirmative defenses,
including immunity under section 3-107(b) of the Act. Defendants filed separate motions for
summary judgment. 2 Relevant to this appeal, the City asserted in its motion that it was
absolutely immune from liability, even for willful and wanton conduct, pursuant to section
3-107(b). That section provides, in part: “[n]either a local public entity nor a public employee
is liable for an injury caused by a condition of: *** (b) Any hiking, riding, fishing or hunting
trail.” 745 ILCS 10/3-107(b) (West 2012). The City attached several exhibits in support of its
motion. The exhibits included deposition transcripts of plaintiff and other witnesses.
¶7 Plaintiff testified in her deposition that, on the date of the accident, she was riding her
bicycle with a group of people with whom she regularly rode. She had previously ridden on the
particular stretch of path where the accident occurred. Plaintiff testified that section of the path
was surrounded by shrubs and wild grasses. It was separated from residences and commercial
businesses and set back from the highway. Plaintiff testified that the group was riding south on
the path at a speed of 15 to 17 miles per hour as they approached a stop sign at Old Deerfield
Road. The rider two places in front of her, Hasan Syed, hit a bump, lost control of his bicycle,
and crashed. Plaintiff testified that the rider directly in front of her veered off, but she was not
able to do so. Instead, she rode over Syed and flew off her bicycle, landing on the asphalt and
sustaining multiple injuries.
¶8 Yves Roubaud testified in his deposition that he was riding with plaintiff and the others on
August 21, 2013. He described the path as a bicycle path used by cyclists and walkers for
recreational purposes. It had a yellow dividing line on it. Roubaud testified that the stretch of
the path where the accident occurred was separated from residences and commercial
businesses and set back from the highway. Roubaud stated that he was riding between Syed
and plaintiff when Syed fell to the ground. Roubaud stated that he swerved to the left and rolled
over Syed’s leg but did not fall down. He then turned around and saw plaintiff lying on the
ground, moaning in pain.
¶9 In his deposition, Syed testified that the path was used for recreational bicyclists riding at
slow speeds and for walkers. He stated that the path was not intended to be used by
professional riders but was “just for fun.” Syed stated that the path had shrubs on both sides.
Syed testified consistently with plaintiff and Roubaud regarding the events surrounding
plaintiff’s accident.
¶ 10 John Stevens testified in his deposition that he was riding with plaintiff and the others on
August 21, 2013. He described the path as approximately six feet wide, paved with asphalt, and
“lined by some type of growth most of the way, whether hedges or bushes.” He stated that the
path was not connected to any particular park. He also testified that the path was separated
from commercial businesses and from traffic other than bicycles, walkers, and runners.
¶ 11 In her response to the City’s motion for summary judgment, plaintiff argued that the path is
not a “riding trail” under section 3-107(b) of the Act because it is paved and runs through a
busy, developed commercial and industrial area of the city rather than a forest or mountainous
region. Plaintiff attached her affidavit, in which she averred that she was familiar with the
exact location on the path where the incident occurred, having ridden her bicycle through the
Lake County’s motion was uncontested, was not appealed, and is not at issue in these proceedings.
2
The County is not a party to the appeal before this court.
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area many times. She also attached photographs in support of her statements describing the
path.
¶ 12 Plaintiff alleged the following facts. The path is not located in a wooded, natural scenic
area. The path passes by a city park called Buckthorn Park. At the specific location where the
accident occurred, there are commercial and industrial businesses, parking lots, and buildings
abutting both sides of the path. Many of the businesses have cyclone fences that are adjacent to
the path. Behind these fences are stacks of industrial materials such as pipes and cement
blocks. There are some large bushes and grass but no trees present in the area where the
incident occurred. Near the site of the accident, the path intersects with Old Deerfield Road,
which is a busy city street with motor vehicles regularly crossing the path. As bicyclists
approach the road from the north and south, there are stop signs for the bicyclists but no stop
signs for the cars. The path is sandwiched between U.S. Route 41, which is less than one block
to the east, and railroad tracks, which are less than one block to the west. There are large
ComEd utility poles that run alongside the entire path, with multiple power lines overhead.
¶ 13 In its reply, the City did not dispute the facts averred by plaintiff. It argued, however, that
the decisions of neighboring landowners to develop their property and the fact that the path is
adjacent to a road did not defeat the immunity conferred by section 3-107(b) of the Act. The
City argued that the nature of the path itself is determinative of whether it is a “riding trail”
under section 3-107(b). The City contended that the undisputed evidence, i.e., that the path is
surrounded by grass, shrubs, hedges, and bushes, shows that it is a “riding trail” as
contemplated by section 3-107(b).
¶ 14 The circuit court allowed both defendants’ motions and granted summary judgment in
favor of defendants. On appeal, plaintiff did not challenge the judgment for the County. She
argued that the grant of summary judgment for the City was error because the path was not a
“riding trail,” as that term has been construed by the appellate court.
¶ 15 The appellate court reversed the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment in favor
of the City and remanded the case to the circuit court for further proceedings. 2016 IL App (2d)
160035, ¶¶ 33-34 (affirming in part and reversing in part the circuit court’s judgment). The
appellate court reviewed the relevant case law and found that the judicially accepted definition
of the word “trail” is “ ‘a “marked path through a forest or mountainous region.” ’ ” Id. ¶¶ 23,
29 (quoting Brown v. Cook County Forest Preserve, 284 Ill. App. 3d 1098, 1101 (1996),
quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2423 (1981)). The court concluded that
the presence of industrial and residential development completely surrounding the path
defeated the City’s argument that it runs through a forest or mountainous region. 2016 IL App
(2d) 160035, ¶¶ 29-30. Therefore, the immunity provided by section 3-107(b) did not apply.
Id.
¶ 16 This court allowed the City’s petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme
Court Rule 315. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315(a) (eff. Mar. 15, 2016). We also allowed the Park District
Risk Management Agency to file a brief as amicus curiae in support of the City.
¶ 17 ANALYSIS
¶ 18 This appeal requires us to review the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment in
favor of the City. Summary judgment is proper when the pleadings, depositions, affidavits, and
other matters on file establish that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving
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party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 735 ILCS 5/2-1005(c) (West 2012). This court
reviews the circuit court’s summary judgment ruling de novo. Bremer v. City of Rockford,
2016 IL 119889, ¶ 20. Issues involving statutory interpretation are questions of law, which are
also reviewed de novo. Moon v. Rhode, 2016 IL 119572, ¶ 22.
¶ 19 The circuit court granted summary judgment to the City on the basis that it is immune from
liability for plaintiff’s injuries under section 3-107(b) of the Act. Section 3-107 of the Act
provides, in its entirety:
“Neither a local public entity nor a public employee is liable for an injury caused by a
condition of: (a) Any road which provides access to fishing, hunting, or primitive
camping, recreational, or scenic areas and which is not a (1) city, town or village street,
(2) county, state or federal highway or (3) a township or other road district highway. (b)
Any hiking, riding, fishing or hunting trail.” (Emphases added.) 745 ILCS 10/3-107
(West 2012).
¶ 20 There is no question that, if section 3-107(b) applies, the City is completely immune from
liability, even for willful and wanton conduct. See DeSmet v. County of Rock Island, 219 Ill. 2d
497, 514 (2006) (when the plain language of an immunity provision in the Act contains no
exception for willful and wanton conduct, it means that the legislature intended to immunize
both negligence and willful and wanton conduct). Furthermore, there is no dispute that
plaintiff’s injury was caused by a condition of the path. The parties disagree, however, as to
whether the Skokie Valley Bike Path is a “trail” within the meaning of section 3-107(b). The
statute itself does not provide a definition of the term.
¶ 21 Before addressing the meaning of the statutory language, we note that the Skokie Valley
Bike Path is considered a “shared-use trail” by the Illinois Department of Transportation
(IDOT). IDOT is the state agency responsible for officially designating bikeways throughout
the state pursuant to the Bikeway Act. 605 ILCS 30/2 (West 2012). Manuals published by
IDOT provide that a shared-use trail is physically separated from the roadway and intended for
use by bicycles and other nonmotorized forms of transportation, including pedestrians,
disabled persons in wheelchairs, and in-line skaters. See Illinois Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Design and Environment Manual, 17-1.01 (2011); Illinois Department of
Transportation, Bureau of Local Roads and Streets Manual, 42-1.01 (2013).
¶ 22 The Skokie Valley Bike Path, in particular, is a type of shared-use path called a
“rail-with-trail” because it runs parallel to train tracks located about 40 feet to the west of the
path. Skokie Valley Trail (Lake County) Illinois, TrailLink by Rails-to-Trails Conservancy,
https://www.traillink.com/trail/skokie-valley-trail-(lake-county)/ (last visited Nov. 14, 2017).
Running parallel to the path on the east side is U.S. Route 41. The path is approximately 10
miles long and paved with asphalt. It runs from the village of Lake Bluff at the northern end to
the city of Highland Park at the southern end. Id. There are several major road crossings, which
are marked and include crosswalks. The path has a yellow, painted line dividing it into two
lanes and has signs with mile markers for users of the path. Because the path shares a
right-of-way with ComEd, high-voltage electrical wires run overhead along the entire path. Id.
The path connects to other shared-use paths, including the North Shore Bike Trail, the
Des Plaines River Trail, and the Robert McClory Bike Path. Id.
¶ 23 The appellate court below concluded that the Skokie Valley Bike Path was not a “trail”
within the meaning of section 3-107(b). In so holding, the appellate court relied on the
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analytical framework adopted in a previous case, Brown v. Cook County Forest Preserve, 284
Ill. App. 3d 1098 (1996). In Brown, the court determined the meaning of the word “trail” in the
statute by reference to a dictionary. The dictionary definition chosen by the court defined a
“trail” as a “ ‘marked path through a forest or mountainous region.’ ” Id. at 1101 (quoting
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2423 (1981)). The Brown court held that, since
the bicycle path at issue in that case ran through a forest or a “natural and scenic wooded
area[ ],” it was a “riding trail” under section 3-107(b). Id. The fact that the path was paved did
not alter the court’s analysis since, according to the court, the only relevant characteristic of the
path was that it traversed a forested area. Id.
¶ 24 The appellate court in this case used the same analytical framework as the Brown court,
holding:
“the case law that we follow does require that, to be within section 3-107(b), a path not
only be used by bicyclists (or hikers or both) but be located within a ‘ “forest or
mountainous region” ’ [Citations.] As a matter of law, this restriction defeats the City’s
assertion that the path is a riding or hiking trail. No contention has been made that the
path is located in a mountainous region (mountains being scarce in Lake County). No
serious contention can be made that the path is located in a forest; no reasonable person
who views the photographs of the path and its surroundings, or even reads their
descriptions by those who have seen them, would describe those surroundings as a
forest. The path is bordered by narrow bands of greenway that sport some shrubs and a
few trees; these narrow bands are surrounded by industrial development, residential
neighborhoods, parking lots, railroad tracks, and major vehicular thoroughfares (to the
east and south of the area of the accident). The case for considering the path a riding
trail would not succeed even if utility poles could be considered trees with power lines
for branches.” (Emphasis in original.) 2016 IL App (2d) 160035, ¶ 29.
Accordingly, under the appellate court’s approach, the application of the statute and the
existence of blanket immunity turn on whether the trail runs through a forest or “natural and
scenic wooded area.”
¶ 25 Without expressing any view on the correctness of the result in the Brown case, we believe
the analytical framework adopted by that court was misguided. First, when using a dictionary
to help determine statutory meaning, it is appropriate to use one in existence at the time of the
statute’s enactment. See Sayles v. Thompson, 99 Ill. 2d 122, 125 (1983) (“[t]he meaning of a
statute or constitutional provision depends upon the intent of the drafters at the time of its
adoption, and it is a long-standing principle of statutory construction that it is the court’s duty
to ascertain and effectuate that intent” (emphasis added)). The Brown court used a definition
from a dictionary published in 1981, well after section 3-107(b) was enacted in 1965.
¶ 26 Second, Brown misquoted the definition of the word “trail” in the dictionary it cited. The
entire definition is “a blazed or otherwise marked path through a forest or mountainous
region.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2423 (1981). From the same
dictionary, the word “blaze” means “a mark made on a tree usu. by chipping off a piece of the
bark.” Id. at 232. To “blaze” a trail means to “to mark out (as a path) by making blazes on
trees.” Id. Thus, a “blazed or otherwise marked path” is one made by chipping pieces out of
trees. In other words, the definition used by Brown has nothing to do with shared-use trails or
designated bicycle paths.
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¶ 27 Third, and most importantly, the appellate court in Brown erred in viewing the word “trail”
outside the context of the statute in order to determine its meaning. It is a “fundamental
principle of statutory construction (and, indeed, of language itself) that the meaning of a word
cannot be determined in isolation, but must be drawn from the context in which it is used.
[Citations.]” Deal v. United States, 508 U.S. 129, 132 (1993). “The terms in a statute are not to
be considered in a vacuum.” M.I.G. Investments, Inc. v. Environmental Protection Agency, 122
Ill. 2d 392, 400 (1988). Rather, the words and phrases in a statute must be construed in light of
the statute as a whole, “ ‘with each provision construed in connection with every other
section.’ ” Eden Retirement Center, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 213 Ill. 2d 273, 291 (2004)
(quoting Paris v. Feder, 179 Ill. 2d 173, 177 (1997)); 2A Norman Singer & Shambie Singer,
Sutherland Statutes and Statutory Construction § 46:5 (7th ed. 2007).
¶ 28 Instead of considering the meaning of the word “trail” in the context of the statute as a
whole, the Brown court isolated the word from the statute and assigned to it a definition from a
dictionary. But dissecting an individual word or phrase from a statutory provision and
mechanically applying to it a dictionary definition is clearly not the best way of ascertaining
legislative intent. See Whelan v. County Officers’ Electoral Board, 256 Ill. App. 3d 555, 558
(1994). As Judge Learned Hand observed:
“Of course it is true that the words used, even in their literal sense, are the primary, and
ordinarily the most reliable, source of interpreting the meaning of any writing: be it a
statute, a contract, or anything else. But it is one of the surest indexes of a mature and
developed jurisprudence not to make a fortress out of the dictionary; but to remember
that statutes always have some purpose or object to accomplish, whose sympathetic
and imaginative discovery is the surest guide to their meaning.” Cabell v. Markham,
148 F.2d 737, 739 (2d Cir. 1945).
¶ 29 The appellate court’s decision to define the word “trail” using a general dictionary
definition of the term distorts the meaning of the statute by divorcing the term from its context.
Under the appellate court’s rationale, a governmental entity is immune from liability for
conditions on a trail only if there is sufficient foliage or a certain number of trees surrounding
the trail to constitute a “forest” or “scenic wooded area.” This analysis is both subjective and
arbitrary and has nothing to do with whether a governmental entity should be held liable for
creating a risk of injury to users of a trail. Nevertheless, although we disagree with the
appellate court’s analysis, we agree that section 3-107(b) is not intended to apply to a bicycle
path like the one in the present case.
¶ 30 In construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the
legislature’s intent. People v. Gutman, 2011 IL 110338, ¶ 12. The best indicator of that intent
is the statutory language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. As we have stated, unless a
word in a statutory sentence is defined in the statute, it must be read in context in order to
determine its meaning. Accordingly, a word such as “trail” in section 3-107(b) “must be read in
the context of the entire sentence in which it appears.” Skolnick v. Altheimer & Gray, 191 Ill.
2d 214, 229 (2000).
¶ 31 Section 3-107(b) does not state that immunity applies to an injury caused by a condition of
“any riding trail.” Rather, it provides that immunity applies to an injury caused by a condition
of “[a]ny hiking, riding, fishing or hunting trail.” 745 ILCS 10/3-107(b) (West 2012). When
construing a series of terms such as the ones in section 3-107(b), we are guided by the
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commonsense principle “that words grouped in a list should be given related meaning.” Third
National Bank in Nashville v. Impac Ltd., 432 U.S. 312, 322 (1977). This principle is related to
the canon of statutory construction known as noscitur a sociis, i.e., “ ‘a word is known by the
company it keeps.’ ” People v. Gaytan, 2015 IL 116223, ¶ 30 (quoting Jarecki v. G.D. Searle
& Co., 367 U.S. 303, 307 (1961)). In other words, “a word is given more precise content by the
neighboring words with which it is associated.” United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 294
(2008).
¶ 32 The canon of noscitur a sociis is particularly useful when construing one term in a list, in
order “to avoid ascribing to one word a meaning so broad that it is inconsistent with its
accompanying words, thus giving ‘unintended breadth to [legislative acts].’ ” Gustafson v.
Alloyd Co., 513 U.S. 561, 575 (1995) (quoting Jarecki, 367 U.S. at 307). For example, in
Gustafson, the United States Supreme Court “interpreted the word ‘communication’ in § 2(10)
of the Securities Act of 1933 [(48 Stat. 74 (1933) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C.
§ 77b(a)(10)))] to refer to a public communication, rather than any communication, because
the word appeared in a list with other words, notably ‘notice, circular, [and] advertisement,’
making it ‘apparent that the list refer[red] to documents of wide dissemination.’ ” Yates v.
United States, 574 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 1074, 1085 (2015) (quoting Gustafson, 513 U.S. at
575-76). “And [the Court] did so even though the list began with the word ‘any.’ ” Id. at ___,
135 S. Ct. at 1085.
¶ 33 Utilizing these principles of statutory interpretation, we reject the City’s argument that the
Skokie Valley Bike Path is obviously a “trail” as that word is ordinarily and popularly used.
According to the City, the numerous references in the record describing the path as a “trail” are
compelling evidence that the path is a “riding trail” as set forth in section 3-107(b). The City
engages in the same flawed analysis as the appellate court, however, removing the word “trail”
from the context of the statute and assigning to it a broad, general definition. Reading the text
as a whole, we find that the words “hiking,” “fishing,” and “hunting” dictate a narrower
construction of the term “trail.” If section 3-107(b) stated that immunity applied to “any
jogging, riding, in-line skating, or stroller trail,” then it would be easy to find that a shared-use
path such as the Skokie Valley Bike Path is a “riding trail.” However, the inclusion of the
words “hiking,” “fishing,” and “hunting” in the same sentence as “riding” indicates that the
legislature intended to apply blanket immunity only to primitive, rustic, or unimproved trails.
The word “hunting,” in particular, leads us to this conclusion. A trail that leads to a deer blind
or other hunting spot will likely be minimal, to avoid disturbing the game. There is no
reasonable way that a hunting trail can be associated with or given a related meaning to the
type of shared-use path at issue here.
¶ 34 Further support for our interpretation of the statutory language in section 3-107(b) is found
when we compare it with the language in section 3-107(a). Under the doctrine of
in pari materia, two sections of the same statute “will be considered with reference to each
other, ‘so that they may be given harmonious effect.’ ” Collinsville Community Unit School
District No. 10 v. Regional Board of School Trustees, 218 Ill. 2d 175, 185 (2006) (quoting
Land v. Board of Education of the City of Chicago, 202 Ill. 2d 414, 422 (2002)). Section
3-107(a) grants immunity from liability for an injury caused by a condition of: “(a) Any road
which provides access to fishing, hunting, or primitive camping, recreational, or scenic areas
and which is not a (1) city, town or village street, (2) county, state or federal highway or (3) a
township or other road district highway.” 745 ILCS 10/3-107(a) (West 2012). The reference in
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section 3-107(a) to roads that provide access to “primitive” areas, rather than official streets,
suggests that the legislature intended section 3-107 of the Act to apply to primitive, unfinished
trails and roads. See Goodwin v. Carbondale Park District, 268 Ill. App. 3d 489, 493 (1994)
(“Reading section 3-107 as a whole indicates that the property referred to therein is
unimproved property which is not maintained by the local governmental body and which is in
its natural condition with obvious hazards as a result of that natural condition.”).
¶ 35 In addition, the City’s interpretation of the statute leads to anomalous results when applied
to a bicycle path located in a recreational area such as a public park. In construing statutory
language, we may consider the consequences that would result in interpreting the statute one
way or the other. County of Du Page v. Illinois Labor Relations Board, 231 Ill. 2d 593, 604
(2008). We also presume that the legislature did not intend absurdity, inconvenience, or
injustice. Brucker v. Mercola, 227 Ill. 2d 502, 514 (2007). Many shared-use paths run through
public parks and other recreational areas. Under section 3-106 of the Act, injuries occurring
due to a condition of recreational land are subject to immunity only for negligent conduct and
not for willful and wanton conduct. See Moore v. Chicago Park District, 2012 IL 112788,
¶ 10. Section 3-106 of the Act provides:
“Neither a local public entity nor a public employee is liable for an injury where the
liability is based on the existence of a condition of any public property intended or
permitted to be used for recreational purposes, including but not limited to parks,
playgrounds, open areas, buildings or other enclosed recreational facilities, unless such
local entity or public employee is guilty of willful and wanton conduct proximately
causing such injury.” 745 ILCS 10/3-106 (West 2012).
If a bicycle path winding through a public park were subject to blanket immunity under section
3-107(b), a pedestrian would be barred from suing for an injury caused by a condition of the
path, while being able to sue for the exact same injury occurring on park grounds next to the
path. This inconsistent treatment can be avoided, however, by construing the Act so that a
shared-use trail in a public park or recreational area is subject to section 3-106 of the Act rather
than section 3-107(b).
¶ 36 The City also contends that construing the statute broadly to grant blanket immunity for all
bicycle paths would promote the public policy underlying the statute. According to the City,
the public policy behind section 3-107(b) is to promote the expenditure of public funds for the
purpose of creating greater access to riding trails, rather than to divert those funds to pay
damage claims stemming from the condition of those trails. Cf. Moore, 2012 IL 112788, ¶ 22
(discussing the public policy rationale for section 3-106 of the Act). But public policy also
points the other way. After all, it seems strange to say that a local public entity can build and
maintain a bike trail, encourage people to use it, and represent that it is safe but then escape all
liability for injuries caused by even the most egregious misconduct in failing to maintain it.
¶ 37 At the same time, it makes sense to apply blanket immunity to undeveloped, unimproved
trails that are left in their natural state as a feature of those trails. Requiring public entities to
maintain such trails “would defeat the very purpose of these types of recreational areas, that is,
the enjoyment of activities in a truly natural setting.” Goodwin, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 493. A law
review article published shortly after section 3-107 was enacted makes a similar point:
“There is at least one situation in which it may be undesirable to require a public
entity to maintain its land in safe condition, and that is as to those lands set aside for
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hiking, camping, fishing, and hunting. The users of these lands desire to have the
property maintained in its natural condition. To maintain this land in a reasonably safe
condition would, to some degree, defeat the purpose for which such lands have been
provided.” Comment, Illinois Tort Claims Act: A New Approach to Municipal Tort
Immunity in Illinois, 61 Nw. U. L. Rev. 265, 287 n.102 (1966).
Because there are legitimate policy reasons for giving the statute a narrow application, the
policy reasons offered by the City cannot overcome the language of the statute. Furthermore,
the Act is in derogation of the common law and must be strictly construed against the
governmental entity claiming immunity. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359,
368 (2003).
¶ 38 The City makes an additional argument that the definition of a “recreational trail” in
section 10 of the Recreational Trails of Illinois Act (20 ILCS 862/10 (West 2012)) should be
read into section 3-107(b) of the Tort Immunity Act. Id. (defining a “recreational trail,” in part,
as “a thoroughfare or track across land or snow”). We reject this argument. The two statutes
have different purposes and different contexts, and it is inappropriate to import the definition
of the term “trail” from one statute to another, since “the context in which a term is used
obviously bears upon its intended meaning.” People ex rel. Illinois Department of Labor v.
E.R.H. Enterprises, Inc., 2013 IL 115106, ¶ 29.
¶ 39 Accordingly, we hold that section 3-107(b) of the Act was intended to apply only to
primitive or rustic trails. These include any designated hiking, riding, fishing, or hunting trail
that retains its original, natural surface and is not improved with asphalt, concrete, crushed
aggregate, or similar finishes and is not intended for ordinary “on-road” type bicycles,
bicyclists pulling children in trailers, pedestrians pushing strollers, or similar forms of
transportation. The Skokie Valley Bike Path is a 10-mile-long, shared-use path, paved with
asphalt and held out for the use of bicycles, pedestrians, and in-line skaters. It is not a “trail”
within the meaning of the statute as this court has interpreted the term. Thus, section 3-107(b)
does not apply in this case, and summary judgment for the City was improper.
¶ 40 As a final matter, in light of our holding that immunity under section 3-107(b) is
inapplicable to the allegations in plaintiff’s complaint, we need not address plaintiff’s
alternative argument that the City waived its tort immunity defense through its maintenance
agreement with the County.
¶ 41 CONCLUSION
¶ 42 For the foregoing reasons, we find that the circuit court’s order entering summary
judgment in favor of the City was in error. We thus affirm the appellate court’s judgment. The
matter is remanded to the circuit court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶ 43 Appellate court judgment affirmed.
¶ 44 Circuit court judgment reversed.
¶ 45 Cause remanded.
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